Filed 7/24/15 P.v. Farias CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E060754
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1301971)
EDWARD FARIAS, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Rafael A. Arreola, Judge.
(Retired judge of the San Diego Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to art.
VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed.
Mario Rodriguez for Defendant and Appellant.
Esther K. Hong, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,
Eric A. Swenson, Ryan H. Peeck and Kimberley A. Donohue, Deputy Attorneys General,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.
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Edward Farias, defendant, argued with his pregnant wife, Jane Doe, and pushed
her, causing her to fall on her knees, culminating a five-year marriage involving domestic
violence. Doe stated defendant wanted to cause her to have a “natural abortion” because
he wanted a male child and the unborn child was female. A prior incident involved
pushing Doe down some stairs, which led to a miscarriage in 2010. Defendant was
charged with attempted murder of the fetus (Pen. Code, §§ 664, 187, subd. (a)),1
aggravated assault on Doe (§ 245, subd. (a)(4)), criminal threats (§ 422), dissuading a
witness (§ 136.1), and battery against a spouse (§ 243, subd. (e)(1)). A jury found him
guilty of all counts, but determined that the attempted murder was not premeditated.
Defendant appealed.
On appeal, defendant argues (a) the court erred in admitting (1) the deputy’s
testimony of Jane Doe’s entire interview with police, including prior consistent
statements; (2) the paramedic’s testimony regarding Jane Doe’s prior consistent
statements; (3) Jane Doe’s sister’s testimony regarding Jane Doe’s prior consistent
statements; (4) testimony from both Jane Doe and her sister regarding prior sexual acts;
and (b) the cumulative effect of the various errors requires reversal. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Jane Doe and defendant were married in 2008. Shortly thereafter, defendant
became more distant, and started calling Doe names when they were alone. Defendant
forced Doe to have sex with him whenever he felt like it, even during her menstrual
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2
cycle, although before the day of the trial, she had never reported this to anyone.
Defendant told her that was what she was there for, and treated her like a prostitute,
requiring her to engage in acts such as sodomy. Defendant also controlled the money,
paid all the bills, and did not allow Doe to work or drive the car. Because she did not
have access to money, Doe’s sisters brought food to her.
Doe became pregnant with her first child, A., within a month of the marriage. A.
was born in February 2009. Doe’s twin sister, Esmeralda, stayed with Doe after A.’s
birth, but left after a month. After Esmeralda left, the verbal abuse got worse and
defendant forced Doe to have sex with him, even though Doe’s doctor had advised
against it.
In 2010, when A. was eight months old, Doe learned she was pregnant for the
second time, but defendant complained he was too young to be a father. The relationship
between Doe and defendant got worse. One month or so into the pregnancy, defendant
became angry when A., who was hungry, started crying, and told Doe to shut the child
up.
As Doe went downstairs, defendant pushed her from behind, causing her to fall
down eight steps. When she tried to stand up, she discovered she was bleeding vaginally,
and felt birth pains. She asked defendant to take her to the hospital, but defendant
refused, so Doe called her sister, Esmeralda. Esmeralda arrived and called 911 because
defendant refused to do so. Defendant told Doe that if she said anything about what
happened, she would not find her little girl.
3
At the hospital, an emergency room doctor confirmed Doe had been pregnant, but
an ultrasound revealed that the six week, four-day-old fetus had no heartbeat, indicating
intrauterine fetal death. Doe reported there was no trauma prior to the miscarriage. The
doctor, who is a mandated reporter of abuse, saw no bruising, redness, or swelling on
Doe’s body suggestive of abuse, and Doe informed the doctor that the symptoms had
begun the previous day but persisted, so she had decided to come in.
In September 2012, Doe became pregnant with her third child. Defendant was not
happy to learn of the pregnancy and told Doe that it had better be a boy. At this time, the
family lived in the lower apartment of a garage unit. During the time they lived in the
garage unit, defendant would not let Doe or A. go out. Defendant was violent all the time
while she was pregnant, and when he found out it was going to be a girl, he became very
bothered.
In November 2012, Doe informed one of her doctor’s staff that she was fearful of
defendant. The doctor talked to defendant about domestic violence and how to treat a
woman, including the importance of avoiding trauma to the abdomen and stress. Once
outside the doctor’s office, defendant told Doe he would get even with her, and that he
did not want the baby to be born.
Doe did not tell the doctor defendant had physically abused her, or he would have
reported it as a mandatory reporter. The obstetrician’s records noted that in addition to
the 2009 pregnancy with A., Doe had been pregnant previously, in 2007, but had
miscarried. His records also reflected treatment in the emergency room for an ovarian
cyst, although Doe denied any such history. When she was five months pregnant with
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her third child, Doe had an ultrasound, which revealed the unborn baby would be a girl.
When he found out the baby’s gender, defendant became more aggressive and told her he
wanted her to have an abortion.
Doe denied ever yelling at defendant during her marriage to defendant, and
indicated she always tried to get defendant to speak peacefully, because she loved peace.
However, the upstairs neighbor, who could hear what went on in defendant’s unit
because of the thin walls, never heard defendant yelling at Doe, although she could hear
him talking. Instead, she heard Doe crying and yelling in the evenings, and sometimes in
the mornings, like she was complaining more than anything.
A. started preschool when she was three or four, while the family lived in the
garage apartment, but she missed class when defendant did not want to take her to school.
On March 17, 2013, while Doe was helping A. with homework, defendant told A. to pay
no attention to Doe, and told A. to hit her mother. Defendant sent A. into the bedroom to
watch television after Doe said, “Look what she did,” and then raised his voice, insulting
Doe. Defendant called Doe “stupid” and “trash,” and then pushed her, telling her that
this baby would not be born. He told Doe, who was seven months pregnant, that it would
appear to be normal, as it was with the other baby, that an abortion was natural.
After defendant pushed Doe on the abdomen, she fell backwards, but she managed
to get her hands on the door, so that she fell onto her knees. Then defendant slapped her
when she tried to get up. Doe tried to grab her phone to call the police, but defendant
grabbed it and broke it, telling Doe to shut up or he would kill her. Doe went outside, in
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pain, until her sister, Esmeralda, arrived.2 Esmeralda called the paramedics after Doe
told her defendant had beaten her. Esmeralda tried to stop him, but defendant left, telling
Doe she was crazy and denying that he had done anything. Doe told the paramedic that
she had been pregnant three times, with one live birth, and one prior miscarriage due to a
similar incident with the same man in the past.
At the hospital, Doe could not hear the baby’s heart beat and experienced pre-term
contractions. Doe informed the labor and delivery nurse that she had been abused by her
husband, so a domestic violence report was made to the police. Doe told the nurse that
defendant slapped her head and struck her twice in the abdomen. During her examination
of Doe, the nurse saw no bruises or hand prints on Doe’s abdomen. The nurse monitored
the baby’s heart rate, which decreased on occasion.
Doe was still in the hospital on March 18, 2013, when Deputy Santiago contacted
her in response to the domestic violence report made the previous day. Doe reported that
she and defendant had argued over their daughter’s homework, which escalated to a loud
verbal argument in which defendant was the aggressor. Doe stated that defendant
encouraged A. to slap and hit Doe, that A. had said something derogatory to Doe and hit
Doe, before defendant removed A. to another room. Doe related that the argument
continued until defendant hit her, and demonstrated how defendant hit her.
2 The neighbor who lived upstairs from Doe and defendant testified that Doe was
talking on the phone outside the apartment, before Esmeralda arrived. The record does
not indicate what phone she was using.
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Doe also informed the deputy of the incident in which defendant pushed her down
the stairs, and that she had lost the baby she was carrying at the time. She told the deputy
that defendant stated an abortion is a natural occurring event and that if he were to initiate
a natural abortion, he did not feel there was anything wrong. During this interview, Doe
did not mention being obligated to have sex with the defendant, and described being
pushed only once by defendant on this occasion.
Defendant was charged by way of information with assault by means of force
likely to produce great bodily injury (§ 245, subd. (a)(4), count 1), criminal threats
(§ 422, count 2), attempt to dissuade a witness (§ 136.1, subd. (c)(1), count 3), attempted
murder of the unborn baby (§§ 664, 187, subd. (a), count 4), and battery of a spouse
(§ 243, subd. (e)(1), count 5.) The information included notice to the defendant of the
prosecution’s intent to offer other acts of domestic violence pursuant to Evidence Code
section 1109. Defendant was tried by a jury and convicted of all counts. However, the
jury made a finding that the attempted murder was not premeditated or deliberate. He
was sentenced to an aggregate term of 10 years, 8 months in state prison and appealed.
DISCUSSION
Defendant raises four claims pertaining to the admission of certain testimony
during trial, and a separate claim seeking reversal based on the cumulative effect of those
evidentiary errors.
a. Standard of Review
The trial court’s evidentiary rulings are reviewed for abuse of discretion. (People
v. Geier (2007) 41 Cal.4th 555, 586, citing People v. Jablonski (2006) 37 Cal.4th 774,
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821; People v. Rowland (1992) 4 Cal.4th 238, 264.) Where a discretionary power is
statutorily vested in the trial court, its exercise of that discretion must not be disturbed on
appeal except on a showing that the court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary,
capricious or patently absurd matter that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.
(People v. Rodrigues (1994) 8 Cal.4th 1060, 1124-1125, citing People v. Jordan (1986)
42 Cal.3d 308, 316; see also, People v. Ogle (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 1138, 1145
[determination of whether probative value of evidence is outweighed by prejudice].)
Defendant also frames each issue as a violation of his right to due process of law
because of the impact each error had on defendant’s right to a fair trial. Defendant
acknowledges that the due process claims were forfeited due to his failure to object to
each item of evidence on constitutional grounds, but urges us to consider the points,
anyway. Because we conclude there was no prejudicial error, we do not need to address
the constitutional claims. The admission of evidence, even if error under state law, only
violates due process if it makes the trial fundamentally unfair. (People v. Partida (2005)
37 Cal.4th 428, 436 (Partida).)
b. Admissibility of Doe’s Prior Statements to Deputy Santiago.
Deputy Santiago testified that he contacted Jane Doe in the hospital and
interviewed her about the incident. Defendant objected on hearsay grounds when he
testified he asked Doe what happened. The prosecutor did not make an offer of proof,
but trial court overruled the objection, subject to a motion to strike. Although the court
granted defendant’s request for a standing objection, the deputy then described what Jane
Doe told him during the interview about the incident and the history of domestic
8
violence. Jane Doe had previously testified, covering the same topics. The defense did
not make a motion to strike the testimony.
Defendant argues that the testimony was inadmissible pursuant to Evidence Code
sections 791 and 1236, relating to the admissibility of prior consistent statements.
Evidence Code section 780 permits a jury to consider, in determining the credibility of a
witness, any matter that has a tendency in reason to prove or disprove the truthfulness of
the testimony at the hearing, including, but not limited to a statement previously made by
the witness that is consistent with his or her testimony at the hearing.
Evidence Code section 791 prohibits admission of prior consistent statement of a
witness unless it is offered after (a) admission of a prior inconsistent statement, or (b) an
express or implied charge has been made that the witness’s testimony has been recently
fabricated. Evidence Code section 1236 permits admission of prior consistent statements
if they are consistent with the witness’s testimony and if the statements are offered in
compliance with Evidence Code section 791. Both sections address admissibility of
statements by a witness who testifies at a hearing, for purposes of rehabilitation.
However, Evidence Code section 1236 permits a prior consistent statement of a witness
to be used as substantive evidence because the declarant is present in court and subject to
cross-examination. (1 Witkin, Cal.Evid. (5th ed., 2012) §158, pp. 1003-1004; §162, p.
1010; see People v. Cannady (1972) 8 Cal.3d 379, 386-387.)
Hearsay evidence is evidence of a statement made other than by a witness while
testifying at the hearing that is offered to prove the truth of the matter stated. (Evid.
Code, § 1200, subd. (a), italics added.) Hearsay is inadmissible unless it falls within an
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exception to the general rule. (Evid. Code, § 1200, subd. (b).) Hearsay is inadmissible
because the statements are not made under oath, the adverse party has no opportunity to
cross-examine the declarant, and the jury cannot observe the declarant’s demeanor while
making the statements. (People v. Duarte (2000) 24 Cal.4th 603, 611, quoting from
People v. Fuentes (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 956, 960-961.)
Evidence Code sections 791 and 1236 refer to statements by a witness who has
testified at the hearing. Recent fabrication, as the term is used in Evidence Code section
791, may be inferred when it is shown that a witness did not speak about an important
matter at a time when it would have been natural for him or her to do so, and in such a
circumstance, it is generally proper to permit rehabilitation by a prior consistent
statement. (People v. Lopez (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1028, 1066, quoting People v. Riccardi
(2012) 54 Cal.4th 758, 802.)
Here, Jane Doe, the prosecution’s first witness, was cross-examined and
impeached by the defense on several points. She testified that defendant struck her in the
face, and pushed her once in the abdomen causing her to fall, although she reported to the
nurse who attended her that defendant had slapped her head, and then hit her abdomen
twice, but did not indicate she had fallen. Doe testified she told her doctor that defendant
was hitting her, although her doctor testified that she reported only that she was fearful,
and that as a mandatory reporter, he would have reported the domestic violence if she had
informed him of it. Most significantly, the defense elicited that Jane Doe had never
previously reported that defendant forced her to have sex with him. Further, she
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attributed her 2010 miscarriage to defendant’s act of pushing her downstairs, although the
emergency room doctor testified she denied any trauma.
Having impeached Jane Doe’s testimony, the People were entitled to rehabilitate
her credibility through prior consistent statements within the meaning of Evidence Code
sections 791 and 1236. There was no error in admitting the entirety of Jane Doe’s
interview as a proper exercise of judicial discretion. In fact, the deputy’s testimony
reinforced the defense position that Doe was exaggerating or fabricating because he
acknowledged that Doe never mentioned being forced to have sex with defendant.
Because the trial court had discretion to admit the evidence pursuant to sections 781, 791,
and 1236 of the Evidence Code, and did not abuse that discretion, there was no violation
of due process.
c. Admissiblity of Doe’s Prior Statements to the Paramedic.
In a similar argument, defendant contends the trial court erred in admitting
statements made by Jane Doe to the paramedic on March 17, 2013, respecting the prior
miscarriage that she attributed to being pushed down the stairs. Defendant contends that
because the defense did not imply or charge that Doe had recently fabricated the stairs
incident in 2010, or that she had an improper motive or bias to lie about this incident, it
was error to overrule defendant’s hearsay objection. We disagree.
The defense elicited testimony from the emergency room doctor who treated Doe
in 2010 that she denied any trauma prior to experiencing the symptoms which caused her
to go to the emergency room. In light of this impeachment, it was proper to elicit a prior
consistent statement to rehabilitate Doe’s credibility, within the meaning of Evidence
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Code sections 781, 791, and 1236, as explained in the previous section. The ruling did
not violate defendant’s right to a fair trial.
d. Admissibility of Doe’s Prior Statements to Her Sister.
Defendant also claims the admission of Esmeralda’s testimony relating to Doe’s
prior consistent statement was improper under Evidence Code section 791, subdivision
(b). We disagree.
The issue was forfeited by the lack of objection to the testimony. (Evid. Code, §
353, subd. (a); People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheeler (2014) 60 Cal.4th 335, 413; Partida,
supra, 37 Cal.4th at pp. 428, 433-434.) The reasoning we have applied in the two prior
challenges applies here. Esmeralda testified after Doe, whose credibility was challenged
on a number of points. The admission of prior consistent statements was a proper
exercise of judicial discretion which did not violate defendant’s right to a fair trial.
e. Admissibility of Doe’s and Esmeralda’s Testimony Relating to Forced Sexual Acts
Constituted Harmless Error.
At trial, the prosecutor elicited testimony from Doe that defendant forced Doe to
engage in sex, even during her menstrual cycle. Afterwards, the prosecutor asked Doe to
explain what she meant by that. Defendant objected on the ground there had been no
disclosure during discovery of forced sexual behavior. 3 The trial court ruled that in
domestic violence cases, forced sex may be prior behavior of potential violence,
admissible pursuant to Evidence Code section 1109.
3 The information included a notification pursuant to Evidence Code section 1109
regarding the possible proffer of prior incidents of domestic violence.
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Later, during the testimony of Esmeralda, the prosecutor asked if Doe had ever
told her that defendant would have forced sex with her whenever he wanted, and
requested further explanation. Defendant did not object to the question or Esmeralda’s
response that Doe told her he would force her to have sex during her menstrual cycle.
Having failed to object to Esmeralda’s testimony, we consider any challenge to her
testimony to be forfeited, and will limit our focus to Doe’s testimony. (Evid. Code, §
353, subd. (a).)
Evidence Code section 1109 provides that in a criminal action in which the
defendant is accused of an offense involving domestic violence, evidence of the
defendant’s commission of other domestic violence is not made inadmissible by
Evidence Code section 1101 if it is not inadmissible pursuant to Evidence Code section
352. Subdivision (b) of Evidence Code section 1109 provides that when such evidence is
to be offered, the people shall disclose the evidence to the defendant, including
statements of witnesses or a summary of the substance of any testimony that is expected
to be offered, in compliance with the provisions of section 1054.7.
“Domestic violence” is defined by section 13700 as “abuse” committed against a
spouse or cohabitant. (People v. Poplar (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1129, 1138.) The
definition of domestic violence/abuse has been held to encompass the definition of
forcible rape, as defined by section 261, subdivision (a)(2), where both involve
reasonable apprehension of imminent serious bodily injury to the victim. (Id., at p.
1139.) Thus, forcible rape is a higher level of domestic violence. (Ibid.)
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However, the evidence of alleged forced sexual relations presented here did not
describe prior acts which could be defined as either rape or domestic violence because
Doe did not testify that she submitted to the sex acts out of a reasonable apprehension of
imminent serious bodily injury. There was no evidence that defendant threatened to harm
her if she did not submit to him sexually, and no evidence of violence in the sex acts
themselves. In short, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the sexual acts were
forcible or violent enough to qualify as abuse.
The People urge us to consider that Jane Doe’s testimony of the sexual acts
qualified as spousal rape, as defined by section 262. However, even spousal rape
includes the element of force, violence, duress, menace or fear of immediate bodily
injury, elements missing from Jane Doe’s testimony. The testimony regarding the sexual
acts did not qualify as domestic violence within the meaning of Evidence Code section
1109.
Also problematic is the prosecution’s failure to provide timely discovery of the
proposed propensity evidence, in compliance with section 1054.7. That section requires
that disclosures be made at least 30 days prior to trial unless good cause is shown. The
purpose of the reciprocal discovery provisions is to promote ascertainment of truth by
liberal discovery rules which allow parties to obtain information in order to prepare their
cases and reduce the chance of surprise at trial. (Woods v. Superior Court (1994) 25
Cal.App.4th 178, 184.)
During in limine proceedings, the defense sought a ruling that any Evidence Code
section 1109 evidence that was not previously disclosed to the defense would not be
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admitted. The prosecutor stated that everything they had received from Doe during the
investigation or subsequent interviews had been turned over to the defense. The court
granted the motion. Nevertheless, the prosecutor asked Doe a pointed question about
“how sex was in [her] relationship with [her] husband.” When the defendant objected,
the prosecutor explained that she failed to provide discovery because “I didn’t interview
her about her sexual relationship with the defendant prior to today.”
Postponing victim interviews until the day of trial does not constitute good cause
for failure to provide discovery. The prosecutor should have disclosed the information to
the defense promptly, even if it was obtained on the day of trial. Refraining from
obtaining information readily available to it does not relieve the prosecution of its duty to
disclose it. (In re Littlefield (1993) 5 Cal.4th 122, 134-135.) The duty of disclosure
applies to information “readily accessible” to the prosecution. (Ibid.) While it is true that
the prosecution has no general duty to seek out, obtain, and disclose all evidence that
might be beneficial to the defense, it does have the duty, when presented with an informal
request from the defense, to satisfy the specific discovery provisions of section 1054, et
sequitur. (People v. Little (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 426, 432.)
The prosecution was required to disclose the information as soon as the
information came to light, to permit the defense to either request a continuance (see
People v. Verdugo (2010) 50 Cal.4th 263, 281 (Verdugo) [prosecutor told defense about
substance of statement at the time it was made, the trial court stopped direct examination
of the witness and granted the defense a continuance to prepare for cross-examination]),
or to seek exclusion of the evidence outside the presence of the jury.
15
The People rely on People v. Whalen (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1, 66-68, arguing that the
prosecution has no duty to disclose inculpatory information of which it is neither aware
nor has in its possession, or the possession of a state agency. In Whalen, the defendant
argued the prosecutor had committed misconduct by sandbagging the defense with
testimony about a rape that had not previously been disclosed. The reviewing court
found no misconduct. At oral argument, the People urge us to follow Whalen, arguing
that the prosecutor did not learn of the sexual acts prior to the disclosure by Jane Doe
while she was testifying on the witness stand.
However, we cannot conclude that the prosecutor did not learn of the information
prior to the victim’s testimony on the stand where the prosecutor in this case admitted
interviewing Doe on this topic on the day of trial, so she had the information before
eliciting it from Doe on the stand. It was error to allow the prosecutor to proceed with
this line of questioning, in front of the jury, especially after the court had granted the
defendant’s in limine motion, without providing the defense an opportunity to investigate
it.
Nevertheless, a violation of section 1054.1 is subject to the harmless-error
standard set forth in People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836. (Verdugo, supra, 50
Cal.4th at p. 280.) In this case, the evidence was not unduly prejudicial where Doe did
not describe sexual violence or indicate any reasonable apprehension of imminent serious
bodily injury. Given the instructions pertaining to the jury’s duty when considering
propensity evidence pursuant to Evidence Code section 1109, the lack of objection to
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Esmeralda’s testimony, and the fact the evidence was far less inflammatory than the
evidence of pushing Doe down the stairs in 2010, no prejudice inured to defendant.
f. Cumulative Prejudice
Defendant argues that the cumulative prejudice of the errors deprived him of his
due process right to a fair trial.
It is true that a series of trial errors, though independently harmless, may in some
circumstances rise by accretion to the level of reversible and prejudicial error. (People v.
Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 1009; People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 844.)
However, we have found one harmless error. Defendant was entitled to a fair trial, but
not a perfect one. (Cunningham, supra, at pp. 926, 1009, and cases cited; see also,
People v. Jasso (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 1354, 1378.) Defendant was not deprived of a
fair trial.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAMIREZ
P. J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST
J.
CODRINGTON
J.
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