[Cite as Ambrose v. Galena, 2015-Ohio-3157.]
OF APPEALS
DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
EDDY AMBROSE, et al. JUDGES:
Hon. William B. Hoffman, P. J.
Appellants Hon. John W. Wise, J.
Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
-vs-
Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011
VILLAGE OF GALENA, OHIO
Appellee OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Administrative Appeal from the Court of
Common Pleas, Case No. 14 CV F 07
0524
JUDGMENT: Affirmed in Part; Reversed in Part
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: August 6, 2015
APPEARANCES:
For Appellants For Appellee
D. J. YOUNG, III KENNETH J. MOLNAR
FIRESTONE, BREHM, WOLF, VILLAGE SOLICITOR
WHITNEY & YOUNG LLP 21 Middle Street
15 West Winter Street Post Office Box 248
Delaware, Ohio 43015 Galena, Ohio 43021
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 2
Wise, J.
{¶1}. Appellants Eddy Ambrose and Karen Ambrose appeal the decision of the
Court of Common Pleas, Delaware County, which affirmed the decision of the Village of
Galena Zoning and Planning Commission in a zoning violation dispute. Appellee is the
Village of Galena, Ohio. The relevant facts leading to this appeal are as follows.
{¶2}. Appellants Eddy and Karen Ambrose operate a nursery business known
as "Sambuca's Greenhouse" in Galena, Ohio. It is located at the intersection of State
Route 3 and Walnut Street N. A ground-level commercial business sign and a fence are
located along the Route 3 side of the parcel, with the sign not far from the intersection.
{¶3}. The maps provided in the record before us reveal that Route 3 runs
generally in a southwest-to-northeast fashion, while Walnut Street runs approximately in
a south/southeast to north/northwest direction. Thus, the two roads intersect sharply
(although there is extra turning space added on Walnut), such that a blunt wedge of
property is created, with the tip pointing roughly to the north. The Sambuca's
Greenhouse parcel, including parking areas, structures, and some of the lawn
perimeter, covers this wedge.
{¶4}. The business has expanded over the years from a basic farm stand to a
much larger enterprise. Some of the nursery merchandise and stock is kept outside and
varies according to the time of year. The real property at issue had formerly been
zoned, under the Village of Galena Zoning Code, as farming and residential ("FR-1"),
but it was rezoned in September 2013 to part of a planned commercial district ("PC").
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 3
{¶5}. On March 25, 2014, David LaValle, the zoning inspector for Appellee
Village, issued a "notice of violation" regarding the aforesaid nursery property. The
notice declared that the "sign or signs located in the public road right-of way [are] illegal
and non-conforming." Appellants were therein ordered to immediately remove the
particular signage. The notice also ordered appellants to remove certain nursery stock
located in a "triangle area" of the property depicted by an exhibit attached therewith.
{¶6}. Appellants took the position that their signage and nursery materials were
not in prohibited areas under the Village of Galena Zoning Code. Accordingly, on April
22, 2014, appellants filed an appeal to the Village of Galena Zoning and Planning
Commission regarding the aforesaid notice of violation.
{¶7}. The Commission held a hearing on May 21, 2014 on appellant's appeal.
{¶8}. On June 18, 2014, the Commission, with four members concurring, issued
a decision denying the appeal.
{¶9}. Appellants thereupon appealed the Commission's denial of appeal to the
Delaware County Court of Common Pleas ("trial court").
{¶10}. Via a ten-page judgment entry issued January 2, 2015, the trial court
affirmed the decision of the Commission.
{¶11}. On January 29, 2015, appellants filed a notice of appeal. They herein
raise the following four Assignments of Error:
{¶12}. “I. THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW
IN FINDING THAT THE DEFINITION OF 'RIGHT OF WAY' IN THE VILLAGE OF
GALENA ZONING ORDINANCE IS NOT UNCONSTITUTIONALLY VAGUE.
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 4
{¶13}. “II. THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW
IN FINDING THAT THE PHRASE 'EASEMENT AREA' IN THE VILLAGE OF GALENA
ZONING ORDINANCE IS NOT UNCONSTITUTIONALLY VAGUE.
{¶14}. “III. THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW
IN FINDING THAT THE PHRASE 'TRIANGLE AREA' IN THE VILLAGE OF GALENA
ZONING ORDINANCE IS NOT UNCONSTITUTIONALLY VAGUE.
{¶15}. “IV. THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS ERRED IN FINDING THAT THE
PREPONDERANCE OF SUBSTANTIAL, RELIABLE, AND PROBATIVE EVIDENCE
SUPPORTED THE DECISION OF THE VILLAGE OF GALENA PLANNING AND
ZONING COMMISSION.”
I.
{¶16}. In their First Assignment of Error, appellants contend the trial court erred
in finding that the definition of "right of way" in the zoning ordinance is not
unconstitutionally vague. We disagree.
{¶17}. Generally, as an appellate court, our standard of review to be applied in
an R.C. 2506.04 appeal is “more limited in scope” than that of the trial court. Kisil v.
Sandusky (1984), 12 Ohio St.3d 30, 34, 12 OBR 26, 465 N.E.2d 848. However, zoning
boards are without authority to rule on the general validity and constitutionality of zoning
resolutions. American Outdoor Advertising Co., LLC v. Jerome Twp. Bd. of Trustees,
3rd Dist. Union No. 14-03-06, 2004-Ohio-2058, ¶ 11, citing Armrose v. King Quarries,
Inc., 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CA-81-3, 1982 WL 5410. Thus, as we reiterated in Snee
v. Jackson Township Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2003CA00109, 2003-
Ohio-5319: " *** [T]he issue of the constitutionality of zoning restrictions must be tried
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 5
originally in the Court of Common Pleas. The court is not reviewing the decision of the
Board, but rather is testing the ordinances of the governmental body against the State
and Federal constitutions." Id. at ¶ 10, quoting SMC, Inc. v. Laudi (1975), 44 Ohio
App.2d 325, 330, 338 N.E.2d 547 (additional citations omitted). It follows that the
determination of a statute's or regulation's constitutionality is a question of law to be
reviewed de novo. See State v. Whites Landing Fisheries, 6th Dist. Erie No. E–13–021,
2014-Ohio-1314, ¶ 13.
{¶18}. Zoning enactments are ordinarily construed in favor of the property owner
where interpretation is necessary. See University Circle, Inc. v. Cleveland (1978), 56
Ohio St.2d 180, 383 N.E.2d 139. In considering a challenge to an ordinance or statute
as void for vagueness, a court is required to determine whether the enactment “(1)
provides sufficient notice of its proscriptions to facilitate compliance by persons of
ordinary intelligence and (2) is specific enough to prevent official arbitrariness or
discrimination in its enforcement.” Norwood v. Horney, 110 Ohio St.3d 353, 2006-Ohio-
3799, 853 N.E.2d 1115, at ¶ 84.
{¶19}. A statute is not void for vagueness simply because it could have been
worded more precisely or with additional certainty. Rather, the “critical question in all
cases is whether the law affords a reasonable individual of ordinary intelligence fair
notice and sufficient definition and guidance to enable him to conform his conduct to the
law.” Norwood at ¶ 86.
Issue of the Sign in the "Right of Way"
{¶20}. Appellants were found by the zoning inspector to be using their land in
violation of the Village of Galena Zoning Code, 22.06, which provides in pertinent part:
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 6
"No sign shall be located within the right-of-way of any public or private road within
Galena." See Tr. Exh. A.
{¶21}. The Galena Zoning Code, §4.02, defines "right-of-way" as follows:
{¶22}. "A strip of land taken or dedicated for use as a public way. In addition to
the roadway, it normally incorporates the curbs, lawn strips, sidewalks, lighting and
drainage facilities, and may include special features required by the topography or
treatment such as grade separation, landscaped areas, viaducts and bridges."
{¶23}. (Exhibit 45)
{¶24}. In the judgment entry under appeal, the trial court noted appellants'
suggestion that the definition of "right of way" in the zoning code could have been better
drafted, for example, as defining the term to include the pavement and a certain footage
from the point of such pavement's edge. See Judgment Entry at 8. The trial court
rejected that argument, finding such a definition would not be feasible, "as the right of
way and easement area will vary from location to location." The court concluded that the
definition of "right of way" "provided the public with fair warning about [its] meaning, and
therefore, the zoning provision was not unconstitutional as being void for vagueness."
Id.
{¶25}. Appellants presently challenge the trial court's reasoning, contending the
zoning ordinance at issue was created uniquely for appellants' property within the re-
zoned commercial district, and thus could have been much more specific. Even if that is
the case, however, we find the phrase "right of way" to be of such common usage in the
areas of property law and traffic law that we cannot conclude the trial court's ruling on
the issue of vagueness constituted reversible error under the circumstances presented.
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 7
{¶26}. Appellants' First Assignment of Error is overruled.
II.
{¶27}. In their Second Assignment of Error, appellants contend the trial court
erred in finding the phrase "easement area" in the zoning ordinance is not
unconstitutionally vague.
Issue of the Sign in the "Easement Area"
{¶28}. In the judgment entry under appeal, the trial court again found the phrase
"easement area" provides the public with fair warning about its meaning. The trial court
thus found that said term was not unconstitutionally vague. See Judgment Entry at 8.
{¶29}. Appellants herein contend that neither "easement" or "easement area" is
defined in the zoning code. They further point out that the zoning inspector stated he
was unsure what the terms mean. See Tr. at 116-117. However, an appellate court is
not required to render an advisory opinion on a moot question or abstract proposition or
to rule on a question of law that cannot affect matters at issue in a case. State v.
Bistricky (1990), 66 Ohio App.3d 395, 584 N.E.2d 75. Because we have concluded that
the "right of way" language as it relates to the Sambuca's sign is not void for vagueness,
the question of the alleged vagueness of the "easement area" restriction is academic
and will not affect the outcome of the case based on our subsequent analysis herein.
{¶30}. Appellants' Second Assignment of Error is therefore found moot.
III.
{¶31}. In their Third Assignment of Error, appellants contend the trial court erred
in finding the phrase "triangle area" in the zoning ordinance is not unconstitutionally
vague. We agree.
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 8
Issue of Stored Items in the "Triangle Area"
{¶32}. The specific issue regarding appellants' final vagueness argument
involves whether certain nursery stock (apparently evergreen trees readied for sale to
customers) depicted roughly to the east of the Sambuca's sign are in a prohibited
"triangle area" as that term is used in the Village of Galena Zoning Code.
{¶33}. The zoning inspector's letter of March 25, 2014 quoted the following from
the Village Development Plan:
{¶34}. "No new construction, fencing and storage or nursery materials over
twenty-four inches (24") shall be permitted in the triangle area depicted upon the
attached Exhibit F without the approval of the Village Engineer or Ohio Department of
Transportation."
{¶35}. We first note zoning regulations are in derogation of common law and
must be strictly construed and not extended by implication. See, e.g., Likins v. Dayton
Motorcycle Club (1972), 33 Ohio App.2d 269, 294 N.E.2d 227. In the present case, it is
undisputed that the phrase "triangle area," except as depicted in the aforementioned
Exhibit F, is not defined elsewhere in the zoning code. We note some of the information
relative to the status of zoning on this property in both the 2013 rezoning process and
the citation process was furnished by appellants, including the diagram reflected on
Exhibit F of the zoning inspector's letter (which apparently became re-designated as
Exhibit "B" during the litigation). In other words, it appears the diagram of the property at
issue was submitted by appellants with the initial rezoning process; Appellee Village
therefore presently responds that the phrase "triangle area" cannot be considered
vague if the information was originally provided by appellants.
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 9
{¶36}. Nonetheless, we find merit in appellants' argument as to this aspect of the
dispute. Our review indicates there is no clearly identified triangular subpart on the
exhibit in question, creating immediate uncertainty as to the extent of the restrictions on
the placement of nursery materials. We certainly recognize that oftentimes vagueness
"will be reduced through a process of interpretation.” See In re Application of Columbus
S. Power Co., 134 Ohio St.3d 392, 2012-Ohio-5690, 983 N.E.2d 276, ¶ 32, citing Bauer
v. Shepard, 620 F.3d 704, 717 (7th Cir.2010). However, given the irregular wedge
shape of the parcel in this instance, any number of triangle sections of varying size
could be envisioned, and the addition of the modifying term "area" causes even more
perplexity. We find such vagueness in this context would indeed require appellants to
"steer far wider of the unlawful zone *** than if the boundaries of the forbidden areas
were clearly marked.” See Grayned v. Rockford (1972), 408 U.S. 104, 109, 92 S.Ct.
2294, 2299, 33 L.Ed.2d 222, 228 (internal citations and quotations omitted).
{¶37}. Appellants' Third Assignment of Error is therefore sustained, and we
hereby order that the zoning violation against appellants as to the placement of the
nursery stock is held for naught.
V.
{¶38}. In their Fourth Assignment of Error, appellants contend the trial court erred
in finding that the preponderance of substantial, reliable, and probative evidence
supported the decision of the zoning commission.1
1
Based on our previous determination regarding the issue of the "triangle area" term's
vagueness, we need only address in this assigned error the issue of the Sambuca's
sign, not the nursery stock.
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 10
Trial Court's Standard of Review
{¶39}. R.C. 2506.04 sets forth the applicable standard of review for a court of
common pleas in an administrative appeal. It provides as follows:
{¶40}. “ * * * [T]he court may find that the order, adjudication, or decision is
unconstitutional, illegal, arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable, or unsupported by the
preponderance of substantial, reliable, and probative evidence on the whole record.
Consistent with its findings, the court may affirm, reverse, vacate, or modify the order,
adjudication, or decision, or remand the cause to the officer or body appealed from with
instructions to enter an order, adjudication, or decision consistent with the findings or
opinion of the court. The judgment of the court may be appealed by any party on
questions of law as provided in the Rules of Appellate Procedure and, to the extent not
in conflict with those rules, Chapter 2505 of the Revised Code.”
{¶41}. The Ohio Supreme Court further stated as follows in Henley v.
Youngstown Bd. of Zoning Appeals (2000), 90 Ohio St.3d 142, 147, 735 N.E.2d 433:
{¶42}. “[W]e have distinguished the standard of review to be applied by common
pleas courts and courts of appeals in R.C. Chapter 2506 administrative appeals. The
common pleas court considers the ‘whole record,’ including any new or additional
evidence admitted under R.C. 2506.03, and determines whether the administrative
order is unconstitutional, illegal, arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable, or unsupported by
the preponderance of substantial, reliable, and probative evidence. See Smith v.
Granville Twp. Bd. of Trustees (1998), 81 Ohio St.3d 608, 612, 693 N.E.2d 219, * * *
citing Dudukovich v. Lorain Metro. Hous. Auth. (1979), 58 Ohio St.2d 202, 206-207, 12
O.O.3d 198, 389 N.E.2d 1113 * * *.”
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 11
Appellate Standard of Review
{¶43}. As an appellate court, however, our standard of review to be applied in an
R.C. 2506.04 appeal is “more limited in scope.” Kisil, supra. “This statute grants a more
limited power to the court of appeals to review the judgment of the common pleas court
only on ‘questions of law,’ which does not include the same extensive power to weigh
‘the preponderance of substantial, reliable and probative evidence,’ as is granted to the
common pleas court.” Id. at f.n. 4. See, also, Health Management, Inc. v. Union Twp.
Bd. of Zoning Appeals (1997), 118 Ohio App.3d 281, 285, 692 N.E.2d 667. “It is
incumbent on the trial court to examine the evidence. Such is not the charge of the
appellate court.” Lorain City School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. State Emp. Relations Bd.
(1988), 40 Ohio St.3d 257, 261, 533 N.E.2d 264. Ultimately, the standard of review for
appellate courts in a 2506 zoning appeal is whether the common pleas court abused its
discretion in finding that the administrative order was or was not unconstitutional, illegal,
arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable or unsupported by reliable, probative and substantial
evidence. See Weber v. Troy Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, Delaware App.No. 07 CAH
04 0017, 2008-Ohio-1163, ¶ 13 (additional citation omitted); Powers v. City of Rocky
River Bd. of Zoning Appeals (Nov. 7, 1996), Cuyahoga App.No. 70439, 1996 WL
648689.
Analysis
{¶44}. In the case sub judice, the trial court indicated that it had reviewed the
record of the administrative process, in particular the transcript of the hearing before the
Zoning and Planning Commission, noting that the Village had called just one witness,
David LaValle, the zoning inspector, and that appellants had also called just one
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 12
witness, Karen Ambrose. Judgment Entry at 2-3. We note the record also included, inter
alia, a copy of the Village's zoning district map, and several 8-1/2 x 11 color
photographs of Sambuca's and the adjoining area. The court noted that LaValle had
inspected the property from his vehicle and via an airplane flyover. Judgment Entry at 4.
The trial court also determined that appellants had "presented no evidence that the sign
was located outside of the right-of-way." Id. See C. Miller Chevrolet v. Willoughby Hills
(1974), 38 Ohio St.2d 298, 302, 313 N.E.2d 400 (recognizing that in reviewing an
appeal of an administrative decision, a court of common pleas begins with the
presumption that the board's determination is valid, and the appealing party bears the
burden of showing otherwise).
{¶45}. Having examined the record, we conclude that the Court of Common
Pleas did not abuse its discretion in finding that the administrative decision concerning
the sign was not unconstitutional, illegal, arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable, and was
supported by reliable, probative and substantial evidence. See Weber, supra.
{¶46}. Accordingly, appellants' Fourth Assignment of Error is overruled as to the
issue of the disputed signage on the property.
Delaware County, Case No. 15 CAH 01 0011 13
{¶47}. For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the Court
of Common Pleas, Delaware County, Ohio, is hereby affirmed in part and reversed in
part.
By: Wise, J.
Hoffman, P. J., and
Delaney, J., concur.
JWW/d 0716