STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
TITAN INSURANCE COMPANY, UNPUBLISHED
August 11, 2015
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 321112
Wayne Circuit Court
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE LC No. 12-011265-NF
INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant/Third-Party Plaintiff-
Appellee,
and
FRANK WARD and DIANA LYNN WARD,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
AFFIRMATIVE INSURANCE COMPANY OF
MICHIGAN,
Third-Party Defendant-Appellant.
Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and GLEICHER and STEPHENS, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In the no-fault insurance world, the “one-year back” and the “one-year notice” rules set
forth in MCL 500.3145 establish relatively short and inflexible time frames for seeking first-
party benefits and for filing lawsuits. Claimants who violate these rules risk losing the right to
challenge an insurer’s denial of benefits.
The same time frames apply to insurance companies who “stand in the shoes” of a
claimant, as occurs when one insurance company seeks reimbursement for no-fault benefits that
should have been paid by another. Here, State Farm wears the shoes of the injured claimant.
The question presented is whether State Farm filed its action seeking repayment from
Affirmative, the higher priority insurance company, in a timely manner. The circuit court ruled
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that State Farm’s claim was timely. We conclude that because State Farm failed to provide
Affirmative with the requisite notice within one year of the claimant’s accident, its claim against
Affirmative is time barred. Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court and remand for entry of an
order granting Affirmative summary disposition against State Farm.
I.
On June 30, 2010, Matthew Sterling suffered burns on his face and arms while trying to
start an uninsured 1968 Camaro owned by Frank Ward. Sterling denied ownership of a policy of
no-fault insurance. On August 23, 2010, the Michigan Assigned Claims Plan (MACP)
designated plaintiff Titan Insurance Company as Sterling’s first-party no-fault benefit provider.
See MCL 500.3172(1).
Titan paid the University of Michigan $45,664.27 on Sterling’s behalf. Meanwhile, Titan
launched an investigation into whether a higher priority insurer existed. Titan discovered that
defendant State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company insured another vehicle owned by
Ward, which elevated State Farm to the front of the priority line. On August 23, 2012, Titan
filed suit against State Farm seeking reimbursement pursuant to MCL 500.3175(2). Notably,
Titan commenced its lawsuit precisely two years after having been assigned Sterling’s claim.
MCL 500.3175(3) provides that an insurer assigned a claim by the MACP may not seek
reimbursement from a third party “after the later of 2 years after the assignment of the claim to
the insurer or 1 year after the date of the last payment to the claimant.”
State Farm apparently knew Titan’s lawsuit was coming, and had embarked on its own
research. In March 2011, State Farm sent two identical letters to third-party defendant
Affirmative Insurance, at two different addresses, as follows:
Re: Claim Number: 22-C415-773
Date of Loss: 6/30/2010
Our Insured: FRANK WARD
Patient’s Name: MATTHEW STERLING
Policy Number: 2583-787-22
To whom it may concern:
Our records show that Matthew Sterling took out an automobile insurance
policy with you with a policy term of 5/12/2010 through 11/12/2010 but it
canceled around 7/12/2010. The VIN of the described 1995 Chevrolet is [].
We need verification that this automobile policy was active on the date of
the accident 6/30/2010 as our records indicate he held an active automobile policy
with you.
Please provide us the termination as to what date the policy terminated.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation.
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In August 2011, Affirmative paid an Oakwood Hospital emergency room charge related to
Sterling.
On March 27, 2013, State Farm filed a third-party complaint against Affirmative,
alleging that an Affirmative no-fault policy covered Sterling at the time of the accident, thereby
placing Affirmative in higher priority than State Farm. Titan, State Farm and Affirmative all
moved for summary disposition. Affirmative asserted that State Farm’s claim was time-barred
under MCL 500.3145(1), which sets forth both a one-year statute of limitations for subrogation
claims between no-fault insurers and a “one-year-back” rule generally limiting recovery for such
claims to benefits paid within the year previous to the commencement of the action. State Farm
responded with a trio of arguments: it had provided notice of the claim to Affirmative within one
year of Sterling’s accident, Affirmative’s 2011 payment tolled the statute of limitations, and
State Farm had not incurred any expense and would not do so until the circuit court granted
summary disposition on Titan’s claim.
The circuit court granted Titan summary disposition and judgment in the amount of
$45,664.27 against State Farm and, in turn, granted State Farm summary disposition and
judgment in the amount of $45,664.27 against Affirmative. The court reasoned that MCL
500.3145(1) did not bar State Farm’s claim for reimbursement against Affirmative because State
Farm only “incurred” an expense related to Sterling’s no-fault claim on the day of the hearing,
when Titan obtained judgment against State Farm. Affirmative now appeals.
II.
The parties agree that State Farm’s ability to prosecute this action rises or falls on
whether MCL 500.3145(1) bars its claim. We review this question de novo. Stephens v Worden
Ins Agency, LLC, 307 Mich App 220, 227; 859 NW2d 723 (2014).1
MCL 500.3145(1) provides:
An action for recovery of personal protection insurance [(PIP)] benefits
payable under this chapter for accidental bodily injury may not be commenced
later than 1 year after the date of the accident causing the injury unless written
notice of injury as provided herein has been given to the insurer within 1 year
after the accident or unless the insurer has previously made a payment of [PIP]
benefits for the injury. If the notice has been given or a payment has been made,
the action may be commenced at any time within 1 year after the most recent
allowable expense, work loss or survivor’s loss has been incurred. However, the
claimant may not recover benefits for any portion of the loss incurred more than 1
year before the date on which the action was commenced. The notice of injury
required by this subsection may be given to the insurer or any of its authorized
1
Affirmative has also appealed the circuit court’s order granting summary disposition to Titan as
against State Farm. We find no merit in Affirmative’s arguments, as Titan’s claim against State
Farm indisputably was timely under MCL 500.3175(3).
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agents by a person claiming to be entitled to benefits therefor, or by someone in
his behalf. The notice shall give the name and address of the claimant and
indicate in ordinary language the name of the person injured and the time, place
and nature of his injury. [Emphasis added.]
Our Supreme Court has summarized that this statute:
contains two limitations on the time for filing suit and one limitation on the period
for which benefits may be recovered:
(1) An action for personal protection insurance [PIP] benefits must be
commenced not later than one year after the date of accident, unless the
insured gives written notice of injury or the insurer previously paid [PIP]
benefits for the injury.
(2) If notice has been given or payment has been made, the action may be
commenced at any time within one year after the most recent loss was
incurred.
(3) Recovery is limited to losses incurred during the one year preceding
commencement of the action. [Devillers v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 473 Mich
562, 574; 702 NW2d 539 (2005), quoting Welton v Carriers Ins Co, 421
Mich 571, 576; 365 NW2d 170 (1984) (emphasis in original).]
In Joseph v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 491 Mich 200, 208; 815 NW2d 412 (2012), the Court reiterated
that a claimant seeking PIP benefits must file a claim “within a year of the accident unless the
insured gives written notice of injury or previously received PIP benefits from the insurer. If
notice was given or payment was made, the action can be commenced within one year of the
most recent loss.” If one of the requirements for late-filing is met, “recovery is limited only to
losses that have been incurred during the year before the filing of the action.” Id.
State Farm concedes that MCL 500.3145(1) governs the timing of its claim against
Affirmative. In Titan Ins v North Pointe Ins Co, 270 Mich App 339, 343-343; 715 NW2d 324
(2006), this Court explained that when a no-fault insurer has paid PIP benefits and then seeks
reimbursement from a higher-priority insurer, the paying insurer is subrogated to the claimant’s
cause of action. “Equitable subrogation is a legal fiction through which a person who pays a
debt for which another is primarily responsible is substituted or subrogated to all the rights and
remedies of the other.” Commercial Union Ins Co v Med Protective Co, 426 Mich 109, 117; 393
NW2d 479 (1986). Pursuant to long-standing subrogation principles, the paying insurer has no
greater rights than the claimant. Titan Ins, 270 Mich App at 344-345. Belated discovery of the
existence of a primary insurer does not operate to equitably toll the statute of limitations. Id. at
345. See also Devillers, 473 Mich at 586. A no-fault insurer’s claim for reimbursement on a
subrogation theory is subject to the one-year statute of limitations set forth by MCL 500.3145(1),
as unyielding as that rule may be. Titan Ins, 270 Mich App at 343.
The statute of limitations portion of MCL 500.3145(1) commands that an action for first-
party PIP benefits “may not be commenced later than 1 year after the date of the accident
causing the injury” unless either of two exceptions is established. The first exception is triggered
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when “written notice of injury as provided herein has been given to the insurer within 1 year
after the accident[.]” The second exception comes into play when “the insurer has previously
made a payment of [PIP] benefits for the injury.” We find neither exception applicable here.
State Farm vigorously contends that its two letters to Affirmative, quoted in their entirety
above, constituted “written notice” supplied within the first year after Sterling’s accident. We
cannot agree, as the information provided in the letters falls far short of that required by MCL
500.3145(1).
The “notice” demanded by the No-Fault Act must include “the name and address of the
claimant and indicate in ordinary language the name of the person injured and the time, place
and nature of his injury.” MCL 500.3145(1). State Farm’s letters omitted Sterling’s address and
presented no information whatsoever regarding the place or the nature of Sterling’s injury. State
Farm urges that despite these obvious deficiencies Dozier v State Farm Mut Automobile Ins Co,
95 Mich App 121; 290 NW2d 408 (1980), allows that “substantial compliance” was all that was
required. It is true enough that in Dozier, this Court stated that “substantial compliance with the
written notice provision which does in fact apprise the insurer of the need to investigate” and to
assess its liability “is sufficient compliance under § 3145(1).” Id. at 128. But given the Supreme
Court’s more recent opinions in notice cases such as Rowland v Washtenaw Co Rd Comm’n, 477
Mich 197; 731 NW2d 41 (2007), DeFrain v State Farm Mut Automobile Ins Co, 491 Mich 359;
817 NW2d 504 (2012), and Atkins v Suburban Mobility Auth for Regional Transp, 492 Mich
707; 822 NW2d 522 (2012), we doubt that Dozier would withstand textual scrutiny. We need
not enter those waters, as in Dozier the defendant insurer “waive[d] its right to assert the
insufficiency of the notice” by acknowledging receipt of the letter and requesting additional
information. These facts readily distinguish Dozier from this case. Because State Farm’s letters
to Affirmative lacked any basic information regarding the place or the nature of Sterling’s
injuries, we reject that State Farm substantially complied with MCL 500.3145(1). 2
State Farm fares no better with its second argument, that Affirmative’s August 2011
payment of Sterling’s emergency room bill entitled Sterling (or State Farm) to commence an
action “at any time within one year after the most recent allowable expense was incurred.” In
Jesperson v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 306 Mich App 632, 645; 858 NW2d 105 (2014), this Court
held that only a payment made within the first year after a claimant’s accident triggers the
second statutory exception, which permits filing a lawsuit more than one year after the accident
when “the insurer has previously made a payment of personal protection insurance benefits for
the injury.” MCL 500.3145(1). Affirmative’s payment was made more than one year after
Sterling’s accident. We note that our Supreme Court has granted leave to appeal in Jesperson,
and requested that the parties brief the question of “whether [the defendant’s] payment of
benefits to the plaintiff more than one year after the date of the accident satisfied the second
2
State Farm insists that because an Affirmative claims adjuster apparently telephoned Sterling to
request information about the accident, Dozier applies. This fact did not relieve State Farm of its
obligation to provide Affirmative with “written notice” of the claim. Nor does the phone call
constitute an acknowledgment of potential liability.
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exception to the one-year statute of limitations established in the first sentence of § 3145(1).”
Jesperson v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 497 Mich 987; 861 NW2d 47 (2015). The Supreme Court’s
order granting leave does not diminish Jesperson’s precedential effect. MCR 7.215(C)(2).
Because neither exception to the statute of limitations applied, State Farm’s subrogation
claim against Affirmative was barred by MCL 500.3145(1).3 Hence, the circuit court erred by
granting summary disposition to State Farm instead of granting Affirmative’s cross-motion for
summary disposition based on MCL 500.3145(1).
We reverse and remand for entry of an order granting Affirmative’s cross-motion for
summary disposition against State Farm, and we vacate the circuit court’s judgment in the
amount of $45,664.27 to State Farm against Affirmative. Affirmative may tax its costs pursuant
to MCR 7.219.
/s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
/s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens
3
State Farm’s argument that its claim did not “accrue” until the circuit court granted summary
disposition in Titan’s favor also lacks merit. In essence, State Farm argues (and the circuit court
ruled) that the statute of limitations was tolled until State Farm was officially “on the hook” for
Sterling’s PIP benefits. MCL 500.3145(1) contains no such tolling provision, however, which
indicates that the Legislature intended the time limits erected in the statute “to be comprehensive
and exclusive.” See Trentadue v Buckler Automatic Lawn Sprinkler Co, 479 Mich 378, 391; 738
NW2d 664 (2007). Absent a rule tolling or delaying the accrual of a claim such as State Farm’s,
the courts “may not employ an extrastatutory discovery rule to toll accrual in avoidance of the
plain language” of the governing statute. Id. at 391-392.
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