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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 34,046
5 KEN D. VARGAS,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TAOS COUNTY
8 Sarah C. Backus, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender
13 Karl Erich Martell, Assistant Appellate Defender
14 Santa Fe, NM
15 for Appellant
16 MEMORANDUM OPINION
17 BUSTAMANTE, Judge.
1 {1} Ken D. Vargas (Defendant) appeals from the district court’s judgment and
2 sentence. This Court’s calendar notice proposed to summarily affirm all of the issues
3 raised. Defendant filed a memorandum in opposition to the proposed disposition and
4 a motion to amend the docketing statement. Because we are not persuaded by
5 Defendant’s arguments, we deny the motion and affirm the district court.
6 {2} Defendant continues to argue that the State’s failure to disclose a key witness
7 violated his due process rights. This Court’s calendar notice indicated that it was
8 unclear whether the witness’s statement remained undisclosed until trial and if it was
9 preserved, but proposed to conclude that Defendant failed to meet his burden of
10 showing how he was prejudiced by the asserted non-disclosure under the factors in
11 State v. Ortega, 2014-NMSC-017, ¶ 43, 327 P.3d 1076 (enumerating factors for
12 determining whether the error is reversible when evidence is disclosed for the first
13 time during trial). [CN 7]
14 {3} Defendant has not shown prejudice warranting reversal. Defendant indicates
15 that the witness’s statement was disclosed by the State two weeks prior to trial and the
16 failure to produce in a timely manner deprived Defendant of material evidence and
17 resulted in the preclusion of a potential avenue of defense. [MIO 4] Although
18 Defendant does not indicate how it was preserved, it appears from the transcript log
19 in the record that Defendant raised an objection to the State’s witness during trial. [RP
2
1 vol. 3, 559] It further appears that Defendant was notified of the witness, her name
2 appeared on the State’s witness list, the State had indicated it was not going to call her
3 as a witness, but decided at trial to call her in its case in chief. [RP vol. 3, 560]
4 Defendant asserts that the witness’s testimony provided fundamental support for the
5 defense theory that Defendant was attacked and was defending himself. [MIO 3]
6 Given the witness’s favorable testimony, we cannot discern how Defendant was
7 prejudiced. Defendant contends he lost the opportunity to explore other avenues of
8 defense, such as whether being choked could have interacted with his psychological
9 issues. [MIO 3] However, “[a]n assertion of prejudice is not a showing of prejudice.”
10 In re Ernesto M., Jr., 1996-NMCA-039, ¶ 10, 121 N.M. 562, 915 P.2d 318. We
11 therefore conclude that Defendant has not met his burden of demonstrating reversible
12 error. See State v. Fernandez, 1994-NMCA- 056, ¶ 16, 117 N.M. 673, 875 P.2d 1104
13 (“In the absence of prejudice, there is no reversible error.”).
14 {4} Next, Defendant continues to argue that the State presented insufficient
15 evidence of second degree murder because he was not the aggressor and there was
16 evidence he was provoked. [MIO5-6] This Court’s calendar notice set out the relevant
17 evidence and proposed to conclude that insofar as there was any evidence Defendant
18 was provoked, “[t]his [C]ourt does not weigh the evidence and may not substitute its
19 judgment for that of the fact finder so long as there is sufficient evidence to support
3
1 the verdict.” State v. Griffin, 1993-NMSC-071, ¶ 17, 116 N.M. 689, 866 P.2d 1156
2 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant does not point out any error
3 in the fact or law relied upon for our disposition, so we affirm. See State v. Ibarra,
4 1993-NMCA-040, ¶ 11, 116 N.M. 486, 864 P.2d 302 (“A party opposing summary
5 disposition is required to come forward and specifically point out errors in fact and/or
6 law.”).
7 {5} Defendant continues to argue that the district court erred in admitting the
8 testimony of the State’s firearms expert pursuant to State v. Franklin, 1967-NMSC-
9 151, ¶¶ 9-10, 78 N.M. 127, 428 P.2d 982, and State v. Boyer, 1985-NMCA-029, ¶ 24,
10 103 N.M. 655, 712 P.2d 1. This Court’s calendar notice proposed to affirm on the
11 bases that the testimony was relevant, the defense had an opportunity to cross-examine
12 the expert at trial, Defendant did not indicate whether a continuance was sought to
13 secure more time, and the probative value of the evidence outweighed any prejudice
14 resulting from the bifurcated opening statements. [CN 2-3] We conclude that there
15 was no abuse of discretion in admitting the firearms expert’s testimony. See State v.
16 Alberico, 1993-NMSC-047, ¶ 58, 116 N.M. 156, 861 P.2d 192 (“[T]he admission of
17 expert testimony or other scientific evidence is peculiarly within the sound discretion
18 of the trial court and will not be reversed absent a showing of abuse of that
19 discretion.”).
4
1 {6} Insofar as Defendant argues that counsel was ineffective for waiving a mistrial
2 on issues relating to the firearms expert, we disagree. As discussed above, Defendant
3 failed to demonstrate prejudice. See State v. Dylan J., 2009-NMCA-027, ¶ 37, 145
4 N.M.719, 204 P.3d 44 (holding that a defense is prejudiced as a result of deficient
5 performance if “there was a reasonable probability that . . . the result of the trial would
6 have been different” and that “mere evidentiary prejudice is not enough”) (internal
7 quotation marks and citation omitted). Nor do we agree with Defendant’s assertion
8 that remand to perfect the record comports with judicial economy. [MIO 11] “A
9 record on appeal that provides a basis for remanding to the trial court for an
10 evidentiary hearing on ineffective assistance of counsel is rare. Ordinarily, such
11 claims are heard on petition for writ of habeas corpus.” State v. Baca,
12 1997-NMSC-059, ¶ 25, 124 N.M. 333, 950 P.2d 776. The calendar notice proposed
13 to conclude that Defendant failed to establish a prima facie case of ineffective
14 assistance of counsel because it did not appear there was a factual record of how
15 obtaining an expert to controvert the firearm’s expert’s testimony would have changed
16 the outcome of the trial. [CN 4] Absent a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of
17 counsel, Defendant’s remedy is through habeas proceedings. State v. Martinez,
18 1996-NMCA-109, ¶ 25, 122 N.M. 476, 927 P.2d 31 (stating that “[t]his Court has
5
1 expressed its preference for habeas corpus proceedings over remand when the record
2 on appeal does not establish a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel”).
3 {7} Defendant argues that the district court erred in admitting the black and white
4 photos, which failed to show the key results of the test demonstrating the possible
5 distance between the victim and the gun when it was fired because the color
6 photographs were the best evidence. [MIO 12] The best evidence rule, Rule 11–1002
7 NMRA, states: “[a]n original writing, recording, or photograph is required in order to
8 prove its content unless these rules or a statute provides otherwise.” Assuming the
9 photographs come within the best evidence rule, Defendant does not claim that the
10 photographs admitted were not the originals. State v. Baca, 1974-NMCA-022, ¶ 5, 86
11 N.M. 144, 520 P.2d 872. Nevertheless, defense counsel had an opportunity to cross-
12 examine the expert to challenge the reliability of the photographs. Therefore,
13 Defendant’s challenge goes to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility, and
14 we find no abuse of discretion by the district court. See State v. Copeland,
15 1986-NMCA-083, ¶ 26, 105 N.M. 27, 727 P.2d 1342 (recognizing that any doubts
16 concerning the connection of the evidence to issues in the case goes to weight of the
17 evidence, and not to its admissibility), superseded by constitutional amendment as
18 stated in State v. Wagoner, 2001-NMCA-014, 130 N.M. 274, 24 P.3d 306; see also
19 State v. Trujillo, 1973-NMCA-012, ¶ 5, 84 N.M. 593, 506 P.2d 337 “(The question
6
1 of admissibility of photographs into evidence rests largely within the discretion of the
2 trial court.”).
3 {8} Further, even if the admission of the photographs was an abuse of discretion,
4 we conclude that the error was harmless. See State v. Roybal, 1988-NMCA-040, ¶ 18,
5 107 N.M. 309, 312, 756 P.2d 1204 (holding admission of challenged evidence is
6 harmless error where the record contains other properly admitted evidence that
7 independently establishes guilt). There was other evidence supporting Defendant’s
8 conviction, including the testimony of eyewitnesses that Defendant fired a gun at the
9 victim. Therefore, we conclude that there was no reversible error. See State v. Baros,
10 1974-NMCA-127, ¶ 6, 87 N.M. 49, 529 P.2d 275 (holding that the admission of a
11 family photo was harmless error in light of the overwhelming evidence in support of
12 the conviction).
13 {9} Defendant moves to amend the docketing statement to add the issue of whether
14 the State’s failure to disclose eighty-eight (88) photographs and a witness interview
15 until during trial violated Defendant’s right to due process. [MIO 14] A showing of
16 good cause is required to allow a docketing statement amendment: “(1) the motion to
17 amend must be timely, and (2) the motion must show the new issue sought to be raised
18 was either (a) properly preserved below or (b) allowed to be raised for the first time
19 on appeal.” See State v. Moore, 1989-NMCA-073, ¶ 42, 109 N.M. 119, 782 P.2d 91,
7
1 overruled on other grounds State v. Salgado, 1991-NMCA-044, 112 N.M. 537, 817
2 P.2d 730. The issues sought to be amended must also be viable. Id. (defining viable
3 as an “argument that was colorable, or arguable, and to distinguish arguments that are
4 devoid of any merit”); see also State v. Sommer, 1994-NMCA-070, ¶ 11, 118 N.M.
5 58, 878 P.2d 1007 (denying the defendant’s motion to amend the docketing statement
6 when the argument offered in support thereof is not viable).
7 {10} Defendant asserts that the photographs were of the cars in the parking lot and
8 were relevant to bullet trajectory issues. The State argued that the best evidence had
9 already been disclosed to the defense and the district court judge apparently ruled that
10 the newly disclosed photographs did not change the facts of the case that had been
11 presented. [MIO 15] Defendant’s motion refers to a witness interview, but does not
12 specify which witness or the substance of the testimony. [MIO1 14-15] Nevertheless,
13 Defendant only argues that the State’s failure to produce this evidence in a timely
14 manner deprived the defense of material evidence and resulted in the preclusion of
15 possible avenues of defense. [MIO 15] Defendant asserts that the facts of the case
16 render it appropriate for disposition on the general calendar to determine whether the
17 facts support reversal with remand for a new trial under Ortega. Because we conclude
18 that Defendant has not demonstrated good cause under Moore, we deny the motion
19 to amend the docketing statement.
8
1 {11} Last, Defendant argues there was cumulative error that deprived him of his right
2 to a fair trial. [MIO 13] “The doctrine of cumulative error requires reversal when a
3 series of lesser improprieties throughout a trial are found, in aggregate, to be so
4 prejudicial that the Defendant was deprived of the constitutional right to a fair trial.”
5 State v. Duffy, 1998-NMSC-014, ¶ 29, 126 N.M. 132, 967 P.2d 807, modified on other
6 grounds by State v. Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, ¶ 17, 141 N.M. 185, 152 P.3d 828.
7 The cumulative error doctrine is strictly applied, and may not be successfully invoked
8 if the record as a whole demonstrates that Defendant received a fair trial. State v.
9 Trujillo, 2002-NMSC-005, ¶ 63, 131 N.M. 709, 42 P.3d 814. Having concluded that
10 Defendant did not demonstrate error for any of the asserted issues, cumulative error
11 is not applicable in this case. See State v. Aragon, 1999-NMCA-060, ¶ 19, 127 N.M.
12 393, 981 P.2d 1211 (stating that when there is no error, “there is no cumulative
13 error”).
14 {12} For all of these reasons, and those stated in this Court’s calendar notice, we
15 affirm.
16 {13} IT IS SO ORDERED.
17 _______________________________________
18 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
9
1 WE CONCUR:
2
3 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge
4
5 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge
10