14‐1754
Espinoza v. Dimon
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
_______________
August Term, 2014
(Argued: April 1, 2015 Decided: August 12, 2015)
Docket No. 14‐1754
_______________
ERNESTO ESPINOZA, Derivatively on Behalf of JPMorgan Chase & Co.,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
—v.—
JAMES DIMON, DOUGLAS L. BRAUNSTEIN, MICHAEL J. CAVANAGH, ELLEN V. FUTTER,
JAMES S. CROWN, DAVID M. COTE, LABAN P. JACKSON, JR., CRANDALL C. BOWLES,
JAMES A. BELL, LEE R. RAYMOND, STEPHEN B. BURKE, WILLIAM C. WELDON, INA R.
DREW, DAVID C. NOVAK,
Defendants‐Appellees,
JPMORGAN CHASE & CO.,
Nominal Defendant‐Appellee,
WILLIAM H. GRAY, III,
Defendant.
_______________
B e f o r e: KATZMANN, Chief Judge, POOLER and CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
_______________
Appeal from the dismissal of a derivative action seeking to compel
JPMorgan to take action against the corporate officers allegedly responsible for
the recent “London Whale” trading losses, including several executives who
disseminated misleading statements about those losses. At the outset, we revisit
our precedents governing the proper standard of review for dismissals of
derivative actions, and hold that such dismissals should be reviewed de novo. On
de novo review, it remains unclear how Delaware law would treat a case where a
shareholder challenges the scope of a board’s investigation of his demand. We
accordingly certify the legal question necessary to decide the merits of this case to
the Delaware Supreme Court.
_______________
GEORGE C. AGUILAR (Jay N. Razzouk, on the brief), Robbins Arroyo
LLP, San Diego, California; Thomas G. Amon, Law Offices of
Thomas G. Amon, New York, New York, for Plaintiff‐Appellant.
RICHARD C. PEPPERMAN, II, Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, New York,
New York (Daryl A. Libow, Christopher Michael Viapiano,
Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, Washington, D.C., on the brief), for
Defendants‐Appellees James Dimon, Douglas L. Braunstein,
Michael J. Cavanagh, Ina R. Drew, and Nominal Defendant‐
Appellee JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Jonathan C. Dickey, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, New York, New
York, for Defendants‐Appellees Ellen V. Futter, James S. Crown,
David M. Cote, Laban P. Jackson, Jr., Crandall C. Bowles,
James A. Bell, Lee R. Raymond, Stephen B. Burke, William C.
Weldon, and David C. Novak.
_______________
2
KATZMANN, Chief Judge:
This derivative action is one of many to arise out of the “London Whale”
trading debacle, which cost JPMorgan Chase billions. Plaintiff‐appellant Ernesto
Espinoza, a JPMorgan shareholder, believes that JPMorgan has not done enough
to go after those he deems responsible. Through this lawsuit, he challenges the
decision of the JPMorgan board to reject his demand that JPMorgan take action
against the alleged wrongdoers. Although a board’s rejection of a shareholder
demand is normally conclusive so long as that rejection was based on a
reasonable investigation, here Espinoza contends that the board’s investigation
was unreasonably narrow. Specifically, Espinoza alleges that the board’s
investigation only looked into the underlying trading losses, but did not explore
certain alleged misstatements that JPMorgan executives made about those losses.
Espinoza asserts that these misstatements exposed JPMorgan to significant
liability, and should have led the board to take action against the executives
involved. The district court (Daniels, J.) dismissed Espinoza’s complaint, finding
that he had not pleaded facts showing that the JPMorgan Board of Directors had
wrongfully refused the demand for action.
3
We write to address both the standard of review and the underlying merits
of the case.1 As to the standard of review, the law of our circuit has traditionally
held that a district court’s decision to dismiss a derivative action is reviewed only
for abuse of discretion. But deferential review is not warranted: Reviewing the
dismissal of a derivative action, as with the dismissal of any other sort of
complaint, involves nothing more than reading the allegations in the complaint
and deciding whether those allegations state a claim. Accordingly, we today
revisit the standard of review and hold that dismissals of derivative actions are
reviewed de novo.2
Reviewing this case under that de novo standard, we conclude that
Delaware law is unclear on how to handle Espinoza’s argument that the scope of
the board’s investigation was too narrow. Although several Delaware cases hold
that a board has wide discretion about the procedures it uses when investigating
a demand, no case addresses allegations that the substantive scope of an
1
We previously issued an opinion reviewing this case for abuse of discretion, and
affirming the dismissal under that deferential standard. On August 12, 2015, that opinion was
withdrawn sua sponte, and this opinion now replaces it.
2 This opinion has been circulated to all judges of the Court prior to filing.
4
investigation was too narrow. We therefore certify the legal question necessary to
decide the merits to the Delaware Supreme Court.
BACKGROUND
Because the district court disposed of this case on a motion to dismiss, we
assume the truth of the allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint for purposes of this
appeal. See Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007). The
following recitation of facts is thus adopted from Espinoza’s complaint.
A. The London Whale
The London Whale story begins in JPMorgan’s Chief Investment Office
(“CIO”), which manages and invests the excess cash from JPMorgan’s other
businesses. J.A. 10. Before 2009, the CIO invested primarily in conservative
securities, with the goal of limiting JPMorgan’s exposure to structural risks such
as shifts in interest rates or foreign‐exchange rates. J.A. 29. Beginning in 2008 and
2009, however, Defendant‐Appellee Jamie Dimon, the Chief Executive Officer of
JPMorgan, began transforming the CIO from a conservative risk‐management
unit into a more aggressive proprietary‐trading desk, with the aim of generating
additional profit. J.A. 30.
5
Seeking to satisfy this new emphasis on profits, the CIO began taking
riskier positions in synthetic credit derivatives. In particular, a group of London
traders led by Bruno Iksil—later known by the nom de finance “the London
Whale”—made larger and larger bets in these markets. J.A. 32–33. But when these
bets began to sour, the CIO doubled down by investing even more money in risky
derivatives in an attempt to shore up these investments. J.A. 33–34. To conceal the
losses, JPMorgan modified its “Variance at Risk” (“VaR”) model in a way that
gave the misleading impression that JPMorgan’s overall risk had stayed constant;
an unmodified VaR model would have shown that JPMorgan’s risk had in fact
doubled. J.A. 35. The model’s modification was overseen and approved by
Dimon.
As losses mounted, the markets and the press began to catch wind of
JPMorgan’s troubles. On April 6, 2012, Bloomberg reported that the CIO’s positions
in the credit derivative market had become so large that they were driving price
moves in that market. J.A. 36. Shortly thereafter, Dimon, along with Defendant‐
Appellee Douglas Braunstein, JPMorgan’s then‐Chief Financial Officer, held a
conference call with analysts and investors to discuss JPMorgan’s earnings for the
6
first quarter of 2012. During this conference call, Dimon and Braunstein
repeatedly claimed that the CIO was conservatively investing in safe securities.
J.A. 36–40. For example, Braunstein stated that “[w]e invest . . . in high grade,
low‐risk securities” and “[a]ll of [the CIO’s investment] decisions are made on a
very long‐term basis . . . to keep the Company effectively balanced from a risk
standpoint.” J.A. 37–38. Similarly, Dimon characterized the mounting publicity
over the CIO’s losses as “a complete tempest in a teapot.” J.A. 39.
But on May 10, 2012, JPMorgan was forced to reveal to investors the scale
of the CIO’s losses. J.A. 40. Dimon disclosed, for the first time, that JPMorgan had
modified its VaR model to minimize the scale of the risks taken by the CIO. Id.
Dimon acknowledged that the CIO’s investments had been “flawed, complex,
poorly reviewed, poorly executed, and poorly monitored.” J.A. 41. After all the
dust settled, JPMorgan divulged that its total losses from the CIO exceeded $6.25
billion. J.A. 42. The debacle prompted a number of regulatory and Congressional
investigations into JPMorgan’s inadequate oversight of the CIO. J.A. 45–49.
7
B. Espinoza’s Demand and the Board’s Investigation
On May 23, 2012, Espinoza, a shareholder of JPMorgan, sent a letter to the
JPMorgan Board of Directors demanding that the Board investigate the London
Whale debacle. J.A. 51. This demand asked the Board to investigate (1) the failure
of JPMorgan’s risk‐management policies, (2) the dissemination of false or
misleading information about the scandal, and (3) the extent to which JPMorgan
had repurchased stock at inflated prices due to the failure to disclose the losses.
J.A. 69. Espinoza also demanded that, following the investigation, JPMorgan sue
the responsible individuals and claw back previously‐awarded salary and
bonuses. J.A. 69–70. Espinoza also demanded that JPMorgan improve corporate
governance and implement better risk controls. J.A. 70.
In response to Espinoza’s demand, which was joined by similar demands
from other JPMorgan shareholders, the JPMorgan Board established a “Review
Committee” composed of Defendants‐Appellees Laban Jackson, Jr., Lee
Raymond, and William Weldon, all members of the Board. J.A. 52–53. This
committee would oversee JPMorgan’s internal “Management Task Force,” which
had been assembled to investigate the London Whale debacle, and consider what
8
actions, if any, JPMorgan should take in response. J.A. 53. The task force was led
by Defendant‐Appellee Michael Cavanagh. J.A. 54.
The Board rejected Espinoza’s demand by letter dated February 5, 2013. J.A.
83–86. The letter outlined the Review Committee and task force’s extensive
investigation, which included (1) 22 interviews of current and former JPMorgan
employees, (2) a review of roughly 300,000 documents, (3) meetings with
regulators, (4) an analysis of relevant news reports, and (5) a survey of industry
best practices. J.A. 83–84. The Board stated that, in its judgment, further litigation
was not in the best interests of JPMorgan. J.A. 86. In support of this conclusion,
the letter identified various remedial measures that had already been taken,
including a revamp of the CIO leadership and mandate, improved risk controls,
reduced salary for certain senior management and CIO personnel, clawbacks of
previously awarded bonuses, and the departure or reassignment of certain
individuals involved in the debacle. J.A. 85. The Board also cited various factors
that it weighed in deciding to not pursue litigation, including the cost of
litigation, the low likelihood of success, the cost of bogging employees down in
lawsuits, and the effect on employee morale. J.A. 85–86.
9
Espinoza then filed this lawsuit, arguing that his demand had been
wrongfully refused. On March 31, 2014, the district court dismissed the complaint
for failure to state a claim because the complaint did not show that the Board had
failed to exercise appropriate business judgment in rejecting the demand. See
Espinoza v. Dimon, No. 13‐cv‐2358, 2014 WL 1303507, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31,
2014). Although Espinoza asked for leave to amend if his complaint were
dismissed, the district court did not grant leave to amend and instead entered
judgment for the defendants immediately. See id.; Special App. 12–13.
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
I. Derivative Lawsuits
“The derivative form of action permits an individual shareholder to bring
‘suit to enforce a corporate cause of action against officers, directors, and third
parties.’” Kamen v. Kemper Fin. Servs., Inc., 500 U.S. 90, 95 (1991) (quoting Ross v.
Bernhard, 396 U.S. 531, 534 (1970)) (emphasis omitted). “Devised as a suit in
equity, the purpose of the derivative action [is] to place in the hands of the
individual shareholder a means to protect the interests of the corporation from
10
the misfeasance and malfeasance of ‘faithless directors and managers.’” Id.
(quoting Cohen v. Beneficial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 548 (1949)).
“[A] shareholder seeking to assert a claim on behalf of the corporation must
first exhaust intracorporate remedies by making a demand on the directors to
obtain the action desired.” Scalisi v. Fund Asset Mgmt., L.P., 380 F.3d 133, 138 (2d
Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). If the board refuses the
shareholder’s demand, the derivative suit may proceed only if the shareholder
shows that the board’s refusal was “wrongful.” Abramowitz v. Posner, 672 F.2d
1025, 1030 (2d Cir. 1982). Accordingly, Rule 23.1 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure requires a complaint in a derivative action to “state with particularity
. . . any effort by the plaintiff to obtain the desired action from the directors or
comparable authority and, if necessary, from the shareholders or members; and
. . . the reasons for not obtaining the action or not making the effort.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 23.1(b)(3). Although Rule 23.1 sets forth the pleading standard for federal court,
the substance of the demand requirement is a function of state law—here,
Delaware law. See RCM Sec. Fund, Inc. v. Stanton, 928 F.2d 1318, 1326 (2d Cir.
1991).
11
Under Delaware law, these allegations of wrongful refusal are reviewed
under the business‐judgment rule, which creates “a presumption that in making a
business decision the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in
good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of
the company.” Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 812 (Del. 1984), overruled on other
grounds by Brehm v. Eisner, 746 A.2d 244 (Del. 2000). Importantly, “[t]he ultimate
conclusion of the [board] . . . is not subject to judicial review.” Spiegel v. Buntrock,
571 A.2d 767, 778 (Del. 1990) (ellipsis in original) (quoting Zapata Corp. v.
Maldonado, 430 A.2d 779, 787 (Del. 1981)). Instead, when evaluating wrongful
refusal, “[t]he issues are solely the good faith and the reasonableness of the
committee’s investigation.” Id. “[F]ew, if any, plaintiffs surmount [the] obstacle”
of rebutting the presumption created by the business‐judgment rule and showing
that a demand was wrongfully refused. RCM Sec. Fund, Inc., 928 F.2d at 1328.
II. Standard of Review
Ordinarily, we review dismissals de novo. See, e.g., Muto v. CBS Corp., 668
F.3d 53, 56 (2d Cir. 2012). But traditionally, there has been an exception to this
general rule for derivative actions. In our Circuit, a line of cases dating back more
12
than three decades has “held that determination of the sufficiency of allegations
[under Rule 23.1] depends on the circumstances of the individual case and is
within the discretion of the district court . . . [and] [c]onsequently, our standard of
review is abuse of discretion.” Kaster v. Modification Sys., Inc., 731 F.2d 1014, 1018
(2d Cir. 1984); see also Lewis v. Graves, 701 F.2d 245, 248 (2d Cir. 1983) (“[T]he
decision as to whether a plaintiff’s allegations of futility are sufficient to excuse
demand depends on the particular facts of each case and lies within the discretion
of the district court.”); Elfenbein v. Gulf & W. Indus., Inc., 590 F.2d 445, 450–51 (2d
Cir. 1978) (per curiam). The holding of these older cases has been reiterated
several times by more recent decisions. See Halebian v. Berv, 590 F.3d 195, 203 (2d
Cir. 2009); Scalisi, 380 F.3d at 137.
Over the past few years, however, numerous courts have expressed doubts
about the wisdom of reviewing Rule 23.1 dismissals for abuse of discretion rather
than de novo. Seeing no reason to treat derivative actions differently than any
other dismissed case, the First and Seventh Circuits recently adopted a de novo
standard. See Unión de Empleados de Muelles de Puerto Rico PRSSA Welfare Plan v.
13
UBS Fin. Servs. Inc. of Puerto Rico, 704 F.3d 155, 162 (1st Cir. 2013)3; Westmoreland
Cnty. Emp. Ret. Sys. v. Parkinson, 727 F.3d 719, 724–25 (7th Cir. 2013). Judges in the
Ninth and District of Columbia Circuits, although bound to abuse‐of‐discretion
review by their precedents, have both questioned the wisdom of deferential
review in this context. See Pirelli Armstrong Tire Corp. Retiree Med. Benefits Trust ex
rel. Fed. Nat’l Mortg. Ass’n v. Raines, 534 F.3d 779, 783 n.2 (D.C. Cir. 2008)
(Kavanaugh, J.) (“We tend to agree with plaintiffs that an abuse‐of‐discretion
standard may not be logical in this kind of case . . . because the question whether
demand is excused turns on the sufficiency of the complaint’s allegations; and the
legal sufficiency of a complaint’s allegations is a question of law we typically
review de novo.”); Rosenbloom v. Pyott, 765 F.3d 1137, 1159–60 (9th Cir. 2014)
(Reinhardt, J., specially concurring). The Delaware Supreme Court, known for its
corporate law jurisprudence, expressly discarded abuse‐of‐discretion review of
dismissals under the substantively identical Delaware Chancery Court Rule 23.1.
3
The Supreme Court granted certiorari in Unión de Empleados to resolve the circuit split
over the proper standard of review, see 133 S. Ct. 2857 (2013), but dismissed the case after the
parties settled, see 134 S. Ct. 40 (2013).
14
See Brehm, 746 A.2d at 253–54 (Del. 2000).4 Last but not least, several decisions in
our Circuit have voiced puzzlement over the abuse‐of‐discretion holdings of
Kaster, Lewis, and Elfenbein. See Scalisi, 380 F.3d at 137 n.6; see also Gamoran v.
Neuberger Berman LLC, 536 F. App’x 155, 157 (2d Cir. 2013); Kautz v. Sugarman, 456
F. App’x 16, 18 (2d Cir. 2011).
We are persuaded by the reasoning of those courts that have chosen to
review these dismissals de novo. In reviewing the dismissal of a derivative claim,
an appellate court performs exactly the same task as when reviewing the
dismissal of any other action: the court reads the facts alleged in the complaint,
assumes the truth of those facts, and decides whether those facts state a claim
under the applicable legal standard. No evidence is considered, no credibility
determinations are made, and none of the other usual justifications for deferring
to a district court are in play. Or, as the Delaware Supreme Court put it in Brehm:
The nature of our analysis of a complaint in a derivative suit is the
same as that applied by the [lower court] in making its decision in
the first instance[:] . . . this Court[] is merely reading the English
language of a pleading and applying to that pleading statutes, case
4
Following Delaware’s Brehm decision, several other state courts have also endorsed de
novo review of dismissals of derivative actions. See, e.g., In re PSE & G S’holder Litig., 801 A.2d
295, 313 (N.J. 2002); Harhen v. Brown, 730 N.E.2d 859, 866 (Mass. 2000).
15
law and Rule 23.1 requirements. To that extent, our scope of review
is analogous to that accorded a ruling under Rule 12(b)(6).
746 A.2d at 253–54 (footnotes omitted)5; see also Pierre N. Leval, Judging Under the
Constitution: Dicta About Dicta, 81 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1249, 1273 (2006) (explaining that
our abuse‐of‐discretion precedents are “surely wrong” because “[i]t cannot be a
matter of a district judge’s discretion whether a complaint is legally sufficient to
state a claim”).
And while it is surely true that, as the defendants point out in their brief,
the sufficiency of a complaint’s demand allegations will “depend[] on the
particular facts of each case,” Lewis, 701 F.2d at 248, that alone is not enough to
justify deferential review. Many other legal questions turn on the specific context
of a given case, and yet they remain purely legal questions subject to de novo
review. For example, when a district court dismisses a fraud claim for lacking the
particularized allegations required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b), we review that
dismissal de novo even though the adequacy of particularized allegations under
Rule 9(b) is just as case‐ and context‐specific as the adequacy of particularized
5
Because so many derivative actions arise under Delaware law, we pay special heed to
the Delaware Supreme Court’s decision in Brehm. By aligning our standard of review with the
standard used by the Delaware appellate courts, we minimize any “anomalies resulting from
separate federal and state demand requirements.” RCM Sec. Fund, Inc., 928 F.2d at 1329.
16
demand allegations under Rule 23.1. See, e.g., S.Q.K.F.C., Inc. v. Bell Atl. TriCon
Leasing Corp., 84 F.3d 629, 633 (2d Cir. 1996).
Accordingly, we discard the deferential standard articulated by Kaster,
Lewis, and Elfenbein, and hold that dismissals under Rule 23.1 are reviewed de
novo.6 In reaching this conclusion, we further note that the defendants conceded
at oral argument that, were we writing on a blank slate, it would make sense for
dismissals under Rule 23.1 to be reviewed de novo.7
DISCUSSION
At its heart, this suit challenges the scope of JPMorgan’s investigation into
the London Whale debacle. Espinoza’s demand letter asked the JPMorgan Board
to investigate and take action based on two related facets of the London Whale
fiasco: (1) the underlying trading losses, which cost JPMorgan billions, and (2) the
alleged dissemination of misleading statements by Dimon and others. Espinoza
concedes that the Board adequately investigated the underlying trading losses,
6 As already noted, this opinion has been circulated to all the judges of this Court prior to
filing.
7 See Appellee Oral Arg. at 1:13:08‐17 (“Candidly, if I was examining the question from
first principles as your honor’s question suggests I would apply a de novo standard of review
. . . .”).
17
and although he disagrees with the Board’s decision not to take more aggressive
action against those responsible, he recognizes, as he must, that Delaware law
protects the Board’s decision so long as it was based on an adequate investigation.
But Espinoza does not concede that the Board adequately investigated the
misleading statements. Both Espinoza’s demand letter and his complaint attack
public statements that minimized the scale of the London Whale losses, placing
special focus on Dimon’s statement in April 2012 that the media’s attention to the
losses was “a complete tempest in a teapot.” J.A. 39. Espinoza alleges that these
misstatements cost JPMorgan dearly, both by exposing JPMorgan to litigation and
regulatory liability and by inflating the JPMorgan share price at a time when the
corporation was repurchasing stock. Accordingly, Espinoza’s demand letter
requested that the Board “determine which Company employees, officers, and/or
directors, current or former, were responsible for dissemination of the materially
false/misleading statements and omissions regarding the risk exposure.” J.A. 69.
Despite this demand, Espinoza contends that the Review Committee and
task force’s investigation focused solely on the substantive trading losses, rather
than the misleading statements about those losses. For example, the complaint
18
alleges that “the Task Force did not investigate the improper statements discussed
herein, which masked the CIO’s troubled trading position and mounting losses
from regulators and investors.” J.A. 54; see also J.A. 56–57 (“[T]he Review
Committee’s investigation was limited in its scope. . . . [T]he Review Committee
never even evaluated potential liability for certain of the defendants’ false and
misleading statements.”). Consistent with this alleged failure to investigate the
misstatements, the Board’s response to Espinoza’s demand letter makes no
mention of the misstatements, and in fact characterizes the demand as solely
“relating to the losses suffered by the Company’s Chief Investment Office.” J.A.
83.
Based on these allegations, Espinoza contends that the Board’s decision to
not go after Dimon and others is not entitled to the protection of the business
judgment rule. Put simply, if the Board never investigated the misstatements,
then there was never any exercise of “judgment” that could be presumed
reasonable. See Rich ex rel. Fuqi Int’l, Inc. v. Yu Kwai Chong, 66 A.3d 963, 979 (Del.
Ch. 2013) (“[T]he business judgment rule has no role where directors have either
abdicated their functions, or absent a conscious decision, failed to act.” (internal
19
quotation marks omitted)). As such, Espinoza urges that the Board’s decision to
not pursue action against Dimon or others was, contrary to the conclusion
reached by the district court, unprotected by the business‐judgment rule.
The district court rejected this argument, reasoning that “[n]either the
Review Committee nor the Task Force was obligated to release a report that
expressly addresses each and every issue raise[d] by [the] Plaintiff and the other
shareholders who made demands on the Board.” Espinoza, , 2014 WL 1303507, at
*6. Accordingly, the district court concluded that Espinoza “has offered only
conclusory allegations that the Review Committee’s investigation, and the
Board’s subsequent refusal of Plaintiff’s demand, rise to the level of ‘gross
negligence.’” Id. at *7.
We respectfully part ways with the able district court’s analysis on this
point. As an initial matter, we do not believe that Espinoza’s allegations were
“conclusory.” To the contrary, the complaint asserts that the Board failed to
investigate the misstatements or evaluate the liability that resulted from the
misstatements. See J.A. 54, 56–57. Setting aside for the moment the question of
whether this allegation states a claim, it is more than the “mere[] legal
20
conclusion[]” that the Supreme Court rejected as “conclusory” in Bell Atlantic
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 557, 564 (2007). Instead, Espinoza’s allegation has
concrete “factual content,” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009), namely that
the Board never investigated the misstatements. As with all cases, this allegation
may or may not turn out to be factually accurate, and it may or may not prove
legally sufficient, but we cannot say that Espinoza’s allegations were
“conclusory.”
Moreover, under our newly‐adopted de novo standard of review, we have
some concerns about whether Delaware law clearly addresses how to handle
Espinoza’s challenge to the scope of the Board’s investigation. The district court
rejected Espinoza’s argument about the scope of the Board’s investigation based
on a number of Delaware cases that stand for the proposition that boards have
broad discretion in choosing how to respond to a shareholder demand. In Levine
v. Smith, 591 A.2d 194, 214 (Del. 1991), overruled on other grounds by Brehm, 746
A.2d 244, for example, the Delaware Supreme Court rejected the contention that a
“Board’s failure to permit [the shareholder] to make an ‘oral presentation’ to the
Board evidenced a lack of due care or unreasonable conduct.” Levine explained
21
that although “a board of directors has a duty to act on an informed basis in
responding to a demand . . . , there is obviously no prescribed procedure that a
board must follow.” Id.
Several Delaware intermediate appellate court cases also cited by the
district court expound further on this principle that a board has wide latitude
over how it chooses to investigate a demand. In Mount Moriah Cemetery ex rel. Dun
& Bradstreet Corp. v. Moritz, 1991 WL 50149, at *2 (Del. Ch. Apr. 4, 1991), for
example, the board refused a demand for legal action against executives that had
exposed the corporation to liability for deceptive sales practices. The plaintiff
challenged the board’s refusal as wrongful, complaining (1) that the board
“interviewed only those senior officers that plaintiff accused of wrongdoing and
their immediate subordinates,” (2) “did not contact a single customer, regional
manager, salesperson or ‘whistle blower,’” (3) “failed to review any documents
created prior to 1985,” and (4) did not “obtain expert assistance [or] investigat[e]
general industry sales practices.” Id. at *3. In an unpublished decision, the Moritz
court rejected these complaints as insufficient to overcome the presumption of the
business judgment rule, reasoning that:
22
In any investigation, the choice of people to interview or documents
to review is one on which reasonable minds may differ. . . .
Inevitably, there will be potential witnesses, documents and other
leads that the investigator will decide not to pursue. That decision
will not be second guessed by this Court on the showing made here.
Plaintiff’s complaint establishes that the Special Committee’s
investigation spanned more than six months. During that time,
plaintiff was asked to identify potential witnesses and there was a
fairly regular exchange of correspondence as well as several meetings
between counsel for plaintiff and counsel for the Special Committee.
The Special Committee interviewed the charged parties and their
immediate subordinates, reviewed over 167,000 pages of documents
and compiled enough information to produce a 163 page Report. . . .
The foregoing description of the Special Committeeʹs investigation
and the other information available to the D & B directors . . .
thoroughly refutes any suggestion that the Special Committeeʹs
investigation was grossly negligent.
Id. at *4.
Similarly, in another unpublished decision, Gatz v. Ponsoldt, 2004 WL
3029868, at *5 (Del. Ch. Nov. 5, 2004), the court rejected allegations that a board’s
investigation was unreasonable because the board never issued a report following
its investigation, reasoning that “there is no authority that suggests that Delaware
law requires a formal ‘report’ as a matter of law . . . [a]nd the complaint contains
no allegations to suggest that the failure to draft a report in this circumstance
rendered the investigation inadequate.” Finally, in a third unpublished decision,
Baron v. Siff, 1997 WL 666973, at *3 (Del. Ch. Oct. 17, 1997), the court stated that a
23
board’s response to a demand need not “contain a point‐by‐point response to all
allegations in the demand letter.” See also Halpert Enters., Inc. v. Harrison, 2008 WL
4585466, at *2 (2d Cir. Oct. 15, 2008) (summary order) (“An investigating board
generally is under no obligation to make use of any particular investigative
technique.”).
But while we agree that these cases stand for the proposition that courts
should not second‐guess the procedures that a board uses when investigating a
demand, that principle is of limited application here. The plaintiff does not
challenge the procedures that the board used when investigating the alleged
misstatements. Instead, Espinoza challenges the scope of the board’s investigation;
that is, he argues that that the board used no procedures, because the board did
not investigate the misstatements at all. Because the allegation in this case—an
allegation that we must accept as true—is that there was no investigation of the
misstatements at all, Espinoza has placed this case in a very different posture than
the cases cited by the district court, all of which involved investigations that
looked into the substance of the shareholder’s demand.
24
Unfortunately, Delaware law does not squarely address how to evaluate
challenges to the scope of an investigation where a shareholder demands that a
board look into two related yet distinct matters and the board investigates only
one of those matters before refusing the entire demand. None of the parties have
uncovered any on‐point cases, and our own independent review likewise came
up empty. At most, the general principles of Delaware corporate law provide
some very broad guidance in evaluating Espinoza’s “scope” argument. Delaware
law requires that “to invoke the [business‐judgment] rule’s protection[,] directors
have a duty to inform themselves, prior to making a business decision, of all
material information reasonably available to them.” Aronson, 473 A.2d at 812.
But this broad rule does not tell us much about how to handle allegations
that the directors have fulfilled this duty with respect to certain aspects of the
plaintiff’s demand, but completely abdicated that same duty with respect to some
other aspect of the demand. As a matter of simple common sense, it seems
apparent that such allegations must sometimes amount to gross negligence. A
board that bypasses the core of a shareholder’s demand and instead focuses its
entire investigation on some minor secondary aspect of the demand has surely
25
failed “to inform [itself] . . . of all material information reasonably available to
them.” Id. On the other hand, a board that canvasses the waterfront of a demand,
but fails to touch on some minor allegation raised in a footnote of the
shareholder’s demand letter, cannot be said to have acted with gross negligence.
The allegations in this case lie somewhere between the two poles of this
spectrum. As the district court found, the Board thoroughly investigated the
trading losses, which were a major component of Espinoza’s demand.
Conversely, however, the Board ignored the misstatements, which were also a
major, albeit perhaps secondary, component of that same demand. This case thus
presents a classic line‐drawing exercise. The line between a reasonable and
unreasonable investigation—and thus between a properly and wrongfully‐
refused demand—must lie somewhere between a total failure to become
informed on the one hand, see Brehm, 746 A.2d at 259, and on the other, a
thorough investigation that did not touch on every topic the shareholder might
have mentioned anywhere in her demand.
Drawing this line requires balancing the competing policy concerns that
animate the wrongful refusal doctrine in the first place. There must be some limit
26
to a board’s discretion about how to investigate a demand. Otherwise, a board
could always reject even a meritorious demand simply by circumscribing its
investigation to carefully avoid inquiring into any wrongdoing. By the same
token, however, the board’s autonomy and appropriate exercise of discretion
must be respected. Otherwise, a shareholder could misuse the demand
requirement by submitting a long list of complaints to the board without
separating the wheat from the chaff, and then, after the board concludes its
investigation, criticize the board for not undertaking a complete inquiry of every
matter raised in the demand. Allowing shareholders to undertake such ex post
maneuvers would be inconsistent with the “presumption that in making a
business decision the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in
good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of
the company.” Aronson, 473 A.2d at 812. Wherever the line is drawn between
reasonable and unreasonable investigations, it must avoid the Scylla of unfettered
board discretion on the one hand, and the Charybdis of shareholder‐plaintiff
gamesmanship on the other.
27
But as a federal court sitting in diversity, we are not in a position to draw
such a line on behalf of Delaware. Although we normally strive to “carefully . . .
predict how the highest court of the forum state would resolve . . . uncertainty or
ambiguity” in state law, Travelers Ins. Co. v. 633 Third Assocs., 14 F.3d 114, 119 (2d
Cir. 1994), here we are unable to predict with any confidence how the Delaware
courts would evaluate Espinoza’s allegations.
Accordingly, we turn to the Delaware Supreme Court to assist us in
resolving this case. See Del. R. S. Ct. 41(a)(ii) (“[A] Court of Appeals of the United
States . . . may, on motion or sua sponte, certify to this Court for decision a
question or questions of law . . . .”); Nguyen v. Holder, 743 F.3d 311, 317 (2d Cir.
2014) (“[W]here a rule reflects a judicially created doctrine that reflects policy
considerations over time . . ., certification is particularly compelling.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)). We hereby CERTIFY the following question to the
Delaware Supreme Court:
If a shareholder demands that a board of directors investigate both
an underlying wrongdoing and subsequent misstatements by
corporate officers about that wrongdoing, what factors should a
court consider in deciding whether the board acted in a grossly
28
negligent fashion by focusing its investigation solely on the
underlying wrongdoing?
“Consistent with our usual practice, we do not intend to limit the scope of the
[Delaware Supreme Court’s] analysis through the formulation of our question,
and we invite the [Court] to expand upon or alter this question as it should deem
appropriate.” Nguyen, 743 F.3d at 317 (internal quotation marks omitted). In
particular, in certifying the legal question concerning which factors are relevant to
determining whether a board’s investigation was grossly negligent, see Del. R. S.
Ct. 41(b)(i), we welcome any guidance the Delaware Supreme Court may wish to
offer on how those factors should be balanced in a case such as this one.
29