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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 DOCTOR’S ASSOCIATES INC.,
3 Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant-Appellant,
4 v. NO. 33,997
5 JOSE LUIS CARBONELL and
6 VICTORIA CARBONELL,
7 Defendants/Counter-Plaintiffs-Appellees,
8 and
9 JOSE LUIS CARBONELL and
10 VICTORIA CARBONELL,
11 Third Party Plaintiffs-Appellees,
12 v.
13 CAROL ENGLISH,
14 Third Party Defendant-Appellant.
15 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF GRANT COUNTY
16 Henry Quintero, District Judge
1 Gordon Davis Johnson & Shane P.C.
2 John M. Dickey
3 El Paso, TX
4 for Appellants Doctor’s Associates, Inc. and Carol English
5 Scott Hulse P.C.
6 Casey S. Stevenson
7 El Paso, TX
8 for Appellees
9 MEMORANDUM OPINION
10 WECHSLER, Judge.
11 {1} Appellants Doctor’s Associates, Inc. (DAI) and Carol English appeal the district
12 court’s order denying their motion to compel arbitration. We affirm.
13 BACKGROUND
14 {2} DAI and Jose Luis Carbonell and Victoria Carbonell were parties to a franchise
15 agreement under which DAI, as franchisor, granted the Carbonells, as franchisees, the
16 right to operate a Subway restaurant in Silver City, New Mexico. English was DAI’s
17 development agent. The parties’ rights and responsibilities were largely governed by
18 a franchise agreement, which contained an arbitration clause. As relevant to this
19 appeal, the scope of the arbitration clause provided that “[a]ny dispute, controversy
20 or claim arising out of or relating to this [a]greement or the breach thereof shall be
21 settled by arbitration.”
2
1 {3} Following the procedures established in the franchise agreement, on April 11,
2 2012, DAI submitted a demand for arbitration to the American Dispute Resolution
3 Center, Inc. Prior to a scheduled hearing before an arbitrator, the parties entered into
4 a stipulated award, resolving the need for arbitration. The arbitrator approved the
5 stipulated award.
6 {4} In the stipulated award, the Carbonells admitted to violating the franchise
7 agreement by failing to adhere to certain requirements of the franchisor’s operations
8 manual. They agreed to “transfer the restaurant in accordance with the standard
9 transfer procedures established by [DAI] to a buyer approved by [DAI] within ninety
10 (90) days[.]” The stipulated award additionally contained the following provisions:
11 6. This Award is the Final Award. It is effective immediately,
12 without the necessity of further hearing and can be confirmed in
13 any court having jurisdiction.
14 ...
15 9. The [p]arties agree and understand that this Stipulated Award
16 contains the entire understanding of the parties.
17 {5} The transfer did not take place within the specified period. On May 7, 2013,
18 DAI filed an action in district court, alleging that the Carbonells had breached the
19 stipulated award and requesting that the court confirm “the arbitration award as set
20 forth in the [s]tipulated [a]ward.” It subsequently filed an amended complaint. The
21 Carbonells filed an answer, counterclaim, and third-party complaint. In their
3
1 counterclaim and third-party complaint, they claimed that DAI breached the franchise
2 agreement and the stipulated award and, with English, a third-party defendant, had
3 engaged in a civil conspiracy and fraudulent misconduct in connection with the
4 Carbonells’ transfer of the restaurant. English filed an answer to the third-party
5 complaint.
6 {6} On November 27, 2013, DAI and English moved the district court to compel
7 arbitration based on the arbitration clause of the franchise agreement. In response, the
8 Carbonells argued that the matter was properly before the district court because their
9 counterclaim did not arise from the franchise agreement, but from the stipulated award
10 that did not contain an arbitration clause. Because their counterclaim and cross-claims
11 referred to the franchise agreement in addition to the stipulated award, the Carbonells
12 asserted that they would seek leave to amend the counterclaim and third-party
13 complaint “to clarify that their claims arise only from” the stipulated award. The
14 Carbonells reiterated this position at the beginning of their argument on the motion.
15 {7} After hearing argument on the motion, the district court issued an order denying
16 the motion. It concluded that there was no agreement to arbitrate because the
17 Carbonells’ claims arose from the stipulated award, not from the franchise agreement
18 or through arbitration, the stipulated award did not require arbitration, and the
4
1 stipulated award did not contain language incorporating the arbitration requirements
2 of the franchise agreement.
3 ABSENCE OF AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE
4 {8} The issue on appeal, as it did in the district court, centers on whether the
5 Carbonells’ claims are based on the stipulated agreement or the franchise agreement.
6 As explained by the district court, a court cannot compel arbitration in the absence of
7 an enforceable agreement to arbitrate. Alexander v. Calton & Assocs., Inc., 2005-
8 NMCA-034, ¶ 9, 137 N.M. 293, 110 P.3d 509. We decide this issue as a matter of
9 contract. See Clay v. N.M. Title Loans, Inc., 2012-NMCA-102, ¶ 14, 288 P.3d 888
10 (“[The general] rule is that arbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot be
11 required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.”
12 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). In doing so, we seek to fulfill the
13 intent of the parties and look to the plain meaning of the contractual language when
14 possible. Id. ¶¶ 14, 20; Santa Fe Techs., Inc. v. Argus Networks, Inc., 2002-NMCA-
15 030, ¶ 52, 131 N.M. 772, 42 P.3d 1221. We review de novo the district court’s denial
16 of the motion to compel arbitration. Cordova v. World Fin. Corp. of N.M., 2009-
17 NMSC-021, ¶ 11, 146 N.M. 256, 208 P.3d 901.
5
1 {9} There is no question that the parties had a valid, enforceable arbitration clause
2 as contained in the franchise agreement. It was broad in scope and required the parties
3 to settle by arbitration “[a]ny dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating
4 to” the franchise agreement. However, although a broad arbitration clause requires a
5 broad interpretation as to its scope, the claims at issue must bear a “‘reasonable
6 relationship’ to the contract in which the arbitration clause is found.” Clay, 2012-
7 NMCA-102, ¶ 14; Santa Fe Techs., 2002-NMCA-030, ¶¶ 52, 55.
8 {10} The franchise agreement arbitration provision clearly applied to disputes arising
9 from the franchise agreement and led the parties to pursue arbitration arising from
10 their dispute concerning the operations of the Carbonells’ restaurant. The question
11 before us, however, is not as simple. When the parties proceeded to arbitrate the
12 operations dispute, they entered into another agreement: the stipulated award.
13 {11} Appellants argue that the stipulated award flows from the franchise agreement
14 because the franchise agreement governed the entire relationship of the parties.
15 According to Appellants, “[a]ll claims arise out [of] or relate to the . . . [f]ranchise
16 [a]greement and simply could not have arisen in the absence of the parties’ franchise
17 relationship.”
18 {12} Although we agree with Appellants that the parties intended the franchise
19 agreement to govern their relationship, we do not agree that the parties could not vary
6
1 their relationship such that all consequences of their actions would be controlled by
2 the franchise agreement merely because it was the first agreement between them. See
3 Clay, 2012-NMCA-102, ¶ 22 (citing with approval Aiken v. World Fin. Corp. of S.C.,
4 644 S.E.2d 705, 708 (S.C. 2007), that “applying what amounts to a but-for causation
5 standard essentially includes every dispute imaginable between the parties, which
6 greatly oversimplifies the parties’ agreement to arbitrate claims between them” and
7 stating that “[s]uch a result is illogical and unconscionable.” (alteration, internal
8 quotation marks, and citation omitted)).1 The stipulated award, which, according to
9 DAI, “could not have arisen in the absence of the parties’ franchise relationship[,]”
10 varied the parties’ relationship. It added another express, written agreement between
11 them. We thus must examine the stipulated award in addition to the franchise
1
12 Appellants also rely on trial court cases in which DAI has been a party in
13 support of its “but-for” position. The only reported case cited is Doctor’s Associates,
14 Inc. v. Quinn, 42 F.Supp.2d 184 (D.Conn.1999). In that case, a DAI development
15 agent alleged that DAI had orally agreed to share losses incurred when the agent, at
16 DAI’s request, purchased and resold DAI franchises. Id. at 185-86. The development
17 agent and DAI had previously entered into a development agent agreement that
18 contained a similar arbitration clause to the franchise agreement at issue in this appeal.
19 Id. at 185. The federal district court, in ordering that the development agent’s damages
20 claim was subject to arbitration, determined that the dispute “clearly [arose] out of
21 [the] defendant’s role as a development agent for [the] plaintiff[,]” and that the
22 development agent’s “role as development agent and his rights and obligations as
23 defined in the [development agent a]greement will be an issue” in the lawsuit
24 involving the oral agreement. Id. at 187-88. Because of its different facts, Quinn is not
25 persuasive.
7
1 agreement in order to determine the intent of the parties regarding arbitration. See CC
2 Hous. Corp. v. Ryder Truck Rental, Inc., 1987-NMSC-117, ¶ 6, 106 N.M. 577, 746
3 P.2d 1109 (“When discerning the purpose, meaning, and intent of the parties to a
4 contract, the court’s duty is confined to interpreting the contract that the parties made
5 for themselves, and absent any ambiguity, the court may not alter or fabricate a new
6 agreement for the parties.”).
7 {13} The parties expressed in the stipulated award the provisions of the franchise
8 agreement that would pertain to their agreement under the stipulated award. In this
9 regard, the stipulated award incorporated provisions of the franchise agreement that
10 were necessary to carry out the terms of the stipulated award and for the Carbonells
11 to continue to operate the restaurant pending a transfer, such as those pertaining to the
12 termination of the franchise agreement, insurance requirements, the applicability of
13 the operations manual, and non-compete provisions. The transfer was to follow DAI’s
14 standard transfer procedures. The parties stated in the stipulated agreement: “The
15 [p]arties agree and understand that this [s]tipulated [a]ward contains the entire
16 understanding of the parties.” The stipulated award does not contain a provision
17 requiring arbitration.
18 {14} Based on the parties’ language, as expressed in both their franchise agreement
19 and stipulated award, we conclude, as did the district court, that the parties did not
8
1 intend the arbitration clause of the franchise agreement to apply to claims that arose
2 out of the stipulated award. See Clay, 2012-NMCA-102, ¶ 14 (requiring a reasonable
3 relationship between the claims at issue and the contract containing the arbitration
4 clause). The parties varied their relationship with the stipulated award. Most
5 importantly, they included the merger clause in which they expressed the intent that
6 the stipulated award was “the entire understanding.” They designated the aspects of
7 the franchise agreement that they believed were appropriate while the Carbonells
8 operated the restaurant pursuant to the stipulated agreement. Thus, although the
9 franchise agreement still provided the background for the parties’ relationship, the
10 parties focused on the stipulated award to complete their relationship.
11 {15} Appellants argue that the arbitration clause of the franchise agreement remained
12 in effect after the stipulated award because “[i]t would be unnecessary and duplicative
13 to again include the arbitration provision” in the stipulated award. In this regard,
14 Appellants point to the provisions of the stipulated award that required continued
15 compliance with the franchise agreement for insurance and non-compete protections.
16 They contend that such provisions “make clear that the Carbonells were expected to
17 continue to comply with the terms of” the franchise agreement. However, we consider
18 these provisions to be inconsistent with an intent that the provisions of the franchise
19 agreement continued in effect without mention in the stipulated award. If the parties
9
1 made such an assumption, it would not have been necessary to specifically state that
2 the insurance and non-compete provisions had continued effect. See Bank of N.M. v.
3 Sholer, 1984-NMSC-118, ¶ 6, 102 N.M. 78, 691 P.2d 465 (“A contract must be
4 construed as a harmonious whole, and every word or phrase must be given meaning
5 and significance according to its importance in the context of the whole contract.”).
6 {16} Appellants further assert that the Carbonells’ claims “specifically relate to the
7 termination and attempted transfer” of the franchise agreement.2 But, the Carbonells’
8 claims pertain to the transfer of the Carbonells’ Silver City restaurant and other
9 restaurants, which was the express subject matter of the stipulated award. Appellants
10 do not otherwise specifically tie the Carbonells’ claims to the franchise agreement. We
11 conclude that the parties did not intend for the arbitration clause of the franchise
12 agreement to apply to the Carbonells’ claims. See Benz v. Town Ctr. Land, LLC,
13 2013-NMCA-111, ¶ 31, 314 P.3d 688 (“The purpose, meaning, and intent of the
14 parties to a contract is to be deduced from the language employed by them; and where
15 such language is not ambiguous, it is conclusive.” (alteration, internal quotation
16 marks, and citation omitted)).
2
16 Appellants also assert that the Carbonells allege in their counterclaim that they
17 “have performed as required under the franchise agreement” as well as the stipulated
18 award. As we have noted, however, the Carbonells have stated to the district court that
19 they would amend their counterclaim and third-party complaint to make it clear that
20 they only alleged a breach of the stipulated award.
10
1 {17} Appellants additionally state that the language of the stipulated award
2 “contains the entire understanding of the parties[,]” was a “boilerplate merger
3 clause[,]” and contend that it was insufficient to supersede the arbitration clause of the
4 franchise agreement. Appellants rely on Riley Manufacturing Co. v. Anchor Glass
5 Container Corp., 157 F.3d 775 (10th Cir. 1998), in this regard.
6 {18} In Riley, the parties entered into a manufacturing agreement that included an
7 arbitration clause. Id. at 776-77. After a copyright dispute arose, the parties entered
8 into mutual releases and a settlement agreement. Id. at 777. In the settlement
9 agreement, the parties agreed to reestablish a business relationship. Id. at 778. The
10 settlement agreement contained a merger clause, stating that the settlement agreement
11 constituted the entire agreement of the parties and “cancels, terminates and supersedes
12 any and all prior representations and agreements relating to the subject matter
13 thereof.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The Tenth Circuit addressed the
14 merger clause in the context of a subsequent lawsuit, concluding that the merger
15 clause canceled provisions that related to the subject matter of the settlement
16 agreement, the specific copyright designs at issue in the original threatened lawsuit
17 as well as the continuing use of the plaintiff’s copyright designs, but that the
18 arbitration clause of the manufacturing agreement would apply to other issues that
19 were not the subject matter of the settlement agreement. Id. at 778, 783. The Tenth
11
1 Circuit also expressed the presumption that an arbitration provision is presumed to
2 survive the expiration of the parties’ contract unless there is “some express or implied
3 evidence that the parties intend to override this presumption[.]” Id. at 781. It noted that
4 there is no longer a presumption if the parties “express or clearly imply an intent to
5 repudiate post-expiration arbitrability” or “the dispute cannot be said to arise under
6 the previous contract.” Id.
7 {19} Appellants argue from Riley that the merger provision in this case is insufficient
8 to repudiate the arbitration provision of the franchise agreement because it neither
9 expressly nor clearly implies that arbitration does not apply. However, we do not
10 believe that Riley affects our reasoning in this case for three reasons.
11 {20} First, the holding in Riley relied on the specific language in the settlement
12 agreement and the facts of that case. Second, even if we were to apply a presumption
13 of survival absent evidence to the contrary, (1) we can reasonably imply from the
14 language of the stipulated award that the parties did not intend for the arbitration
15 provision of the franchise agreement to apply to a breach of the stipulated award, and
16 (2) the present dispute did not arise from the franchise agreement. Third, although the
17 parties’ intent would have been more clearly stated if they had included language in
18 the stipulated award similar to the cancellation language in Riley, in construing the
19 intent of the parties, we cannot disregard the language that they did use. See Montoya
12
1 v. Villa Linda Mall, Ltd., 1990-NMSC-053, ¶ 8, 110 N.M. 128, 793 P.2d 258 (“It is
2 black letter law that, absent an ambiguity, a court is bound to interpret and enforce a
3 contract’s clear language and cannot create a new agreement for the parties.”).
4 STIPULATED AWARD AS ARBITRATION AWARD
5 {21} The district court found that the stipulated award “was entered into in lieu of
6 arbitration. It was not reached through arbitration, or facilitated by an arbitrator.”
7 Appellants assert that the district court erred in these findings. They address these
8 findings on appeal, although they question their relevance. We do not address
9 Appellants’ argument in this regard because it does not affect our determination of the
10 appeal.
11 CONCLUSION
12 {22} We affirm the order of the district court denying the motion to compel.
13 {23} IT IS SO ORDERED.
14 ________________________________
15 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
16 WE CONCUR:
17 ________________________________
18 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
13
1 ________________________________
2 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge
14
Doctor's Assoc. v. Carbonell
Combined Opinion