IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 42230
STATE OF IDAHO, ) 2015 Unpublished Opinion No. 553
)
Plaintiff-Respondent, ) Filed: July 15, 2015
)
v. ) Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
)
DANIELLE MONA LISA DUFF, ) THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
) OPINION AND SHALL NOT
Defendant-Appellant. ) BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
)
Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District, State of Idaho,
Kootenai County. Hon. Benjamin R. Simpson, District Judge.
Judgment of conviction and sentence for operating a vehicle while under the
influence of alcohol, affirmed.
Sara B. Thomas, State Appellate Public Defender; Kimberly E. Smith, Deputy
Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Nicole L. Schafer, Deputy
Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
________________________________________________
GUTIERREZ, Judge
Danielle Mona Lisa Duff was convicted of operating a vehicle while under the influence
of alcohol (DUI). On appeal, she contends that the court erred by allowing an officer to testify
that her performance on a single field sobriety test indicated that she was “likely” intoxicated.
She also contends that the court’s statement, made when overruling an objection, impermissibly
bolstered the credibility of a witness for the State. We affirm.
I.
BACKGROUND
Duff was charged with operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol in
violation of Idaho Code § 18-8004. Because she had a prior DUI within fifteen years, the
offense was punishable as a felony. Duff pleaded not guilty and the case proceeded to trial.
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At trial, only one witness testified, a Kootenai County Sherriff’s deputy. He testified that
he had observed a large pickup truck speeding at approximately 11:20 p.m. He followed the
truck and saw it cross the center line. On that basis, he stopped the truck. He approached the
truck and spoke with Duff, who identified herself. The officer explained that Duff had crossed
over the yellow line and she responded by saying that her truck was “really squirrelly.”
Next, the officer testified that Duff had said controlling the truck was difficult “even
when she is sober.” 1 The officer testified that he believed that to be an odd statement. At that
point, the defendant objected, arguing that the officer lacked foundation to give that opinion.
The court disagreed and summarized the officer’s qualifications:
He has testified he has 2500 hours of training. He is POST certified at the
masters level. He has over 1200 DUI arrests and he has participated in intentional
dosing of persons to test.
After the objection was overruled, the officer continued testifying regarding his
investigation. He testified that he smelled the odor of alcohol and that Duff’s eyes were
“bloodshot and watery.” Given his observations, he had Duff perform field sobriety tests.
The officer explained, at length, what he looked for during an HGN test and the point-
value officers assign to their observations. As part of his explanation, the officer testified that
“the chances are likely or better than likely that the person is under the influence” when a person
exhibits HGN when the stimulus is at a forty-five-degree angle from the center of their face.
Duff objected on foundation grounds and the court overruled the objection citing the officer’s
“[t]raining and experience.”
The officer continued to testify. He explained that the defendant failed one additional
field sobriety test, but passed the third test. Based upon all of his observations, the officer
arrested Duff. She submitted to a single breath test which showed she was over the legal limit.
After deliberating, the jury returned a guilty verdict. Thereafter, the defendant filed a
motion for mistrial, alleging that the court’s description of the officer’s qualifications prejudiced
her. In her view, the credibility of the officer was a serious issue as he was the only witness at
trial, and the court’s description of the officer’s qualifications impermissibly bolstered his
1
The officer’s paraphrase is fairly accurate. The encounter was recorded and the video
was submitted to the jury. As recorded in the video, Duff said, “It’s squirrelly when I’m sober
too.”
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testimony. The district court ruled that it did not misdirect the jury and that the error if any, was
cured by a jury instruction. 2
Duff was sentenced to a unified term of ten years in prison with five years fixed. That
sentence was suspended in favor of probation. The court also imposed fines and community
service, suspended Duff’s driver’s license, and directed that Duff be screened for a problem-
solving court.
II.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Duff contends that the court erred in two respects. First, she argues that the
court should have excluded the officer’s testimony that a person exhibiting horizontal gaze
nystagmus prior to 45 degrees is “likely” intoxicated. Second, she argues that the court abused
its discretion when it denied a motion requesting a new trial.
A. Any Error in the Admission of the Nystagmus Testimony Was Harmless
In the early 1990s, our Supreme Court issued two cases governing the admissibility of
evidence that a defendant exhibited horizontal gaze nystagmus. See State v. Gleason, 123 Idaho
62, 844 P.2d 691 (1992); State v. Garrett, 119 Idaho 878, 811 P.2d 488 (1991). In Gleason, the
Court held that this evidence may be used “only in conjunction with evidence from other field
sobriety tests” and the officer may “testify only that nystagmus may be an indicator of
intoxication.” Gleason, 123 Idaho at 66, 844 P.2d at 695. Under that rule, an officer was
permitted to opine that a person was intoxicated, based upon HGN and other tests, but not solely
upon the fact that the officer observed HGN. Id. This rule was supported by several legal
theories and the fact that HGN may “stem from causes other than the ingestion of alcohol.” Id.
In 2013, the issue came before this Court in State v. Besaw, 155 Idaho 134, 138, 306 P.3d
219, 223 (Ct. App. 2013). In that case, the defendant wanted the magistrate court to determine
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The court instructed the jury:
If during the trial I may say or do anything that suggests to you that I am
inclined to favor the claims or position of any party, you will not permit yourself
to be influenced by any such suggestion. I will not express or intend to express,
nor will I intend to intimate, any opinion as to which witnesses are or are not
worthy of belief; what facts are or are not established; or what inferences should
be drawn from the evidence. If any expression of mine seems to indicate an
opinion relating to any of these matters, I instruct you to disregard it.
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the reliability of HGN evidence at an Idaho Rule of Evidence 702 hearing. The magistrate court
denied the request and held that a hearing was unnecessary because Gleason and Garrett
governed the admissibility of HGN evidence. We agreed, and held an officer may testify that
“nystagmus, in conjunction with evidence from other field sobriety tests, may be an indicator of
intoxication” after “establishing the qualifications of the person who administered the test.” Id.
at 139, 306 P.3d at 224.
In this case, the general thrust of the officer’s testimony was that the panoply of facts
indicating intoxication, when considered jointly, showed that Duff was intoxicated. He testified
that suspicion of DUI usually does not result from a single observation. He likened it to a cookie
recipe with several ingredients, where each part is combined to make a whole. In particular, he
specified that field sobriety tests--including HGN--were part of that “recipe.” This analogy was
repeated in the State’s closing arguments. There, the State argued that the jury should convict
based upon the aggregate value of the evidence submitted including: the failed HGN test, the
defendant’s statements at the scene, the smell of alcohol, the defendant’s appearance, and the
breath test indicating that Duff was over the legal limit.
Conversely, a small portion of the officer’s testimony could be construed to violate the
rule announced in Gleason. The officer testified that HGN could show that a person was “likely
or better than likely” to be under the influence. When read literally, and in isolation, this
amounted to an opinion that one could infer that Duff was intoxicated solely on the basis of
HGN.
Assuming, but not deciding, that the court erred by permitting the State to admit that
evidence, the error was harmless. Error is not reversible unless it is prejudicial. State v.
Stoddard, 105 Idaho 169, 171, 667 P.2d 272, 274 (Ct. App. 1983). With limited exceptions,
even constitutional error is not necessarily prejudicial error. Id. Thus, we examine whether the
alleged error complained of in the present case was harmless. See State v. Lopez, 141 Idaho 575,
578, 114 P.3d 133, 136 (Ct. App. 2005).
Here, three factors are especially relevant to harmlessness. First, the State adduced
compelling evidence that Duff was intoxicated. See State v. Ehrlick, ___ Idaho ___, ___, ___
P.3d ___, ____ (2015) (when assessing harm, the court may consider the strength of the State’s
case). As stated above, the jury had numerous facts showing intoxication, notably including
Duff’s statements implying she was not sober and the breath test indicating that Duff was over
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the legal limit. Second, that evidence was not persuasively rebutted or challenged. See id. (a
court may also consider the strength of the defendant’s case). Third, the general thrust of the
witness’s testimony was that the factors should be considered in aggregate--not in isolation.
Accordingly, it is unlikely that the jury latched on to a single, ambiguous phrase and rejected the
broader argument made by the State. For all of these reasons, we conclude that the error was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
B. The Defendant Was Not Entitled to a New Trial
As stated above, the trial court listed some of the officer’s experiences when responding
to a motion challenging the foundation of the officer’s opinion. Duff argues this recitation
amounted to a “comment on the evidence.” She goes on to argue that the misstep was
aggravated by the court repeatedly using the phrase “training and experience” when overruling
defense objections.
A decision on a motion for new trial is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.
State v. Egersdorf, 126 Idaho 684, 687, 889 P.2d 118, 121 (Ct. App. 1995). When a trial court’s
discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court conducts a multi-tiered inquiry
to determine: (1) whether the lower court correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion;
(2) whether the lower court acted within the boundaries of such discretion and consistently with
any legal standards applicable to the specific choices before it; and (3) whether the lower court
reached its decision by an exercise of reason. State v. Hedger, 115 Idaho 598, 600, 768 P.2d
1331, 1333 (1989).
Idaho Code section 19-2406 provides the only substantive bases upon which a new trial
may be granted in a criminal case. State v. Gomez, 126 Idaho 83, 86, 878 P.2d 782, 785 (1994);
State v. Lankford, 116 Idaho 860, 873, 781 P.2d 197, 210 (1989); State v. Carlson, 134 Idaho
389, 397, 3 P.3d 67, 75 (Ct. App. 2000). Idaho Criminal Rule 34, which provides that the trial
court may grant a new trial to the defendant “if required in the interest of justice,” is not grounds
for a new trial, but instead sets forth the standard that a trial court must apply when it considers a
motion for new trial. State v. Cantu, 129 Idaho 673, 675, 931 P.2d 1191, 1193 (1997); Carlson,
134 Idaho at 397, 3 P.3d at 75. Thus, a trial court does not abuse its discretion unless a new trial
is granted for a reason not delineated in I.C. § 19-2406 or the decision to grant or deny a motion
for a new trial is manifestly contrary to the interests of justice. Lankford, 116 Idaho at 873, 781
P.2d at 210; State v. Critchfield, 153 Idaho 680, 683, 290 P.3d 1272, 1275 (Ct. App. 2012).
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It appears that Duff is aware of our holding regarding the scope of relief available.
Accordingly, she cites Idaho Code § 19-2406(5) for the proposition that a new trial motion may
be granted “[w]hen the court has misdirected the jury in a matter of law, or has erred in the
decision of any question of law arising during the course of the trial.” But, Duff does not appear
to argue that the court’s instruction on any matter of law was erroneous or that the court erred
when deciding any question of law. For example, she does not argue that the court’s summary of
the officer’s qualifications was erroneous. She does not argue that the underlying motions had
any merit. And, she does not dispute the fact that an officer’s “training and experience” might
have provided the foundation required to solicit the officer’s opinion.
Instead of addressing the application of section 19-2406(5), Duff elides the code section
and a rule governing mistrials. In the latter context, we have held that a “judge’s remark will be
deemed prejudicial if it constitutes a comment on the weight of the evidence or indicates an
opinion of the court as to the defendant’s guilt or innocence.” State v. Johnson, 138 Idaho 103,
106, 57 P.3d 814, 817 (Ct. App. 2002); see also State v. White, 97 Idaho 708, 712, 551 P.2d
1344, 1348 (1976). We are not convinced that the defendant’s claim of error falls within the
scope of the applicable code section. Impermissible comments upon the evidence may amount
to error, but it does not amount to a jury instruction or a decision on a question of law.
Accordingly, we can reject Duff’s claims for failing to provide (relevant) argument and
authority. State v. Zichko, 129 Idaho 259, 263, 923 P.2d 966, 970 (1996) (“When issues on
appeal are not supported by propositions of law, authority, or argument, they will not be
considered.”).
Moreover, it is not clear that Duff can show error, even under the mistrial standard. In
Johnson, we discussed several occasions where a judge’s comments did result in reversible error.
In White, 97 Idaho at 711, 551 P.2d at 1347, the court discussed its understanding of car ignition
systems and keys, essentially adducing evidence that was not in the record. In another case,
State v. Ward, 51 Idaho 68, 76, 1 P.2d 620, 623 (1931), the judge opined that one can infer a
person’s good character from the lack of rumors about his character in the community. In both
cases, the statements amounted to impermissible comments on the evidence.
We contrasted those cases with “a clarifying explanation of a ruling or of a procedural
matter arising during the trial.” Such clarifications are permissible when “the explanation does
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not constitute a comment on the weight of the evidence or indicate the court’s view on the merits
of the case.” Johnson, 138 Idaho at 106, 57 P.3d at 817.
In light of this distinction, we held that the statements in Johnson were an impermissible
comment on the evidence. There, the court explained that an interpreter would help the
defendant if he did not understand some portion of the proceeding, but did not need a verbatim
translation. The court explained that the defendant had a sufficient understanding of the English
language. We held that this explanation “would constitute a perfectly acceptable and harmless
remark” in many cases. Id. at 106, 57 P.3d at 817. But, where the defense intended to argue that
the defendant was not a competent speaker of English, the comment was prejudicial. Id.
We distinguish Johnson and hold that the comment in this case amounted to a permissible
explanation of a ruling. Here, the defense challenged the reliability of the machine and the
credibility of the officer, but it did not challenge the officer’s training and experience.
Accordingly, because the court did not frustrate the defendant’s ability to present his defense,
this case is distinguishable from Johnson.
Here, the judge’s comments were a permissible explanation for its ruling. The
explanation was prompted by the defendant’s repeated, and repeatedly overruled, foundation
objections. It might have been preferable for the court to have simply said, “The officer is
qualified to testify based upon his training and experience,” rather than summarizing that training
and experience. But, the court’s comments in this case did not cause prejudice or result in error.
Therefore, even if Duff was procedurally authorized to argue that the court impermissibly erred
by commenting on the evidence, the claim fails on the merits.
III.
CONCLUSION
We reject each of Duff’s claims of error. To the extent the court erred by permitting the
officer to testify that HGN likely indicated intoxication, the error was harmless. Moreover, we
hold that the court did not err by explaining its reasoning when it overruled Duff’s foundation
objection. Therefore, we affirm the judgment of conviction.
Chief Judge MELANSON and Judge GRATTON CONCUR.
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