People v. Baez CA4/3

Filed 7/29/15 P. v. Baez CA4/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent, G049120

v. (Super. Ct. No. 11ZF0107)

JOSEPH ANTHONY BAEZ, OPINION

Defendant and Appellant.

Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Thomas
M. Goethals, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
Brett Harding Duxbury, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney
General, Arlene A. Sevidal, Collette Cavalier and Elizabeth M. Carino, Deputy Attorneys
General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
* * *
 While the wife of a fellow gang member was in the midst of a drug
purchase, defendant and appellant Joseph Baez (defendant) shot and killed the drug
dealer. Defendant testified that he was afraid the woman, who had gotten into the drug
dealer’s car, was being kidnapped. During deliberations, two jurors expressed their
disbelief of defendant’s defense, stating that they had made drug purchases themselves
and it was commonplace for them to take place in the drug dealer’s moving car. In
entertaining this discussion the jury did not, as defendant asserts, engage in misconduct
that deprived him of his constitutional rights. Rather, defendant got what he was entitled
to—a jury of his peers—some of whom had experience in purchasing drugs.
We hold the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for a new
trial based on juror misconduct. Furthermore, we reject defendant’s arguments that he
had no notice he should defend against a charge of personal gun use and that the Penal
Code section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1) gang enhancement was improper. However, we
agree with defendant’s contentions that the sentence for the Penal Code section 186.22,
subdivision (a) street terrorism conviction should have been stayed under Penal Code
section 654 and that certain minute orders must be corrected. We also agree with the
People’s assertion that the abstract of judgment must be corrected to reflect the sentence
on the street terrorism conviction, but we add that the abstract of judgment must also
reflect that the sentence is stayed.
I
FACTS
A. Background:
Defendant was a member of the Orange Varrio Cypress gang (OVC).
Robert Reil was a shotcaller, or gang leader, of OVC. He was married to Amour
Villamar, a member of the Anaheim Travelers gang, an enemy gang. Villamar was a
methamphetamine addict.
Villamar and Reil attended a New Year’s party in Orange at the house of
one of Reil’s “homeboys,” or gang members. They were at the party for a day or two.

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 On the night of the incident, January 3, 2010, while still at the party,
Villamar wanted to get high, but was out of drugs. She called Bernal Felix, a drug dealer
from whom she had purchased five or 10 times. He was not her regular dealer, but she
thought he would come to their location. When she purchased from Felix, she would call
him on the telephone, he would come in his car, she would get in the car, do the
transaction, and get out.
Villamar was with Reil and defendant when she called Felix. Defendant
wanted to know about amounts or prices. Villamar asked Felix to meet her at a particular
street. Reil asked another OVC gang member, Christian Galindo, to drive them to Oak
Street, where they were going to meet Felix.
Galindo, Villamar, Reil and defendant drove to Oak Street, which was
disputed gang territory. Defendant knew there could be trouble if they ran into a rival
gang. When they got to Oak Street, Villamar got out of the car first. Shortly afterwards,
defendant and Reil got out of the car as well. Defendant and Reil were both carrying
guns. Villamar went over to Felix’s car and saw that he had a passenger in his car. It
was Felix’s friend, Carlos Lopez. Villamar got into the back seat of Felix’s car and told
him to move the car.
Felix slowly began to pull forward and Villamar saw in the glass the
reflection of a silhouette, which was not Reil’s. According to Villamar, seconds after the
car started to move, she heard a loud noise like a window breaking and Felix slumped
over, screaming in pain. Her first thought was to jump out of the car.
According to Lopez, Felix moved the car “very slowly” in response to
Villamar’s request. Lopez heard an “explosion” when the car had traveled not more than
100 meters. Lopez felt pieces of glass fall. Lopez “saw a shadow, and it put a hand
inside with a pistol. And [the man with the pistol] said, ‘What’s up, homie,’ and he
fired.” Felix slumped over, Villamar started screaming, and both she and Lopez jumped
out of the car and ran.

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 According to defendant, he was not expecting there to be two men in
Felix’s car. He testified he was surprised when Villamar got in the back of the car,
because he thought she was just going “to pick up the dope and leave.” He also testified
that he did not expect the car to start moving and he panicked, thinking the men were
going to kidnap her.
Defendant ran towards Felix’s car and pulled out his gun. He said his
objective was to stop the car and he broke the windshield with the butt of his gun. When
he did so, it sounded like an explosion. Defendant testified that he said, “Stop the . . .
car.” But the car was still moving, so he “struck down again with the gun” and it went
off. He testified that he did not mean to shoot Felix and he denied having said, “What’s
up, homie?” Defendant also testified that he later learned his gun had gone off twice, but
he had not realized it at the time.
When Villamar started to run, she heard Reil call her name and yell at her
to get in Galindo’s car. Villamar, Reil, Galindo and defendant drove away together.
According to defendant, Reil started yelling, “‘What . . . happened?’” and defendant
replied, “What was I supposed to do? I seen him driving away with her.’” Further
according to defendant, Villamar told Reil she had asked Felix to move the car and Reil
said it was all her fault.
Felix died of a gunshot wound. Sometime after the shooting, defendant
discussed the matter with his girlfriend, Tanya Dominguez. Defendant told her that he,
Reil, Galindo and Villamar had gone to buy drugs, but it “went wrong.” Defendant
initially told Dominguez that Reil had shot Felix, but when she pressed him on the point,
defendant confessed that he himself had done it.

B. Procedural Information:
(1) Indictment and conviction—
Defendant was indicted for murder with malice aforethought (Pen. Code,
§ 187, subd. (a)), participation in a criminal street gang (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (a)),

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and four counts of disobeying a court order, i.e., a gang injunction (Pen. Code, § 166,
subd. (a)(4)). In addition, the amended indictment alleged that defendant intentionally
committed the murder while participating in a criminal street gang and in furtherance of
the activities of the gang (Pen. Code, § 190.2, subd. (a)(22)), and while lying in wait
(Pen. Code, § 190.2, subd. (a)(15)). It further alleged that defendant was a principal in
the commission of a felony for the benefit of a street gang, and that another principal
intentionally discharged a firearm causing the death of one who was not an accomplice
(Pen. Code, §§ 12022.53, subds. (d), (e)(1), 667.5, 1192.7) and that he did so for the
benefit of a criminal street gang (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (b)(1)). Finally, it was
alleged that defendant had a number of prior convictions.
The jury found defendant guilty of second degree murder and street
terrorism. It further found it true that, during the commission of the murder, defendant
was a gang member who, either personally or vicariously, had discharged a firearm
causing death and who had committed the crime for the benefit of the gang. The court
found a number of prior conviction allegations to be true.
(2) New trial motion—
Before the sentencing took place, defendant’s attorney filed the declaration
of one of the jurors. The declarant stated that two other jurors had discussed their
personal drug purchases during deliberations.
Defendant filed a new trial motion based on the declaration. The court
found there was no juror misconduct. It further determined that the conduct, even were it
characterized as misconduct, was not prejudicial. The court denied the motion.
(3) Sentencing—
The court originally sentenced defendant to 15 years to life on the count 1
murder conviction, 25 years to life on the Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivisions (d)
and (e)(1) enhancement, to run consecutively to the sentence on count 1, 10 years on the
Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1) enhancement on count 1, to run
concurrently with the sentence on count 1, two years on the Penal Code section 186.22,

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subdivision (a) street terrorism count 2, to run concurrently with the sentence on count 1,
and five years for a prior conviction under Penal Code section 667, subdivision (a)(1).
The court exercised its discretion to strike certain of the prior convictions. The total
sentence was 45 years to life.
On October 4, 2013, defendant filed an appeal. On October 22, 2013, the
court corrected the sentence nunc pro tunc. The court’s minutes reflect that the sentence
on count 2 (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (a)), was entered in error. The court deleted the
“disposition of Found Guilty by Jury as to count(s) 2” and dismissed count 2 for “[o]ther
reason.” The minutes also include an October 22, 2013 entry stating: “DOJ Correction
Abstract sent.”
The abstract of judgment filed November 13, 2013 reflects the second
degree murder conviction, the Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivisions (d) and (e)(1)
enhancement, the Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1) enhancement, and the
Penal Code section 667, subdivision (a)(1) enhancement. It does not show a street
terrorism (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (a)) conviction.
II
DISCUSSION
A. Juror Misconduct:
(1) Introduction—
Defendant claims the court erred in denying his new trial motion. He
maintains that two jurors committed misconduct and their misconduct was prejudicial.
“A juror may commit misconduct by receiving or proffering to other jurors
information about the case that was not received in evidence at trial. [Citation.]” (In re
Lucas (2004) 33 Cal.4th 682, 696.) “Juror misconduct generally raises a rebuttable
presumption of prejudice, but ‘[a]ny presumption of prejudice is rebutted, and the verdict
will not be disturbed, if the entire record in the particular case, including the nature of the
misconduct or other event, and the surrounding circumstances, indicates there is no

6
reasonable likelihood that one or more jurors were actually biased against the defendant.’
[Citation.]” (Ibid.)
“‘[W]hen misconduct involves the receipt of information from extraneous
sources, the effect of such receipt is judged by a review of the entire record, and may be
found to be nonprejudicial. The verdict will be set aside only if there appears a
substantial likelihood of juror bias. Such bias can appear in two different ways. First, we
will find bias if the extraneous material, judged objectively, is inherently and
substantially likely to have influenced the juror. [Citations.] Second, we look to the
nature of the misconduct and the surrounding circumstances to determine whether it is
substantially likely the juror was actually biased against the defendant. [Citation.] The
judgment must be set aside if the court finds prejudice under either test.’ [Citations.]”
(In re Lucas, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 696-697.)
“We review independently the trial court’s denial of a new trial motion
based on alleged juror misconduct. [Citation.] However, we will ‘“accept the trial
court’s credibility determinations and findings on questions of historical fact if supported
by substantial evidence.”’ [Citation.]” (People v. Gamache (2010) 48 Cal.4th 347, 396.)
(2) Alleged misconduct—
The juror declaration in question stated: “During the jury deliberations
there was considerable discussion about the testimony of [defendant] where [defendant]
said he was surprised by the fact that [Amour] Villamar had gotten into the car of the
drug dealer, Mr. Felix. There was also discussion among the jurors regarding
[defendant’s] testimony that he believed Ms. Villamar was being kidnapped because Mr.
Felix’s car began to move with her inside as well as his belief that he felt he needed to act
to save her. [¶] . . . One of the male jurors told the rest of the jury, during deliberations,
that he had been a drug user himself. The juror told us that he had personal experience in
how drug transactions occur. He told us that when he was a drug user he had purchased
drugs many times, that he personally knew from his own experience, drug deals are
frequently transacted in the back of cars, and that this is an ‘ordinary expected thing.’

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This juror also said that . . . defendant should not have been ‘surprised’ by Ms. Villamar
entering Mr. Felix’s vehicle or by anything that happened after she got into the car. The
juror told all the rest of us (jurors) that because of his own experience in buying drugs
[defendant’s] testimony wasn’t believable.”
The juror further declared: “After hearing the male juror tell us what his
own drug usage history was and the knowledge he had gained from his own drug
purchases, another juror, . . . a woman, stated that based on her own personal knowledge,
the sale and purchase of drugs frequently occur in cars. She agreed with the male juror
that [defendant’s] testimony was not believable because her personal experience told her
that he should not have been surprised by Ms. Villamar getting into Mr. Felix’s car to
complete the purchase of the drugs. In addition, the vehicle moving with her inside was
not something that should have caused [defendant] concern because her own experience
taught her that nothing that happened in this case was out of the ordinary in a drug
purchase transaction. [¶] . . . After listening to the two jurors describe their personal
experiences and relate their knowledge of how drug purchases are ordinarily done, the
majority of the jurors agreed that [defendant] was not credible in regard to his
testimony.”
(3) Analysis—
The two jurors in question expressed their disbelief in defendant’s
defense—that he thought he needed to save Villamar because the car was moving and she
was being kidnapped. They questioned his credibility based on their own personal
experiences as drug purchasers, and said it was a normal part of a drug buy to make the
purchase in a moving car.
According to defendant, these two jurors “presented themselves as pseudo-
experts: persons who had access to specialized knowledge about the norms of the drug
trade based on their experiences buying illegal narcotics from small-time, end-user
dealers . . . .” We disagree.

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 As our Supreme Court has stated: “A juror may commit misconduct by
receiving or proffering to other jurors information about the case that was not received in
evidence at trial. [Citation.] We have explained, however, that ‘[i]t is not improper for a
juror, regardless of his or her educational or employment background, to express an
opinion on a technical subject, so long as the opinion is based on the evidence at trial.
Jurors’ views of the evidence, moreover, are necessarily informed by their life
experiences, including their education and professional work. A juror, however, should
not discuss an opinion explicitly based on specialized information obtained from outside
sources. Such injection of external information in the form of a juror’s own claim to
expertise or specialized knowledge of a matter at issue is misconduct.’ [Citation.]” (In
re Lucas, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 696.)
Here, the jurors were, in effect, expressing their agreement with the expert
testimony received at trial. As the People point out, expert witness Miguel Cuenca
testified that it was “very common” for a purchaser to get in the car with a drug dealer in
order to make the purchase, and for the car to move a short distance while the transaction
takes place. He explained it was safer to transact business in the car because “you’re not
stationary. People can’t see you. And you’re moving around. That way, if the local
agency law enforcement is on surveillance or they’re watching you, it’s easier to go
mobile . . . . So it’s a lot harder for us to identify that transaction because it’s in a vehicle
and that vehicle is moving.”
So, the jury already had this expert witness evidence when the two jurors in
question expressed their disbelief in defendant’s story. Their personal experiences as to
the manner in which a typical drug purchase takes place were consistent with the
description of a typical drug buy as given by the expert witness. No doubt their
conclusions as to defendant’s credibility were reinforced by their own experiences.
As the Lucas court stated: “‘Jurors bring to their deliberations knowledge
and beliefs about general matters of law and fact that find their source in everyday life
and experience.’ [Citation.] This experience may stem from education or employment,

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but sometimes it comes from other personal experiences. We previously have explained
that illicit drugs and their effects have become a matter of common knowledge or
experience, and that ‘[j]urors cannot be expected to shed their backgrounds and
experiences at the door of the deliberation room.’ [Citations.] Rather, ‘jurors are
expected to bring their individual backgrounds and experiences to bear on the
deliberative process.’ [Citation.]” (In re Lucas, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 696.)
In In re Lucas, supra, 33 Cal.4th 682, the defendant was convicted of two
counts of first degree murder and burglary. (Id. at p. 690.) His defense was based on
having been grossly intoxicated by drugs, including crystal methamphetamine, cocaine
and heroin. In his habeas corpus petition, the defendant asserted juror misconduct. (Id.
at p. 688-689, 691-692.) A juror who had personal experience with heroin, cocaine,
amphetamines, LSD and marijuana said during jury deliberations, “‘Well, I’m not trying
to tell you anything, but I do have some experience in using drugs, and I’ve seen a lot of
people use drugs, and I’ve never seen them do what this man has done,’ that is,
‘slaughtering his next door neighbors.’” (Id. at p. 694.) The juror’s “own opinion was
that [the] petitioner’s crimes were not caused by his drug use.” (Id. at p. 695.) The
Supreme Court concluded that the juror’s statements merely reflected his background and
experiences. (In re Lucas, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 689, 697.) It stated: “We observe
that a juror’s statement that a defendant’s sole defense is not credible does not, of course,
by itself constitute misconduct. [T]he evidence does not suggest that [the juror] brought
highly technical information before the jury.” (Id. at p. 697.) The court continued, “[the
juror] did not hold himself out as an expert in a technical matter on the basis of his
education or occupation, but merely related his own experience. Under the
circumstances, [the juror’s] apparently brief comments merely reflected his own
experience as it related to the evidence received at the trial and the inferences that [the]
petitioner sought to have the jurors draw from that evidence. His experience, although
not shared by the majority of persons, is fairly common.” (Ibid.)

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 The matter before us is similar. The jury had received expert testimony on
typical drug buys and two jurors had themselves experienced typical drug buys. These
two jurors were not holding themselves out as technical experts. Rather, they simply
related their own experiences in making drug purchases—an activity that is fairly
common these days.
Defendant contends that this case is dissimilar to In re Lucas, supra, 33
Cal.4th 682, because the situation there dealt with experience in simple drug usage,
whereas the matter here has to do with “a more esoteric body of knowledge”—the
“norms of buying drugs[.]” This begs the question whether the average drug user
acquires drugs without buying them.
In any event, we conclude that the two jurors did not commit misconduct
when they shared their personal experiences, consistent with expert testimony. That
being the case, we need not address the question of prejudice. We nonetheless choose to
address whether the sharing of their personal experiences could have been prejudicial
under the circumstances.
(4) Prejudice—
Our Supreme Court has stated: “‘When juror misconduct involves the
receipt of information about a party or the case from extraneous sources, the verdict
will be set aside only if there appears a substantial likelihood of juror bias. [Citation.]
Such bias may appear in either of two ways: (1) if the extraneous material, judged
objectively, is so prejudicial in and of itself that it is inherently and substantially likely to
have influenced a juror; or (2) even if the information is not “inherently” prejudicial, if,
from the nature of the misconduct and the surrounding circumstances, the court
determines that it is substantially likely a juror was “actually biased” against the
defendant. If we find a substantial likelihood that a juror was actually biased, we must
set aside the verdict . . . .’” (In re Boyette (2013) 56 Cal.4th 866, 890-891.)
In In re Boyette, supra, 56 Cal.4th 866, a death row defendant filed a
habeas corpus petition based in part on juror misconduct. The referee found that two

11
jurors had committed misconduct when, at the instance of a third juror, they watched a
movie on the prison system in order to gain insight into “the realities of life in prison.”
(Id. at pp. 891-892.) The respondent conceded that the jurors had committed misconduct.
(Id. at p. 892.)
The Supreme Court determined that the jurors’ conduct in that case did not
establish a substantial likelihood of juror bias. (In re Boyette, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p.
892.) The court first determined that the content of the movie was not the type of
“evidence that, ‘judged objectively, [was] so prejudicial in and of itself that it [was]
inherently and substantially likely to have influenced a juror.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) “The
information, for example, was not of a suppressed confession or evidence of other crimes
that the trial court had excluded as too prejudicial. [Citations.] It was not akin to a bell
that could not be unrung.” (Id. at pp. 892-893.)
The court continued on to state the movie was one at least two other jurors
had already seen and the most that could be said was that the jurors who engaged in
misconduct “may have learned some general information about prison life that some of
the other jurors already knew . . . .” (In re Boyette, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 893.) The
court also concluded the record did not show “that ‘from the nature of the misconduct
and the surrounding circumstances, . . . it [was] substantially likely a juror was “actually
biased” against’ [the] petitioner. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 893.)
Similarly, in the matter before us, the information the two jurors
imparted—that in their experience it was commonplace for a drug purchaser to get into
the backseat of the drug dealer’s vehicle and for the driver to move the car—was not
prejudicial in and of itself. The information “was not of a suppressed confession or
evidence of other crimes that the trial court had excluded as too prejudicial. [Citations.]
It was not akin to a bell that could not be unrung.” (In re Boyette, supra, 56 Cal.4th at
pp. 892-893.)
Furthermore, given the surrounding circumstances, notably that the
information provided by the jurors was the same as that provided by the expert witness, it

12
is not substantially likely that the jurors were “actually biased” against defendant. The
substantial likelihood of actual bias “‘standard is a pragmatic one, mindful of the “day-to-
day realities of courtroom life” [citation] and of society’s strong competing interest in the
stability of criminal verdicts [citations]. It is “virtually impossible to shield jurors from
every contact or influence that might theoretically affect their vote.” [Citation.]
Moreover, the jury is a “fundamentally human” institution; the unavoidable fact that
jurors bring diverse backgrounds, philosophies, and personalities into the jury room is
both the strength and the weakness of the institution. [Citation.] “[T]he criminal justice
system must not be rendered impotent in quest of an ever-elusive perfection. . . . [Jurors]
are imbued with human frailties as well as virtues. If the system is to function at all, we
must tolerate a certain amount of imperfection short of actual bias.”’ [Citation.]” (In re
Boyette, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 897.)
Defendant maintains that “[t]here remains a substantial likelihood that the
two jurors’ misconduct actually biased at least one juror against [him].” This is because,
he asserts, the majority of jurors did not agree defendant was lacking in credibility until
after the two jurors in question had expressed their views.
However, as the People aptly retort, Evidence Code section 1150,
subdivision (a) provides: “Upon an inquiry as to the validity of a verdict, any otherwise
admissible evidence may be received as to statements made, or conduct, conditions, or
events occurring, either within or without the jury room, of such a character as is likely to
have influenced the verdict improperly. No evidence is admissible to show the effect of
such statement, conduct, condition, or event upon a juror either in influencing him to
assent to or dissent from the verdict or concerning the mental processes by which it was
determined.” (Italics added.) In short, to draw conclusions about the significance jurors
attached to the information they heard would be an “improper intrusion[] into the
subjective reasoning process of the jurors in violation of Evidence Code section 1150.
[Citation.]” (People v. Collins (2010) 49 Cal.4th 175, 250.)

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B. Sentencing Errors:
(1) Gun enhancement based on amended indictment—
The amended indictment states: “As to Count(s) 1, it is further alleged
pursuant to Penal Code sections 12022.53 (d) and (e)(1) (GANG MEMBER
VICARIOUS DISCHARGE FIREARM CAUSING DEATH), . . . defendant JOSEPH
ANTHONY BAEZ was a principal in the commission of a felony, . . . and that during the
commission and attempted commission of the above offense, another principal
intentionally discharged a firearm causing death . . . .”1 (Italics added.)
The jury verdict on the Penal Code section 12022.53 enhancement states:
“We the Jury in the above-entitled action FIND IT TO BE TRUE that the Defendant,
JOSEPH ANTHONY BAEZ, was a gang member who personally or vicariously
discharged a firearm causing Death . . . .” (Italics added.)
In a further briefing order,2 we requested that the parties brief the
significance “of the conflict in the language of the amended indictment, concerning the
discharge of a firearm by ‘another principal,’ and the language of the jury verdict that
[defendant] ‘personally or vicariously’ discharged a firearm.” (Italics added.)

1 Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivision (d) provides: “Notwithstanding
any other provision of law, any person who, in the commission of a felony . . . ,
personally and intentionally discharges a firearm and proximately causes great bodily
injury . . . or death, to any person other than an accomplice, shall be punished by an
additional and consecutive term of imprisonment in the state prison for 25 years to life.”
Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivision (e)(1) states: “The enhancements provided in
this section shall apply to any person who is a principal in the commission of an offense
if both of the following are pled and proved: [¶] (A) The person violated subdivision (b)
of Section 186.22. [¶] (B) Any principal in the offense committed any act specified in
subdivision (b), (c), or (d).”

2 By order dated March 20, 2015, this court vacated submission and
requested supplemental briefing on five points. (Cal. Rules Court, rule 8.256(e)(1).)
Four of those issues arose out of the October 22, 2013 nunc pro tunc order and one arose
out of the amended indictment.

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 In his supplemental letter brief, defendant cites Penal Code section
12022.53, subdivision (j), which provides: “For the penalties in this section to apply, the
existence of any fact required under subdivision (b), (c), or (d) shall be alleged in the
accusatory pleading and either admitted by the defendant in open court or found to be
true by the trier of fact. . . .” Defendant says he “had no occasion to defend against an
allegation that he personally discharged the gun because no such allegation was ever
lodged by the indictment or the instructions.” We disagree with this characterization of
the record.
“‘The [indictment] must be given a reasonable interpretation and read as a
whole with its parts considered in their context. [Citation.]’” (People v. Keating (1993)
21 Cal.App.4th 145, 150-151; accord, People v. Biane (2013) 58 Cal.4th 381, 388.) By
citing subdivision (d) of Penal Code section 12022.53, the amended indictment put
defendant on notice that it would be argued he personally discharged the gun and should
be subjected to the subdivision (d) enhancement. By also citing subdivision (e)(1) of
section 12022.53, the People preserved the argument that defendant should also be
subjected to the gun use enhancement as a principal if, following a trial and the
presentation of evidence, the jury found that Reil, who was also at the scene with a gun,
was the one who had fired the fatal shot. The jury verdict form was consistent with the
amended indictment in that it stated defendant either personally or vicariously fired the
gun.
“A defendant has a due process right to fair notice of the allegations that
will be invoked to increase the punishment for his or her crimes. [Citation.]” (People v.
Houston (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1186, 1227.) However, even when the indictment fails to
allege each fact required by the statute in question, that does not mean the defendant’s
due process rights have been violated. (Id. at pp. 1225-1229.) “California’s system of
criminal pleading under [Penal Code] section 952 relies in part upon the transcript of the
grand jury hearing or preliminary examination which must be furnished to the defendant
to inform him of particular circumstances of his offense not shown by the accusatory

15
pleading. [Citations.]” (People v. Jordan (1971) 19 Cal.App.3d 362, 369.) Thus, the
defendant “learn[s] the details of the charges filed against him” from the transcript of the
proceedings. (People v. Jones (1990) 51 Cal.3d 294, 318-319.) It is the transcript that
provides the “defendant practical notice of the criminal acts against which he must
defend.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Butte (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 956, 959, italics omitted.)
In the matter before us, the grand jury transcript includes the testimony of
Dominguez. She testified that defendant initially said Reil was the one who had shot
Felix, but later confessed that he himself was the one who had done it. Defendant was
clearly on notice that he needed to defend against an allegation that he was the shooter,
both with respect to the count 1 murder charge and the Penal Code section 12022.53,
subdivision (d) enhancement allegation.
Indeed, at trial defendant confessed to being the shooter. He defended
himself by contending the shooting was accidental, justifiable homicide, or imperfect
defense of another. He was obviously on notice that he needed to defend against the
allegation that he was the shooter. Consequently, the ambiguity in the amended
indictment did not violate his due process rights.
Furthermore, to the extent the inconsistency between the citation to Penal
Code section 12022.53, subdivision (d) and the verbiage of the amended indictment about
the discharge of a firearm by “another principal” created confusion as to the offense of
which defendant was accused, even when viewed against the backdrop of the grand jury
transcript, defendant could have filed a demurrer. (Pen. Code, §§ 952, 1004; People v.
Biane, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 388; People v. Keating, supra, 21 Cal.App.4th at pp. 150-
151; People v. Jordan, supra, 19 Cal.App.3d at pp. 369-370.) Having failed to do so, he
has waived any objection that he did not have adequate notice of the charged offense.
(Pen. Code, § 1012; People v. Biane, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 388.)
As a final note, we observe that, in response to our question regarding the
conflict between the amended indictment and the jury verdict form, defendant raised an
unrelated issue. That is, he said he “had no occasion to defend against an allegation that

16
he personally discharged the gun because no such allegation was ever lodged by the
indictment or the instructions.” (Italics added.) Of course, as we have already discussed,
defendant did defend against the allegation, by contending the shooting was accidental,
justifiable homicide, or imperfect defense of another. Therefore, his argument that he
had no opportunity to defend against the allegation is refuted.
(2) Imposition of both gun and gang enhancements—
As mentioned previously, the court sentenced defendant to 25 years to life
on the Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivisions (d) and (e)(1) gun enhancement, to run
consecutively to the sentence on count 1, and to 10 years on the Penal Code section
186.22, subdivision (b)(1) gang enhancement, to run concurrently with the sentence on
count 1. Defendant, citing Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivision (e)(2), claims the
court erred in imposing the gang enhancement.
Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivision (e)(2) provides: “An
enhancement for participation in a criminal street gang pursuant to . . . Section 186.20 [et
seq.] . . . shall not be imposed on a person in addition to an enhancement imposed
pursuant to this subdivision, unless the person personally used or personally discharged a
firearm in the commission of the offense.”
Defendant contends it was error to impose the Penal Code section 186.22,
subdivision (b)(1) gang enhancement when the jury did not find that he personally was
the one who shot Felix. He emphasizes that the jury found that he “personally or
vicariously discharged” the gun. (Italics added.)
Defendant further asserts that the amended indictment alleged only the
vicarious version of the Penal Code section 12022.53 enhancement and that the jury
instructions were based on vicarious discharge as well. As we have stated previously,
however, the amended indictment cited both Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivisions
(d) and (e)(1)—the personal and vicarious grounds for enhancement.
As for the jury instructions on the Penal Code section 12022.53
enhancement, the jury was instructed: “If you find the defendant guilty of the crime

17
charged in Count 1 . . . and you find that the defendant committed that crime for the
benefit of . . . a criminal street gang . . . , you must then decide whether, for that crime,
the People have proved the additional allegation that one of the principals personally used
a firearm during that crime and caused death. . . . [¶] To prove this allegation, the People
must prove that: [¶] 1. Someone who was a principal in the crime personally used a
firearm during the commission of the murder or manslaughter . . . .” The instruction
further stated: “A person is a principal in a crime if he directly commits or attempts to
commit the crime or if he aids and abets someone else who commits or attempts to
commit the crime.”
These jury instructions did not, as defendant contends, preclude the jury
from finding that he personally discharged the gun. The jury need only have found that
he directly committed or attempted to commit the crime, in which case he was a
principal, and that he personally discharged the firearm. We do, however, agree that the
verdict form did not ask the jury to specify whether it found that he personally discharged
the gun. At the same time, defendant himself admitted at trial that he was the shooter and
his counsel conceded the point, both when the proposed jury instructions were being
discussed among counsel and the court, and when arguing before the jury.
Defendant, citing People v. Salas (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 1275, contends
that because the jury did not make a specific finding that he was the shooter, a reversal of
the Penal Code section 186.22 enhancement is required. In Salas, the court applied Penal
Code section 12022.53, subdivision (e)(2) to reverse a Penal Code section 186.22
enhancement where the defendant “was never found to have personally used a firearm
. . . .” (People v. Salas, supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at p. 1281.) However, in that case,
“[t]here was no unequivocal direct evidence as to the identity of the person who actually
fired the shots that struck [the victim].” (Id. at p. 1278.) In the case before us, in
contrast, defendant admitted that he shot Felix.

18
 Furthermore, as defendant acknowledges in his supplemental letter brief,
Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivision (j) provides: “For the penalties in this section
to apply, the existence of any fact required under subdivision (b), (c), or (d) shall be
alleged in the accusatory pleading and either admitted by the defendant in open court or
found to be true by the trier of fact. . . .” (Italics added.) Here, defendant admitted in
open court that he was the shooter. This admission supports a finding of personal
discharge of a firearm and the imposition of a gun enhancement under section 12022.53,
subdivision (d). Section 12022.53, subdivision (e)(2), then, is inapplicable.
“A verdict is to be given a reasonable intendment and be construed in light
of the issues submitted to the jury and the instructions of the court. It must be upheld
when, if so construed, it expresses with reasonable certainty a finding supported by the
evidence [citation].” (People v. Radil (1977) 76 Cal.App.3d 702, 710; accord, People v.
Jones (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 693, 710-711.) Here, defendant admitted to being the
shooter. In closing argument, counsel for both the People and defendant repeatedly
reminded the jury of defendant’s admission. Counsel for the People argued that
defendant had no excuse for the killing and should be found guilty of murder.
Defendant’s counsel argued that defendant shot Felix by accident, or by justifiable
homicide or imperfect defense of another, and should not be found guilty. In other
words, because defendant conceded that he shot Felix, the question put to the jury was
whether he committed murder or whether he had a defense to the charge. Given this, the
verdict form, although stating defendant “personally or vicariously discharged a firearm”
cannot reasonably be construed as containing a finding that someone other than defendant
shot Felix. (People v. Radil, supra, 76 Cal.App.3d at p. 710; People v. Jones, supra, 58
Cal.App.4th at pp. 710-711.)
As a final point, defendant’s citation to Penal Code section 1157 and
related cases is unavailing. That statute, pertaining to the requirement that the trier of

19
fact affix the degree of a crime, is inapposite.3
(3) Concurrent sentence for street terrorism—
(a) Nunc pro tunc orders and erroneous abstract of judgment
The People assert that the trial court properly imposed a two-year sentence
on the street terrorism conviction, to run concurrently with the sentence on the murder
conviction, but that the abstract of judgment fails to reflect the street terrorism sentence.
They are correct.
As noted above, 18 days after defendant filed his notice of appeal, the court
entered an order changing the judgment. The minutes state: “STATE PRISON sentence
as to count(s) 2 entered in error. (Entered NUNC_PRO_TUNC on 10/22/13[.]) [¶]
Count disposition of Found Guilty by Jury deleted as to count(s) 2. (Entered
NUNC_PRO_TUNC on 10/22/13[.]) [¶] Count(s) 2 DISMISSED – Other reason.
(Entered NUNC_PRO_TUNC on 10/22/13[.])” The minutes also state: “DOJ Correction
Abstract sent.”
In our further briefing order, we asked the parties to file supplemental letter
briefs “addressing: (1) the effect of the above-referenced nunc pro tunc orders; (2)
whether the trial court had the jurisdiction to enter the nunc pro tunc orders while the
appeal was pending; (3) whether the defendant’s challenge to the two-year sentence on
count 2 is moot; and (4) whether the [People] can challenge the fact that the abstract of
judgment fails to show a conviction and sentence on count 2 when the [People] failed to
file an appeal.”
As shown in their supplemental briefing, the parties agree that the trial
court was without jurisdiction to enter the nunc pro tunc orders in question after

3 Penal Code section 1157 provides: “Whenever a defendant is convicted of
a crime or attempt to commit a crime which is distinguished into degrees, the jury, or the
court if a jury trial is waived, must find the degree of the crime or attempted crime of
which he is guilty. Upon the failure of the jury or the court to so determine, the degree of
the crime or attempted crime of which the defendant is guilty, shall be deemed to be of
the lesser degree.”

20
defendant had filed his notice of appeal. As our Supreme Court has made clear, “‘“[t]he
filing of a valid notice of appeal vests jurisdiction of the cause in the appellate court until
determination of the appeal and issuance of the remittitur” [citation] and deprives the trial
court of jurisdiction to make any order affecting the judgment [citation].’ [Citation.]”
(People v. Wagner (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1039, 1061.) The parties also agree that there are
certain exceptions to this rule, but that they do not apply in the present case.
“‘It is not open to question that a court has the inherent power to correct
clerical errors in its records so as to make these records reflect the true facts. [Citations.]
The power exists independently of statute and may be exercised in criminal as well as in
civil cases. [Citation.] The power is unaffected by the pendency of an appeal . . . .
[Citation.] The court may correct such errors on its own motion or upon the application
of the parties.’ [Citation.] Courts may correct clerical errors at any time, and appellate
courts . . . that have properly assumed jurisdiction of cases have ordered correction of
abstracts of judgment that did not accurately reflect the oral judgments of sentencing
courts. [Citations.]” (People v. Mitchell (2001) 26 Cal.4th 181, 185.)
The parties agree that the nunc pro tunc orders in question did not serve to
correct clerical errors. Certainly, they are correct. To delete a jury’s guilty verdict and
dismiss a count after judgment has been entered is not to correct a clerical error.
Consequently, we hold the nunc pro tunc orders were void, and of no effect. That being
the case, defendant’s challenge to the sentence as originally pronounced on count 2 is not
moot, as the parties also agree.
The parties further agree that even though the People did not file an appeal,
they are not precluded from pointing out the clerical error in the abstract of judgment,
which does not show a conviction and sentence on count 2. This is so, the parties
observe, because this court always has the power to correct a clerical error, whether on its
own motion or at the request of a party. (People v. Mitchell, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 185.)
It matters not that the People were the first to note that the abstract of judgment does not
reflect the original sentencing order on count 2. We, too, agree. This court is now aware

21
of the matter and may address it irrespective of which party first drew attention to the
matter.
We do so now. We conclude the court was without jurisdiction to enter its
nunc pro tunc order declaring the street terrorism sentence to be erroneous, and
consequently, that order is void. The abstract of judgment must be corrected to reflect
the concurrent two-year sentence for street terrorism. That is not the only way in which
the abstract must be changed, however, as we shall now discuss.
(b) Penal Code section 654 stay
Defendant agrees with the trial court’s apparent conclusion that the street
terrorism sentence was improper. He says it should have been stayed under Penal Code
section 654 and People v. Mesa (2012) 54 Cal.4th 191.
Penal Code section 654, subdivision (a) provides: “An act or omission that
is punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the
provision that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case
shall the act or omission be punished under more than one provision. . . .” “Section 654
thereby bars the imposition of multiple sentences for a single act or omission, even
though the act or omission may violate more than one provision of the Penal Code.
[Citation.] This is true even where the court orders multiple sentences to be served
concurrently. ‘It has long been established that the imposition of concurrent sentences is
precluded by section 654 [citations] because the defendant is deemed to be subjected to
the term of both sentences although they are served simultaneously.’ [Citation.] Instead,
the accepted ‘procedure is to sentence defendant for each count and stay execution of
sentence on certain of the convictions to which section 654 is applicable.’ [Citation.]”
(People v. Dowdell (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1388, 1413-1414.)
In People v. Mesa, supra, 54 Cal.4th 191, the Supreme Court held the trial
court erred in failing to stay Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (a) sentences for
active participation in a street gang, where the defendant was also sentenced for assault
with a firearm and possession of a firearm by a felon, and each sentence was based on the

22
same act of shooting a victim. (Id. at pp. 193, 195, 197.) The court observed that
“‘section 654 precludes multiple punishment for both (1) gang participation, one element
of which requires that the defendant have “willfully promote[d], further[ed], or assist[ed]
in any felonious criminal conduct by members of th[e] gang,” [citation] and (2) the
underlying felony that is used to satisfy this element of gang participation.’ [Citation.]”
(Id. at pp. 197-198.) It further stated this rule “limit[s] punishment for the offense to
circumstances in which the defendant’s willful promotion, furtherance, or assistance of
felonious conduct by a gang member was not also the basis for convicting the defendant
of a separate offense . . . .” (Id. at p. 198.)
Defendant in the matter before us asserts that his act of killing Felix was the
basis of both the street terrorism conviction and the murder conviction, so Penal Code
section 654 and People v. Mesa, supra, 54 Cal.4th 191 should be applied to require the
stay of his sentence on the street terrorism conviction. The People disagree, contending
that when defendant killed Felix he harbored a separate intent, which was not incidental
to the murder, to assist fellow gang members in the commission of a robbery. They
explain that the murder charge was tried under theories of malice aforethought and felony
murder during an attempted robbery and they claim that there was an implied finding that
defendant “assisted his fellow gang members in the commission of an attempted
robbery.” They extrapolate that because defendant was convicted of murder, but not also
attempted robbery, People v. Mesa, supra, 54 Cal.4th 191 is inapposite.
We disagree with the People’s argument and their characterization of the
record. It is true the jury was instructed that murder could be predicated on either malice
aforethought or felony murder, with the felony in question being either robbery or
attempted robbery. However, had the jury found that defendant was participating in
either a robbery or an attempted robbery when he killed Felix, it would have been
required to find that he committed murder in the first degree. (Pen. Code, § 189; People
v. Mendoza (2000) 23 Cal.4th 896, 908.) But the jury did not so find. It found that he
committed murder in the second degree. This being the case, the jury must have

23
determined that defendant was not involved in a robbery or attempted robbery at the time
he shot Felix.
Moreover, in instructing the jury on active participation in a street gang
(Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (a)), the court stated that one of the elements of the crime
was that defendant “willfully assisted, furthered, or promoted felonious criminal conduct
by members of the gang . . . .” It defined “felonious criminal conduct” as “committing or
attempting to commit any of the following crimes: robbery, and or murder.” As we have
already observed, the jury did not find that defendant committed or attempted to commit
either robbery or attempted robbery, or it would have found him guilty of first degree
murder. Consequently, it must have found that the felonious conduct in which defendant
engaged was murder.
In other words, defendant’s act of killing Felix was, just as he argues, used
both to support his conviction and sentence for second degree murder and to serve as the
felonious conduct on which the active gang participation conviction and sentence were
based. We reject the People’s argument to the contrary. The court should have stayed
the sentence on the street terrorism conviction.

C. Erroneous Minute Order:
As defendant duly points out, at the court trial on prior convictions, the
court found one of the alleged prior convictions not true, for technical reasons. It was a
2004 prior conviction. However, the minute order erroneously states both that the 2004
prior conviction was found true and that the court exercised its discretion to strike it.
Defendant requests that this court direct the trial court to issue a new minute order
correcting the two clerical errors.
The People agree that “the minute order is inconsistent with the trial court’s
oral pronouncement” in both respects and that the errors should be corrected. So do we.
(People v. Mitchell, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 185; People v. Zackery (2007) 147
Cal.App.4th 380, 385-386.) We order the minutes corrected to delete the erroneous

24
statements that the court found the 2004 prior conviction to be true and that it exercised
its discretion to strike the 2004 prior conviction. (People v. Zackery, supra, 147
Cal.App.4th at p. 386.)
III
DISPOSITION
The matter is remanded to the trial court with directions to correct its
minute order to delete the erroneous statements that it found the 2004 prior conviction to
be true and that it exercised its discretion to strike that conviction, and to reflect instead
that it found the 2004 prior conviction to be not true. The trial court is further directed to
amend the abstract of judgment to reflect the concurrent two-year sentence on the Penal
Code section 186.22, subdivision (a) conviction and to further reflect that the sentence on
that conviction is stayed. The trial court shall forward a certified copy of the amended
abstract to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other respects, the
judgment is affirmed.

MOORE, J.

WE CONCUR:

BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

THOMPSON, J.

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