FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
July 29, 2015
PUBLISH Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
TENTH CIRCUIT
JOSEPH E. MARTINEZ, and JENNIE
DARLENE MARTINEZ, as the spouse
of Joseph E. Martinez,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. No. 14-1315
THE PLUMBERS & PIPEFITTERS
NATIONAL PENSION PLAN, THE
PLUMBERS & PIPEFITTERS
NATIONAL PENSION FUND, and
THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF
THE PLUMBERS & PIPEFITTERS
NATIONAL PENSION FUND,
Defendants-Appellees.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
(D.C. NO. 1:12-CV-01063-MSK-MJW)
Dennis P. Walker, Boesen Law, LLC, Denver, Colorado, for Appellants.
R. Richard Hopp, O’Donoghue & O’Donoghue LLP, Washington, DC, for
Appellees.
Before TYMKOVICH, MATHESON, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judge.
Joseph Martinez was a long-term participant in the Plumbers and Pipefitters
National Pension Plan, a multiemployer defined benefit pension plan governed by
the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. Following some health problems,
Martinez retired from plumbing in 2004 at age 56 and took advantage of the
Plan’s early retirement pension. After a few years in retirement, he felt well
enough to resume working, and his pension was suspended during that time
according to rules that prohibit retirement benefits during disqualifying
employment. When he retired again in 2009, he asked the National Pension Fund
to allow him to convert the pension benefits he previously elected from an early
retirement pension to a disability pension—a change that would entitle him to
higher monthly payments.
The Fund denied the conversion and the district court upheld the denial.
We agree that the Plan language is unambiguous and allows Plan participants to
apply for and receive only one type of pension benefit for life absent several
clearly delineated exceptions, none of which apply to Martinez.
Accordingly, exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the
Fund’s denial of Martinez’s claim for disability benefits.
I. Standard of Review and Plan Provisions
After discussing the standard of review that guides us, we explain the Plan
language in some detail and how it was applied to Martinez’s request for a
disability pension.
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A. Standard of Review
Our review is of the Fund’s decision to deny Martinez benefits. Holcomb
v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 578 F.3d 1187, 1192 (10th Cir. 2009). We accord
no deference to the district court’s judgment. Accordingly, like the district court,
we must determine the proper standard of review to apply to the Fund’s denial of
benefits. LaAsmar v. Phelps Dodge Corp. Life, Accidental Death &
Dismemberment & Dependent Life Ins. Plan, 605 F.3d 789, 796 (10th Cir. 2010).
In a suit to recover benefits under the Employee Retirement Income
Security Act’s (ERISA) enforcement provision, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), 1 our
review is de novo “unless the benefit plan gives the administrator or fiduciary
discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the
terms of the plan.” Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115
(1989); see also Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 105, 111 (2008). In that
case, we apply a deferential standard of review and “ask[] only whether the denial
of benefits was arbitrary and capricious.” Weber v. GE Grp. Life Assurance Co.,
541 F.3d 1002, 1010 (10th Cir. 2008).
There is no question here that the Plan delegates such authority to the
Trustees of the Fund and that a deferential standard of review is warranted. See
1
29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B) provides a cause of action for a plan
participant “to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce
his rights under the terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits
under the terms of the plan.”
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Foster v. PPG Indus., Inc., 693 F.3d 1226, 1232 (10th Cir. 2013). The Plan
reserves to the Trustees the discretion “to construe the terms of the Plan, to
resolve any ambiguities, and to determine any questions which may arise with the
Plan’s application or administration, including but not limited to determination of
eligibility for benefits.” Aple. App. 167 (Section 9.03); id. at 174 (Section
10.06).
Martinez urges that even if the review would otherwise be deferential,
procedural irregularities in the administrative appeal process warrant a lesser
standard of deference. We have applied de novo review where deferential review
would otherwise be required in the face of serious procedural irregularities.
LaAsmar, 605 F.3d at 797; see, e.g., Rasenack ex rel. Tribolet v. AIG Life Ins.
Co., 585 F.3d 1311, 1317–18 (10th Cir. 2009). It is unnecessary for us to
determine whether the Fund in fact violated ERISA’s procedural requirements or
whether any of the alleged violations would be serious enough to warrant de novo
review because, even considering the Fund’s denial of benefits de novo, we would
affirm. 2
2
To the extent Martinez means to argue for additional remedies relating to
the alleged procedural violations, the argument would fail because he has not
identified how he was prejudiced. “Not every procedural defect will upset the
decision of plan representatives,” Sage v. Automation, Inc. Pension Plan & Trust,
845 F.2d 885, 895 (10th Cir. 1988), and Martinez has not alleged, nor can we
think of any “purpose [that] would be served by a further, but procedurally
correct, review” of his claim. Id.; see also Brimer v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 462
F. App’x 804, 808–09 (10th Cir. 2012) (requiring a showing of prejudice for
(continued...)
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B. Plan Provisions and Martinez’s Election
The Plan offers seven types of pensions for which participants may apply
upon retirement depending on the eligibility requirements. A participant who has
not yet reached the normal retirement age of 65 is eligible for a disability pension
if he is permanently and totally disabled and has accrued a certain number of
employment hours and pension credit. The Plan deems a participant permanently
and totally disabled only if the Social Security Administration (SSA) has awarded
him social security disability benefits.
For a participant who wishes to begin receiving monthly benefits but has
not yet received a decision from the SSA that would entitle him to a disability
pension, the Plan offers the option of applying for a contingent early retirement
pension. To be eligible, an applicant must be awaiting an SSA determination and
otherwise be eligible for an early retirement pension. This is the situation in
which Martinez found himself when he retired in 2004—awaiting a disability
determination from the SSA. He decided to proceed with the application process
and apply for a contingent early retirement pension.
The “contingent” aspect of the contingent early retirement pension refers to
what happens to the pension when the SSA issues its decision. Before the
2
(...continued)
remand); id. at 809 (citing DiGregorio v. Hartford Comprehensive Emp. Benefit
Serv. Co., 423 F.3d 6, 16 (1st Cir. 2005) (“Claimant must demonstrate how a
plan’s flawed procedure prejudiced review of her claim.”)).
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decision issues, a contingent early retirement pensioner receives monthly benefits
in the amount of an early retirement pension. When the decision issues, the
pension is automatically adjusted in one of two ways. If the SSA issues a
favorable determination, the pension is adjusted to a disability pension and “the
Participant shall thereafter receive the amount of the Disability Pension and be
considered a Disability Pensioner.” Aple. App. 158 (Section 4.16(b)(i)). If the
SSA denies benefits, however, “the Participant shall thereafter receive the amount
of the Early Retirement Pension and be considered an Early Retirement
Pensioner.” Id. (Section 4.16(b)(ii)). The Plan provides that “[s]uch
adjustments”—meaning the adjustment to a disability or early retirement
pension—“shall be made automatically and the Participant shall not otherwise be
entitled to change the form of benefit.” Id. (Section 4.16(b)(iii)).
Martinez does not contend that he did not have access to the Plan
provisions governing the operation of a contingent early retirement pension
before he made the election on his application. Moreover, before finalizing an
application for a contingent early retirement pension, the Fund requires applicants
to sign a form titled Contingent Early Retirement Pension—Declaration of
Understanding. Martinez executed this form, which provided, in pertinent part:
I understand that if I am denied a disability award from the
[SSA], either upon appeal or choosing not to appeal:
• I will be considered an Early Retirement Pensioner,
retaining the same Effective Date of Benefits as
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established for my Contingent Early Retirement
Pension as if the benefit had always been an Early
Retirement Pension.
• An adjustment will be made in my benefit to change
from the Disability form to the non-Disability form,
• I shall not otherwise be entitled to change the form
of benefit I originally elected, and
• I shall become a permanent Early Retirement
Pensioner regardless of whether I subsequently
receive a disability award from the [SSA].
....
I have read and understood the above provisions stated in
Section 4.16 of the Plan and their effect upon my receipt
of the Contingent Early Retirement Pension.
Id. at 48 (emphasis added). After receiving his application and the executed
forms, the Fund approved his contingent early retirement pension and set an
effective date of November 1, 2004.
On January 1, 2005, the SSA denied Martinez’s application for disability
benefits. He notified the Fund of the denial and his decision not to appeal. The
Fund sent him a letter notifying him that his pension would be converted to an
early retirement pension in accordance with Section 4.16 of the Plan. Martinez
did not appeal that determination, and he received early retirement pension
benefits until June 2006. At that time, in need of additional income, he decided
he was able enough to return to work.
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The Plan specifically addresses the scenario in which a pensioner returns to
work after retiring and applying for benefits. For any months spent working in
disqualifying employment and for an additional six-month period following the
end of such employment, the Plan provides that “[t]he monthly benefit shall be
suspended.” Id. at 171 (Section 9.07(a)). When a participant provides notice that
he is returning to retirement, the Plan provides that “[b]enefits shall be resumed
for months after the last month for which benefits were suspended.” Id. at 172
(Section 9.07(g)).
The Plan also allows the Board of Trustees to grant waivers of the
suspension of benefits for defined periods of time. The first year Martinez
returned to work he did so under such a waiver. Accordingly, for one year,
Martinez worked and continued to receive his early retirement pension benefits.
At the close of the waiver period, Martinez notified the Fund of his decision to
continue working. In a letter, he wrote:
This letter is to inform you of my decision to terminate my
Pension status, as of July 1, 2007, to return to the work
force. I understand that a 30 day notice is required in
writing prior to returning to work and canceling my
pension eligibility, to avoid penalties. Due to an auto
accident in the year 2000, I was forced into early
retirement however, over the past few years, I have
somewhat recovered from my injuries, and although there
are limitations to my abilities, I feel at this time I am able
to return to the work force.
Id. at 58.
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The Fund sent Martinez a letter explaining that because he was returning to
disqualifying employment, his benefits would be “suspended” effective July 1 and
he would be subject to a further six-month suspension of benefits upon his “re-
retirement.” Id. at 60. Enclosed with the letter was a Resumption of Benefits
form, which he was instructed to submit when he stopped his work in
disqualifying employment. Also attached was a form titled, Summary of the Plan
Provisions on Suspension of Benefits Due to a Return to Work. As its title
indicates, the form explained in accordance with the relevant Plan provisions that
pension payments are “suspended” for the period of time a pensioner returns to
work and instructed, “[w]hen you stop working and want to retire again, you must
notify the Fund in writing. Failure to give such notice will delay the resumption
of payment of your benefit.” 3 Id. at 63.
In early 2008, Martinez requested an estimate of what his pension pay
would be if he “return[ed] to retirement.” Id. at 65. On April 1, the Fund
responded and again explained that because he returned to work before the age of
65, he was subject to an additional six-month suspension upon his “re-
retirement.” Id. at 66. Thus, his benefits would be “reinstated” on the first
calendar day of the seventh month after he “re-retire[d].” Id. The Fund again
3
Martinez had also signed a Retirement Declaration prior to finalizing his
selection of the contingent early retirement pension, which declared that he
understood his “benefits will be suspended for any months in which I return to
work [before age 65] for any amount of hours in Disqualifying Employment, plus
an additional six months.” Aple. App. 46.
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enclosed the Summary of Provisions on Suspension of Benefits and a Resumption
of Benefits form.
In October of the following year, Martinez submitted the following
question through the Fund’s website: “Given the state of the [economy] I am
considering retiring at age 61 which will be in a few days. My question is, what
will my monthly income be if I was to choose 100% benefit for my wife.” App.
118. A letter in response from the Fund stated:
This letter is to acknowledge receipt of your inquiry. . . .
Due to a large number of requests for information we have
received, it may take us 4 to 6 weeks to respond to your
inquiry. . . . Your Effective Date of Benefits is established
as the first of the month following receipt of your
Application of Benefits or the first of the month after you
cease working. If it is your intention to retire within the
next 4 months, contact the Fund Office to request an
Application for Benefits to allow adequate time for
processing.
Id. at 149. Martinez then submitted another question to the website, stating: “I
[received] your [response] letter about my recent inquiry about retirement status.
I am [planning] on early retirement due to the work picture in our industry. I turn
61 years old tomorrow and would like to request an application for [retirement] as
soon as possible[.]” Aple. App. 72. In response, the Fund mailed Martinez an
Application for Benefits (not a Resumption of Benefits form).
These October exchanges are the only suggestion in the record that
Martinez might qualify to retire anew and submit a second application for
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benefits. But any apparent confusion was cleared up in subsequent interactions
between Martinez and the Fund because on December 1, the Fund sent Martinez a
letter stating, “In your recent telephone call to the . . . Fund, you advised that you
plan to re-retire in the near future. You would like for the . . . Fund to reinstate
payment of your pension benefit.” Id. at 74. Enclosed was a Resumption of
Benefits form (not an Application for Benefits) and instructions to complete the
form in order to reinstate his benefits. The letter explained that “[u]pon receipt of
this form, the Fund will advise you of the date your benefit can be reinstated and
any adjustments or increases to your benefit that you may be entitled to receive
based on your age or additional pension credit earned.” Id. Martinez submitted
the Resumption of Benefits form, and the Fund reinstated his early retirement
pension benefits six months later on June 1, 2010.
In July, Martinez submitted a second application to the SSA for disability
benefits. This time, the SSA issued a favorable determination finding that he was
disabled as of April 2009. Martinez submitted the SSA’s determination to the
Fund and requested that his early retirement pension be converted to a disability
pension—a change that would result in an increase of several hundred dollars in
his monthly benefits. The Fund denied the request on the ground that the Plan
“provides the terms and conditions under which the benefit of a Participant who is
receiving an Early Retirement Pension may be adjusted to a Disability Pension,”
and Martinez did not fit those conditions. Id. at 88.
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To understand the basis of the Fund’s decision, we must pause and review
the Plan provisions addressing a participant’s entitlement to change the type of
pension he is receiving. Section 4.19 of the Plan, titled Non-Duplication of
Benefits, provides that “[a] person shall be entitled to only one type of pension
benefit” with two exceptions: (1) “a Disability Pension recipient who recovers
may be entitled to a different type of pension”; and (2) “a Contingent Early
Retirement Pension or an Early Retirement Pension may be adjusted in
accordance with Section 4.16.” Id. at 159.
The first exception recognizes the possibility that a disability pensioner
may recover from his disability and lose his status as permanently and totally
disabled. If that happens, the disability pension ends, and the participant may
return to work and later be eligible to receive a different type of pension.
The second exception can be further broken down into two parts:
(1) adjustment to a disability pension from a contingent early retirement pension,
and (2) adjustment to a disability pension from an early retirement pension. The
former refers to the automatic adjustment to a disability pension provided for in
Section 4.16(b)(i) when a contingent early retirement pensioner receives a
favorable determination from the SSA. The latter refers to Section 4.16(c), which
provides adjustments in two circumstances:
(c) Notwithstanding the above, the pension of a
Participant who is receiving an Early Retirement
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Pension may be adjusted to a Disability Pension as
follows:
(i) If the Participant failed to elect the
Contingent Early Retirement Pension on his
application as required by Section 4.16(a),
but otherwise met the requirements of this
Section 4.16 at the time of his application, his
pension will be adjusted as set forth above in
Section 4.16(b)(i).
(ii) If the Participant had not applied for a Social
Security Disability Award at the time of his
initial application, but subsequently submits
a favorable determination by the [SSA] on his
eligibility for a Disability Award and
otherwise meets the requirements of Section
4.12, his pension may be adjusted if the date
of disability as determined in accordance with
Section 9.05(b)(ii) is on or before the
Effective Date of Benefits of the Initial Early
Retirement Pension.
Id. at 158.
Because Martinez’s pension had already been adjusted to an early
retirement pension at the time he requested the switch to a disability pension, the
Fund relied on Section 4.16(c) in denying his request. Specifically, the Fund
found Martinez did not qualify for an adjustment because his “Effective Date of
Benefits with the Fund was November 1, 2004” and the SSA determined he was
disabled as of April 2009. Id. at 88.
As was his right under the Plan, Martinez appealed the adverse benefit
determination to the Board of Trustees. He made three arguments: (1) because he
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now meets the eligibility requirements for a disability pension, he is entitled to
disability benefits; (2) the SSA’s favorable determination should trigger an
automatic adjustment of his pension under Section 4.16(b)(i); and (3) he is
entitled to an adjustment under Section 4.16(c)(ii) because his return to
employment had terminated his pension and his 2009 retirement resulted in a new
effective date of benefits in 2010. The Trustees affirmed the denial of benefits.
They maintained that when the SSA denied Martinez’s first application for a
disability award and his contingent early retirement pension was automatically
adjusted to an early retirement pension, his “benefit [would] thereafter [be] in the
amount of the Early Retirement Pension and [he would be] considered an Early
Retirement Pensioner.” Id. at 115. The Trustees rejected the claim that
Martinez’s return to employment terminated his pension, instead finding that his
early retirement pension was merely suspended and then reinstated when he
stopped working again in 2009. Pursuant to Sections 4.16 and 4.19, the Trustees
concluded he was not entitled to convert his early retirement pension to a
disability pension.
Martinez and his wife, who is a co-beneficiary of Martinez’s benefits, next
sought review in state court under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), to recover the
disability benefits he alleged were due to him under the Plan. The Fund removed
the suit to federal court and the district court affirmed the Trustees’ decision.
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The court held the Plan was unambiguous and did not permit Martinez to convert
his pension.
II. Discussion
Martinez presents two arguments as to why he is entitled to a disability
pension. First, he contends the Plan is unambiguous and its plain language
entitles him to disability benefits. Second, he submits that even if he would not
otherwise be entitled to benefits, the Fund misled him about benefit eligibility and
should be equitably estopped from denying him a disability pension.
For the reasons discussed below, neither argument is persuasive.
A. The Plan Does Not Permit Martinez to Convert His Early Retirement
Pension to a Disability Pension
In reviewing ERISA policies, “[o]ur first task is to determine whether the
policy is ambiguous.” Rasenack, 585 F.3d at 1318. In making that
determination, “we consider the common and ordinary meaning as a reasonable
person in the position of the plan participant would have understood the words to
mean.” Id. (quoting Miller v. Monumental Life Ins. Co., 502 F.3d 1245, 1249
(10th Cir. 2007)). Both the Fund and Martinez contend (with different outcomes)
that there is no ambiguity in the relevant Plan provisions. See Reply Br. at 6
(“The Plan language is unambiguous.” (emphasis in original)). Our review
confirms the absence of ambiguity. Thus, we construe the Plan as a matter of law
and compare the plain meaning to the rationale asserted by the Trustees in
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denying Martinez’s appeal. Finding no deviation between the two, we affirm the
denial of benefits.
Martinez’s first argument rests on the 2010 SSA decision that he was
disabled as of April 2009. He says that because he now satisfies the eligibility
requirements for a disability pension, the affirmative language used in the
Plan—“A Participant shall be entitled”—requires that he be paid disability
benefits. Aple. App. 157 (Section 4.12) (emphasis added); see also id. (Section
4.15) (“Payment of the Disability Pension shall commence . . . .” (emphasis
added)). The Fund does not dispute that if Martinez were now to submit an initial
application for a disability pension he would be eligible. But that is not what he
did. Rather, he already retired and became an early retirement pensioner and thus
the Fund contends his present eligibility is irrelevant. And absent proof that he
qualifies for an adjustment in the type of pension under one of the exceptions
recognized by the Plan, he must continue to receive an early retirement pension.
We agree with the Fund. To accept Martinez’s argument would require us
to ignore how the Plan operates as a whole. Our review of plan documents in
ERISA appeals is not of individual provisions in isolation, but of the plan
documents as a whole. See Miller, 502 F.3d at 1250. Here, the Plan is structured
so that a participant must submit a written application to begin receiving benefits,
and upon a determination of eligibility, the participant “shall be entitled upon
Retirement to receive the monthly benefits provided for the remainder of his life,
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subject to the provisions of th[e] Plan.” Id. at 168 (Section 9.05). Martinez
retired in 2004, submitted an application for a contingent early retirement
pension, and was approved to begin receiving benefits with an effective date of
November 1, 2004. When the SSA denied his application for disability benefits,
the Fund automatically adjusted his contingent early retirement pension to an
early retirement pension, and the Plan provides that he “shall thereafter receive
the amount of the Early Retirement Pension and be considered an Early
Retirement Pensioner.” Id. at 158 (Section 4.16(b)(ii)). Thus, the question
cannot be framed as whether Martinez now satisfies the eligibility requirements
for a disability pension. The question is whether, as an early retirement
pensioner, the Plan authorizes Martinez to adjust his pension to a disability
pension. The Trustees concluded it does not, and we reach the same conclusion.
As noted above, Section 4.19 provides that a participant “shall be entitled
to only one type of pension benefit” with two exceptions. Id. at 159 (emphasis
added). The common and ordinary meaning of this provision is that if a
participant does not fit within either exception, he will receive only one type of
pension. Martinez makes two arguments for a different reading of Section 4.19,
neither of which are persuasive. First, he contends that Section 4.19 only
prohibits a participant from receiving two types of pension benefits at the same
time, but not consecutively. This reading cannot be squared with the two listed
exceptions to Section 4.19, neither of which addresses a circumstance in which a
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participant is entitled to two pensions at the same time, but instead circumstances
in which a participant may be entitled to switch from one type of pension to
another.
Martinez also contends that Section 4.19 cannot mean that one “pension
‘type’ is permanently applicable” because the Plan contemplates participants
receiving different types of pensions at different times. Reply Br. at 13.
Tellingly, however, the only example he provides of this is a disability pensioner
who recovers and is later entitled to select a different type of pension—one of the
two exceptions listed in Section 4.19. Finding no ambiguity in this provision, we
conclude that Martinez is not entitled to convert his early retirement pension
unless he fits within an exception to Section 4.19.
As a fallback argument, Martinez gives two reasons he is entitled to an
adjustment under the second exception listed in Section 4.19, which provides “a
Contingent Early Retirement Pension or an Early Retirement Pension may be
adjusted in accordance with Section 4.16.” Aple. App. 159. First, he contends
that the SSA’s disability determination should trigger Section 4.16(b)(i), which
provides that “[u]pon determination of eligibility for a Disability Pension, the
Participant shall thereafter receive the amount of a Disability Pension and be
considered a Disability Pensioner.” Id. at 158. Martinez again picks isolated
language without acknowledging the context in which the language is found.
Section 4.16(b)(i) addresses the adjustment made to a contingent early retirement
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pension upon the SSA’s determination of eligibility. Martinez is no longer a
contingent early retirement pensioner, having already had his pension adjusted to
an early retirement pension when the SSA denied his first application. Section
4.16(b)(i) has no relevance to Martinez’s present ability to convert his early
retirement pension to a disability pension.
His second argument is that he is entitled to a disability pension adjustment
under Section 4.16(c)(ii), which provides:
If the Participant had not applied for a Social Security
Disability Award at the time of his initial application, but
subsequently submits a favorable determination by the
[SSA] on his eligibility for a Disability Award and
otherwise meets the requirements of Section 4.12, his
pension may be adjusted if the date of disability as
determined in accordance with Section 9.05(b)(ii) is on or
before the Effective Date of Benefits of the Initial Early
Retirement Pension.
Id. The Trustees rejected the contention that Martinez was eligible for an
adjustment under this provision because his date of disability in 2009 was not on
or before the effective date of benefits of November 1, 2004. Martinez concedes
that if the 2004 retirement is used, this provision cannot apply to him. Instead, he
argues that there was a second effective date of benefits in 2010 corresponding to
his second retirement in 2009 and that the Trustees erred in “mismatching” these
dates. Aplt. Br. at 26. Because he had not submitted his second application for
disability benefits to the SSA when he retired again in 2009 and his date of
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disability preceded the purported 2010 effective date of benefits, he contends the
prerequisites for an adjustment under Section 4.16(c)(ii) are met.
For this argument to have merit, Martinez must be correct that his return to
disqualifying employment terminated his early retirement pension and that his
return to retirement in 2009 effected a second, independent retirement with a new
effective date of benefits. This argument has no support in the Plan, however.
Section 9.07 addresses the precise circumstance in which a pensioner returns to
work in disqualifying employment. The Plan states that “[t]he monthly benefit
shall be suspended for any month in which the Participant is employed in
Disqualifying Employment” plus an additional six-month suspension for
participants under the age of 65. Aple. App. 171 (emphasis added). At the end of
the disqualifying employment and the six-month suspension, the Plan provides
that “[b]enefits shall be resumed.” Id. at 172.
There is no ambiguity here. The Plan defines “suspension of benefits” as a
“non-entitlement of benefits for the month.” Id. (Section 9.07(c) – Definition of
Suspension) (emphasis added). The common and ordinary meaning of “suspend”
and “resume” as a reasonable person in the position of a Plan participant would
have understood them is that Martinez’s benefits would be temporarily withheld
while he returned to work and the same benefits would subsequently be resumed
when he again stopped working. There is no support for the contention that the
Plan language is susceptible to more than one meaning, much less that such an
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alternative meaning would equate a suspension of benefits with a termination of
benefits.
As recounted in detail above, when Martinez made the decision to return to
work, the Fund explained that his early retirement pension would be suspended
and then the same benefits would be reinstated when he stopped working with
adjustments to account for any difference in age and additional accrued pension
credit. Notably, when Martinez left work again in 2009, he did not submit a new
application for benefits, but instead submitted a resumption of benefits form to
the Fund. The Fund then reinstated his benefits after the additional six-month
suspension passed on June 1, 2010. 4 This June date is not, as Martinez contends,
a new effective date of benefits, but rather the date his early retirement pension,
with an effective date of benefits of November 1, 2004, was reinstated. 5 Because
4
Martinez contends the reinstated benefits were not the “same benefits”
because he received a different monthly amount following his 2009 retirement.
Section 9.07(h), titled Benefit Payments Following Suspension, explains that the
amount of a participant’s monthly benefit “when resumed after suspension” will
be adjusted to account for increase in age or any additional accrued pension
credit. Aple. App. 172–73. The Fund explained the adjustment in Martinez’s
early retirement benefit payments by letter in advance of the reinstatement in June
2010.
5
Because we conclude that the 2009 date was not a new retirement but
instead a resumption of his prior early retirement pension, we need not address
Martinez’s argument that he was permitted under the Plan to select a second
effective date of benefits. Because the same pension was resumed, the effective
date of benefits remained November 1, 2004. Even assuming that the Plan
supports allowing Martinez to select a second effective date of benefits, Section
4.16(c)(ii) refers to the “Effective Date of Benefits of the Initial Early Retirement
(continued...)
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his effective date of benefits was in 2004 and he did not become disabled until
2009, he is not eligible for an adjustment under Section 4.16(c)(ii).
Martinez maintains this cannot be right because the Plan defines
“retirement” as being “separated from service with any and all Contributing
Employers and from any and all employment that would be considered to be
Disqualifying Employment.” Aple. App. at 171 (Section 9.06). Martinez
contends that because he was not retired during the period he returned to work, he
could not also be considered an early retirement pensioner during that time. We
disagree. The Plan requires that at the time a participant elects to begin receiving
pension benefits he or she must be retired and must submit a written application
for benefits. In 2004, when Martinez submitted his application for benefits, he
was retired as defined by the Plan. The Plan then goes on to provide what
happens to retired participants when they return to work. And as we have just
explained, the Plan does not say that coming out of retirement terminates a
previously granted pension, but instead says it is suspended until such point that it
resumes.
Because neither exception to Section 4.19 applies, Martinez is not eligible
to change his pension. Although this result may seem an injustice to Martinez
who is now disabled, the Supreme Court has emphasized “the particular
5
(...continued)
Pension,” Aple. App. 158 (emphasis added), and the effective date of Martinez’s
initial early retirement pension was November 1, 2004.
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importance of enforcing plan terms as written in § 502(a)(1)(B) claims.”
Heimeshoff v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 134 S. Ct. 604, 612 (2013).
“[E]mployers have large leeway to design disability and other welfare plans as
they see fit. And once a plan is established, the administrator’s duty is to see that
the plan is maintained pursuant to that written instrument.” Id. at 611–12
(internal quotations, citation, and alterations omitted).
For those reasons, the Trustees did not err in denying his conversion to a
disability pension.
B. Equitable Estoppel
Martinez also contends the Fund is equitably estopped from denying
benefits. He asserts that his return to retirement in 2009 did entitle him to apply
for and receive a new type of pension because he detrimentally relied on Fund
correspondence indicating that he would be able to do so. Specifically, he cites
the Fund’s use of the terms “re-retire” and “re-retirement” in various forms and
correspondence and the Fund’s October 2009 letters that instructed, “Your
Effective Date of Benefits is established as the first of the month following
receipt of your Application for Benefits or the first of the month after you cease
working.” App. 236; see also Aple. App. 73.
ERISA preempts state law claims, including equitable estoppel claims.
Kerber v. Qwest Grp. Life Ins. Plan, 647 F.3d 950, 962 (10th Cir. 2011); see also
Callery v. U.S. Life Ins. Co., 392 F.3d 401, 407 (10th Cir. 2004). We have said
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that an equitable estoppel claim may be available in the ERISA context in
“egregious” circumstances, “such as where the employer lied, engaged in fraud,
or intended to deceive participants, or where the claim was premised on the
employer’s interpretation of an ambiguous provision in the plan.” Kerber, 647
F.3d at 962 (internal citation omitted).
Martinez alleges this case presents such egregious circumstances. To make
the case, Martinez takes the Fund’s instructions far from context. The terms “re-
retire” and “re-retirement” only appear in the context of explaining the Plan’s
provisions on the suspension and resumption of benefits. The Plan never used the
terms in the context of assuring participants that upon re-retirement, they are
entitled to submit a new application for benefits. Moreover, as the Fund points
out, the prefix “re” suggests a return to a pre-existing condition, rather than an
entirely new retirement with a new type of pension benefit. Thus, aside from the
fact that any reliance on these terms was unreasonable, Martinez has not
identified any lie, fraud, or intent to deceive by the Fund.
The single sentence taken from the October 2009 letters is similarly
unhelpful. The first form letter was sent in response to Martinez’s online query in
which he stated he wanted to retire, but did not mention the fact that he had
previously retired and applied for benefits. The letter was sent only “to
acknowledge receipt of [Martinez’s] inquiry” and explained that “[d]ue to a large
number of requests for information we have received, it may take us 4 to 6 weeks
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to respond to [the] inquiry.” App. 149. When Martinez submitted a second
online query several days later, again without clarifying that he had already
retired, the Fund sent an Application for Benefits and instructed that his effective
date of benefits would be set after he stopped working. It is clear the letters did
not provide any individualized advice, but were instead intended to provide
general information until the Fund had the opportunity to look into Martinez’s
inquiry. And in December, after speaking with Martinez about the particulars of
his situation, the Fund subsequently advised him that he would need to submit a
Resumption of Benefits form and that his benefits would thereafter be reinstated.
In sum, because we have already determined the Plan language is
unambiguous and the representations cited by Martinez are not the type that rise
to the requisite level of egregiousness, his equitable estoppel claim fails.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the Fund’s denial of benefits.
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