NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 15a0567n.06
No. 14-2265
FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Aug 12, 2015
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v. ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
VINCENT ISAAC-PETER JONES, )
)
OPINION
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
Before: SUHRHEINRICH and MOORE, Circuit Judges; VAN TATENHOVE, District
Judge.
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Defendant Vincent Isaac-Peter Jones
pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of firearms, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1),
921(a), and 924(a)(2), and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i), charges to which the district court sentenced Jones to
consecutive terms of 92 months and 60 months of imprisonment, respectively. In calculating
Jones’s guideline sentence for the count of felon in possession of firearms, the district court
applied a four-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for possessing the firearms in
connection with another felony offense. The district court also denied Jones’s motion for a
downward variance. Jones contests both decisions on appeal, arguing that the district court
The Honorable Gregory F. Van Tatenhove, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Kentucky, sitting by designation.
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United States v. Jones
“double counted” in calculating his guideline range and failed to rule on his motion for a
variance. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s sentence.
BACKGROUND
On March 27, 2014, a grand jury returned a seven-count Indictment charging Jones with
three counts of possessing heroin with intent to distribute under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and
(b)(1)(C) (Counts One, Two, and Six), three counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm
under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (Counts Two, Four, and Five), and one count of possessing a firearm in
furtherance of a drug trafficking crime under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i) (Count Seven). R. 12
(Indictment) (Page ID #17). The charges were based on separate instances of allegedly criminal
conduct, occurring over a ten-month period.
Counts One and Two charged Jones with possessing heroin with intent to distribute on
April 17, 2013 and July 9, 2013, and Count Three charged Jones with being a felon in possession
of a firearm from August 31, 2013 to October 14, 2013. Id. at 1‒3 (Page ID #17‒19).
Count Four involved conduct that occurred on January 28, 2014. On that day, officers
attempted to pull over the car in which Jones was a passenger because they recognized Jones as
an individual wanted on an outstanding felony warrant. R. 24 (Presentence Investigation Report
(“PSR”) ¶ 35) (Page ID #86).1 But rather than pull over, the car led officers on a high-speed
chase through slick, wintery road conditions until it crashed into a snow bank. Id. ¶ 36. Jones
then ran from the vehicle before eventually being tackled and arrested by the pursuing officers.
1
The parties do not contest the recited facts in the PSR.
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Id. At the time of arrest, Jones possessed two firearms and $5,075 in cash; officers later found a
bag of heroin, which Jones discarded during the pursuit. Id. ¶ 36, ¶ 45 (Page ID #86, 88). Based
on this incident, the Indictment charged Jones with being a felon in possession of firearms in
Count Four.
Less than a month later, on February 19, 2014, Jones was again a passenger in a car
pulled over by officers, this time on the basis that the car’s windows were unlawfully tinted. Id.
¶ 40 (Page ID #87). As the officers approached the vehicle, they observed Jones “making furtive
movements inside the near center console area.” Id. After receiving consent to search the
vehicle, officers found a firearm, a bag of heroin, and $1,237 in cash. Id. Based on this, the
Indictment charged Jones with being a felon in possession of a firearm in Count Five, possessing
heroin with intent to distribute in Count Six, and possessing a firearm in furtherance of drug
trafficking in Count Seven.
Pursuant to a plea agreement, Jones pleaded guilty to Counts Four and Seven in exchange
for dismissal of the remaining counts. According to the plea deal, Jones “waive[d] the right to
appeal any sentence that is at or below the maximum guideline range as determined by the Court
before any upward departure or variance, and the manner in which the sentence was determined
on the grounds set forth in Title 18, United States Code, Section 3742.” R. 19 (Plea Agreement
at 5) (Page ID #37). Jones “retain[ed] the right to appeal those objections preserved at
sentencing that the Court incorrectly determined the final Guideline range” and “the right to
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appeal a sentence that exceeds the statutory maximum or is based upon an unconstitutional
factor, such as race, religion, national origin, or gender.” Id. at 5‒6 (Page ID #37‒38).
In calculating Jones’s sentence, the PSR recommended a consecutive five-year-
mandatory-minimum sentence for Count Seven pursuant to § 924(c)(1)(A)(i). R. 24 (PSR ¶ 66)
(Page ID #90). For Count Four, the PSR recommended a base offense level of 14; increasing
two levels because the offense behavior and relevant conduct involved four firearms; increasing
two levels because multiple firearms were stolen; increasing four levels because one of the
firearms had an obliterated serial number; increasing two levels for obstructing justice; and
increasing four levels because Jones possessed two firearms in connection with another felony
offense—namely, possessing heroin with intent to distribute. Id. at 10‒12 (Page ID #88‒90); see
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)‒(b). After subtracting three levels for acceptance of responsibility, this
yielded a total offense level of 25. With a criminal history category VI, the guideline range for
Count Four was 110 to 137 months; however, because the statutory maximum is ten years, the
PSR recommended a 110 to 120 month guideline range for Count Four. R. 24 (PSR ¶ 147)
(Page ID #111).
At sentencing, Jones first contested the two-level increase for possessing a stolen firearm
on the ground that the four-level increase for an obliterated serial number covered this
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4). The government agreed, and the district court
lowered the adjusted offense level by two points from the PSR recommendation, reducing the
total offense level from 25 to 23. R. 30 (Sen’g Hr’g at 11‒12) (Page ID #170‒71).
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At sentencing, Jones also argued that the four-level increase under U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for possessing “any firearm . . . in connection with another felony offense” was
improper. Id. at 4‒5 (Page ID #163‒64). Jones argued that the felony offense at issue—
possession of heroin with intent to distribute on January 28—was covered by the mandatory
minimum five-year sentence in Count Seven, so the four-level increase amounted to improper
“piling on.” R. 25 (Sen’g Mem. at 11) (Page ID 126). In response, the government agreed that,
pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4, the four-level increase was improper if the heroin possession on
January 28 is “relevant conduct” to the February 19 incident giving rise to the § 924(c) charge in
Count Seven. R. 30 (Sen’g Hr’g at 9‒11) (Page ID #168‒70). The government attorney asserted
the issue was “close” because, although these were separate events involving different guns, if
“put to my proofs, I’d be telling Your Honor that all the conduct in all the charges should be
attributable to him under relevant conduct.” Id. at 10 (Page ID #169). In the end, the
government framed the issue as “whether they’re relevant con[duct] to each other or not. If
they’re not, if they’re discrete incidents, it’s okay to add four levels.” Id. at 11 (Page ID #170).
The district court denied Jones’s motion. This left Jones with a total offense level of 23 and
criminal history category VI, yielding a 92 to 115 month guideline range. Id. at 11‒12 (Page ID
#170‒71).
Jones then moved for a downward variance on similar grounds—that the sentence for
Count Four was too high because he was being penalized twice for the same conduct. Without
explanation, the district court did not grant the motion. See id. at 14‒15 (Page ID #173‒74). The
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court sentenced Jones to 92 months of imprisonment for Count Four and a consecutive 60-month
sentence for Count Seven.
On appeal, Jones argues that: (1) the district court improperly “double counted” by
adding four levels to his Count Four guideline range under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) because the activity
at issue was “relevant conduct” to the underlying offenses giving rise to the Count Seven
§ 924(c) conviction; and (2) the district court erred by failing adequately to address his motion
for a downward variance.
ANALYSIS
We review the “district court’s findings of fact at sentencing for clear error and its legal
conclusions regarding the Sentencing Guidelines de novo.” United States v. Maken, 510 F.3d
654, 656–57 (6th Cir. 2007). In determining whether particular activity constitutes “relevant
conduct” under the Sentencing Guidelines, we review de novo. United States v. Catchings, 708
F.3d 710, 720 (6th Cir. 2013).
First, Jones argues that the four-level enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) applied to
Count Four was improper “double counting” because the enhancement punishes the same
conduct covered in the 60-month sentence for the § 924(c) violation in Count Seven. Section
2K2.1(b)(6)(B) states that courts should increase by four levels where a defendant “used or
possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony offense.” U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). Section 924(c) punishes individuals who, inter alia, possess a firearm in
furtherance of a drug trafficking crime. 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). “[T]he ‘established rule’ in this
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circuit is that ‘impermissible “double counting” occurs when precisely the same aspect of a
defendant’s conduct factors into his sentence in two separate ways.’” United States v. Sabino,
307 F.3d 446, 450 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting United States v. Farrow, 198 F.3d 179, 193 (6th Cir.
1999)). “[N]o double counting occurs if the defendant is punished for distinct aspects of his
conduct.” United States v. Walters, 775 F.3d 778, 782 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v.
Battaglia, 624 F.3d 348, 351 (6th Cir. 2010)). “Where double counting does occur, however, it
may be permissible.” Id. Indeed, “[w]here it appears that Congress or the Sentencing
Commission intended to attach multiple penalties to the same conduct, double counting is
permitted.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Section 2K2.4 of the Sentencing Guidelines—the guideline provision governing
sentences under § 924(c)—expressly prohibits double counting. A sentence under § 924(c) must
run consecutive to other sentences. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4, cmt.
background. Because of this, “[t]o avoid double counting, when a sentence under this section is
imposed in conjunction with a sentence for an underlying offense, any specific offense
characteristic for explosive or firearm discharge, use, brandishing, or possession is not applied in
respect to such underlying offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4, cmt. background. Committee Note 4 to
§ 2K2.4 has similar language: “If a sentence under this guideline is imposed in conjunction with
a sentence for an underlying offense, do not apply any specific offense characteristic for
possession, brandishing, use, or discharge of an explosive or firearm when determining the
sentence for the underlying offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4, cmt. n.4. A § 924(c) sentence
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“accounts for any explosive or weapon enhancement for the underlying offense of conviction,
including any such enhancement that would apply based on conduct for which the defendant is
accountable under § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct).” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4, cmt. n.4. The amendment
explaining Committee Note 4 states “application of the commentary” should be read “consistent
with the definition of ‘offense’ found in § 1B1.1,” U.S.S.G. app. C (Nov. 1, 2000) amend. 599,
which includes both “the offense of conviction and all relevant conduct under § 1B1.3 (Relevant
Conduct). . . .” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1, cmt. n.1(H).
Here, Jones argues that “the ‘underlying offense’ is drug trafficking and the relevant
conduct for that offense includes all of the conduct charged in the indictment,” which means the
§ 924(c) sentence for Count Seven covered the conduct at issue in the § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B)
enhancement to Count Four. Appellant Br. at 13. Citing the reference to “relevant conduct” in
Committee Note 4, Jones argues that “[t]he use of the word ‘including’ after the phrase
‘underlying offense of conviction’ would indicate that any conduct that can be considered
‘relevant conduct’ would be included as blocked from receiving an enhancement under U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.4.” Appellant Reply at 2.2 Thus, according to Jones, conduct relevant to the underlying
drug trafficking offense includes the conduct that gave rise to the four-level enhancement. As
proof that the relevant conduct from January 28 was covered by the § 924(c) sentence, Jones
points to the government’s admission at the sentencing hearing that the January 28 conduct was
2
Jones filed a “Motion for Leave to File Reply Brief Out of Time.” No. 14-2265, Appellate R. 19. We
grant the motion and consider the arguments Jones raised in his reply brief.
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relevant to the February 19 conduct, and that if put to its proof, the government would have
argued as much at trial. R. 30 (Sen’g Hr’g at 9‒11) (Page ID #168‒70).
We disagree. Recall that Count Four charged Jones with being a felon in possession of
firearms on January 28, and the felony offense triggering the § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement was
the bag of heroin later found that Jones discarded before he was tackled by police officers
following the high-speed chase on that date—a fact in the PSR that Jones did not contest before
the district court or on appeal. See R. 24 (PSR ¶ 45‒47) (Page ID #88). The conduct underlying
Jones’s § 924(c) conviction in Count Seven occurred on February 19—the car Jones was riding
in was pulled over and officers found one firearm and a bag of heroin. R. 12 (Indictment at 7)
(Page ID #23); R. 24 (PSR ¶ 40‒44) (Page ID #87‒88). Although this conduct—the firearm and
the heroin found during the vehicle search on February 19—was originally included as Counts
Five (felon in possession of a firearm) and Six (possession of heroin with intent to distribute) of
the Indictment, the charges were later dismissed. So Jones was not separately sentenced for any
“underlying offense of conviction” as contemplated by Committee Note 4.3 See U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.4, cmt. n.4 (directing that courts should “not apply any [weapons enhancement]. . . . when
determining the sentence for the underlying offense.” (emphasis added)); see also United States
v. Smith, 196 F.3d 676, 682 (6th Cir. 1999) (recognizing that “underlying offense” of § 924(c)
conviction for purposes of Committee Note 4 can include the firearm underlying a § 922(g)
3
The cases Jones that cites to support his position are distinguishable because each involves an
enhancement that was applied to a sentence that included an underlying offense of conviction. See United States v.
Pineda, 770 F.3d 313, 321 (4th Cir. 2014); United States v. Sinclair, 770 F.3d 1148, 1158 (7th Cir. 2014); United
States v. Bell, 477 F.3d 607, 615 (8th Cir. 2007); United States v. Wymes, 558 F. App’x 718, 721 (8th Cir. 2014).
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conviction where the same firearm gave rise to both the § 922(g) and § 924(c) convictions).
Nevertheless, Jones argues that “relevant conduct” should be applied broadly such that the heroin
in his possession on January 28 is “relevant conduct” under § 1B1.3 to the § 924(c) conviction
for activity on February 19 because the separate conduct would be grouped together under
§ 3D1.2. Appellant Reply at 3‒4.
To be relevant under § 1B1.3, the conduct must have (1) “occurred during the
commission of the offense of conviction, in preparation for that offense, or in the course of
attempting to avoid detection or responsibility for that offense” under § 1B1.3(a)(1); or (2)
“solely with respect to offenses of a character for which § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping of
multiple counts, . . . [been] part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the
offense of conviction” under § 1B1.3(a)(2). U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)‒(2); United States v. Gibbs,
182 F.3d 408, 446 (6th Cir. 1999). Section 1B1.3(a)(1) plainly does not apply here—the
possession of heroin on January 28 did not occur during, in preparation for, or in the course of
avoiding detection for the February 19 offenses. This leaves § 1B1.3(a)(2). But to be “relevant
conduct” under this sub-section, the conduct must be able to be grouped with the offense of
conviction pursuant to § 3D1.2(d). “‘Offenses of a character for which §3D1.2(d) would require
grouping of multiple counts,’ as used in subsection (a)(2), applies to offenses for which grouping
of counts would be required under §3D1.2(d) had the defendant been convicted of multiple
counts.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt. n.3. Indeed, § 1B1.3(a)(2) “applies only to ‘offenses of a
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character for which § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping of multiple counts.’” United States v.
Hill, 79 F.3d 1477, 1482 (6th Cir. 1996) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2)) (emphasis added).
Section 924(c) offenses, however, are exempted from grouping. The committee notes to
§ 3D1.2 state that “[c]ounts for which the statute (A) specifies a term of imprisonment to be
imposed; and (B) requires that such term of imprisonment be imposed to run consecutively to
any other term of imprisonment are excepted from application of the multiple count rules” set
forth in § 3D1.2(a)‒(d). U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2, cmt. n.1 (citing U.S.S.G. § 3D1.1(b) (excluding same
from grouping)). Section 924(c) falls squarely within this requirement—it requires a mandatory
term of imprisonment that must run consecutive to any other sentence. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1); U.S.S.G. § 3D1.1, cmt. n.2 (identifying § 924(c) as a statute that should not be
grouped); United States v. Garrido, 596 F.3d 613, 618 (9th Cir. 2010) (“18 U.S.C. § 924(c) is
specifically identified as a charge that is not to be grouped.”).
Thus, because § 924(c) is not an offense for which § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping
under § 1B1.3(a)(2), the January 28 conduct is not relevant conduct to the § 924(c) conviction
for purposes of § 1B1.3(a)(2). See United States v. Wattree, 431 F.3d 618, 623 (8th Cir. 2005)
(“[The defendant] refused to plead guilty to the offense of carrying a firearm ‘in furtherance of a
drug-trafficking crime,’ which would have been relevant conduct to the drug offenses had they
not been grouped separately under the guidelines.” (emphasis added)); United States v. Williams,
344 F.3d 365, 380 (3d Cir. 2003) (“[Section] 924(c) specifies a minimum five-year term of
imprisonment to run consecutively to any other term. Under § 3D1.1, this made the § 924(c)
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charge not subject to grouping, which, in turn, rendered it not ‘relevant conduct’ for purposes of
establishing [the defendant’s] sentence.” (internal citations and footnote omitted))4; United States
v. Stephenson, 895 F.2d 867, 876 (2d Cir. 1990) (“Since grouping is thus not required for bribery
offenses . . . evidence of these offenses is excluded from ‘relevant conduct’ under Section
1B1.3.”). Had Jones been convicted of an “underlying offense of conviction” (e.g., Counts Five
or Six), these offenses may very well have been grouped with Count Four, which would trigger
§ 2K2.4 and preclude any enhancement based on this conduct. But this is not our situation.
Instead, because the § 924(c) conviction cannot be grouped with Count Four, the conduct giving
rise to the enhancement cannot be “relevant conduct” to the conduct underlying Jones’s § 924(c)
conviction pursuant to § 1B1.3(a)(2). See United States v. Gill, 348 F.3d 147, 153 (6th Cir.
2003) (“Simple possession is not ‘relevant’ under Section 1B1.3(a)(2) . . . because that section
applies only if the two offenses can be grouped under Section 3D1.2(d).”). As a result, even
under Jones’s broad reading of Committee Note 4, the district court did not double count when it
applied the § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement in Count Four.
Finally, Jones argues that his sentence is procedurally and substantively unreasonable and
we should remand for resentencing because the district court did not provide an adequate basis
4
In United States v. Hargrove, the Fourth Circuit “disagree[d] with the Third Circuit’s suggestion [in
Williams] that a 924(c) offense may not constitute conduct ‘relevant’ to the guidelines offense.” 478 F.3d 195, 204
n.8 (4th Cir. 2007). But Hargrove is not inconsistent with our holding here, because that case dealt with whether a
§ 924(c) offense could be “relevant conduct” under § 1B1.3(a)(1), which includes “all acts and omissions . . . that
occurred during the commission of the offense of conviction, in preparation for that offense, or in the course of
attempting to avoid detection or responsibility for that offense.” Id. at 201 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)). Our
holding is limited to “relevant conduct” under § 1B1.3(a)(2); of course, if the conduct giving rise to the
enhancement at issue met the requirements under § 1B1.3(a)(1), our analysis would be different.
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for denying his motion for a downward variance. The government argues that the appeal waiver
in the plea agreement prevents Jones from raising this argument. We agree with the government.
“It is well settled that a defendant may waive any right, even a constitutional right, by
means of a plea agreement. Only challenges to the validity of the waiver itself will be
entertained on appeal.” United States v. Toth, 668 F.3d 374, 377 (6th Cir. 2012) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). To examine the applicability of Jones’s appeal waiver,
we must determine whether “the claim raised on appeal falls within the scope of the appellate
waiver.” Id. at 378.
The appeal waiver in the plea agreement broadly waived Jones’s “right to appeal any
sentence that is at or below the maximum guideline range as determined by the Court before any
upward departure or variance, and the manner in which the sentence was determined on the
grounds set forth in Title 18, United States Code, Section 3742.” R. 19 (Plea Agreement at 5)
(Page ID #37). The sentence at issue here was below the maximum guideline range. Jones did
“retain[] the right to appeal those objections preserved at sentencing that the Court incorrectly
determined the final Guideline range” and “the right to appeal a sentence that exceeds the
statutory maximum or is based upon an unconstitutional factor, such as race, religion, national
origin, or gender.” Id. at 5‒6 (Page ID #37‒38). But neither of these exceptions apply to Jones’s
argument that the district court erred in its treatment of Jones’s motion for a downward variance.
And Jones makes no argument on appeal for why his claim falls outside of the appeal waiver.
As a result, Jones waived his right to appeal this issue. United States v. Vandewege, 433 F.
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App’x 388, 390 (6th Cir. 2011) (appeal waiver in plea agreement prevented appeal of district
court’s denial of motion for downward variance).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s sentence.
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