Filed 8/12/15 People v. Arnell CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, C072187
v. (Super. Ct. No. 12F03130)
HERBERT CARL ARNELL, JR.,
Defendant and Appellant.
A jury convicted defendant Herbert Carl Arnell, Jr., of two counts of second
degree burglary. (Pen. Code, § 459.) In bifurcated proceedings, the jury found
the strike prior and prior prison term allegations to be true. (Pen. Code, §§ 667.5,
1192.7.) The trial court sentenced defendant to serve eight years and four months in
state prison.
On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred in admitting, under Evidence
Code section 1101, subdivision (b), evidence of a cash register drawer and coin trays
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found by the police in the backyard of a residence where defendant was present.1 The
trial court admitted evidence of a cash register drawer and coin trays as circumstantial
evidence that was relevant and probative to the charged burglaries.
We conclude that even if the evidence was admissible as circumstantial evidence,
the evidence should have been excluded under section 352 in the absence of an
instruction admonishing the jury the evidence could not be used to establish bad character
or propensity to commit burglary. Nonetheless, the evidentiary error was harmless in
light of overwhelming evidence that established defendant’s identity and commission of
the charged offenses. Accordingly, we affirm.
FACTS
Count One: Burglary of Fashion Cleaners
Around 4:00 a.m. on February 10, 2012, someone broke into Fashion Cleaners in
the Arden Arcade area and took the cash register. The side window was broken with a
fist-sized rock. Video surveillance showed two men, one of whom entered and removed
the cash register. A sheriff’s detective reviewed the surveillance videotape and
recognized defendant as the suspect who remained outside while the other suspect
entered the premises. Upon viewing the surveillance videotape, two other people who
had known defendant for about two years and had regular contact with him also identified
defendant.
Count Two: Burglary of Papa Murphy’s
Around 5:30 a.m. on March 30, 2012, Papa Murphy’s pizza shop in the Arden
Arcade area, two to three miles from Fashion Cleaners, was broken into and the coin
trays from the cash registers were taken. The glass front door was broken with a rock.
Video surveillance showed defendant throwing a rock through the window, entering the
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Evidence Code.
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business, opening the cash registers, taking the cash trays, and fleeing in a small station
wagon. The sheriff’s detective and the other two witnesses who knew defendant
identified him in the surveillance video.
Uncharged Conduct: Burglary of 76 Gas Station in Roseville
Before trial, the prosecution sought to introduce evidence of uncharged conduct
under section 1101, subdivision (b). This evidence related to a burglary of a 76 gas
station in Roseville. The prosecution’s motion sought to introduce evidence that included
a video surveillance tape of a burglary of a gas station in Roseville and a “chrome cash
drawer and two plastic cash drawer inserts” obtained from the backyard of defendant’s
purported residence during a parole search by Roseville officers.
The defense argued for exclusion of all other crimes evidence -- including the cash
register drawer and coin trays found as part of the 76 gas station burglary investigation --
as inadmissible under section 1101. Defense counsel further argued the evidence was
irrelevant under sections 210 and 350 and unduly prejudicial under section 352. Defense
counsel reasoned that (1) the items were not linked in any way to the charged burglaries,
and (2) seven other people were present at the residence while the police conducted the
search. The prosecution responded with an offer of proof that items were “similar” in
nature to the coin trays taken from Papa Murphy’s and these items were found in the rear
yard of the residence where defendant was located.
The trial court ruled that (1) the Roseville burglary evidence was inadmissible
under section 1101, subdivision (b), and (2) the evidence of the cash register drawer and
coin trays was admissible as relevant circumstantial evidence. As to the cash register
drawer and coin trays, the trial court explained:
“It seems to me that cash register drawers, money containers of the like are an
unusual enough item in and of themselves that that’s not a common item that you may
find in someone’s house, less common to find it is someone’s backyard, perhaps.
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“And it just seems to me that if the fact that there are cash registers taken in these
thefts, or at least in one of the thefts, a cash register is taken in another of the thefts, items
which relate to a cash register are taken, that those items, even though they have not been
specifically linked to a specific cash register, that those items are circumstantial evidence
of a cash register theft.
“I think there is sufficient linkage in the nature of the item to the nature of the
theft that they are relevant. There is probative value in that. You can certainly argue
an innocent explanation, and there may be an innocent explanation, but again, I think
that goes to the weight of the evidence and not the admissibility of the evidence.
“So it seems to me that if someone is accused of stealing, I don’t know, if
someone is accused of stealing pumpkins and a few days later a person accused of
stealing the pumpkins is standing within arm’s length of pumpkins, even though no one
can say yeah, those were the specific pumpkins taken, it seems to me that would be
relevant evidence to suggest that the person standing next to the pumpkins may have been
involved in the taking of the pumpkins previously.
“So I think for all those reasons I’m going to deny the defendant’s request to
exclude the evidence of the cash register components, whatever you have.”
Consistent with the trial court’s evidentiary ruling, the prosecution introduced
evidence at trial that when law enforcement officers contacted defendant at a residence
on El Camino Avenue on April 5, 2012, he was at a gate between the backyard and front
yard. In the backyard, an officer found a black plastic coin tray in a basket and a cash
register drawer wrapped in a blanket. A second coin tray was found in another part of
the yard.
DISCUSSION
Defendant contends the trial court prejudicially erred in admitting the evidence of
the cash register drawer and coin trays found in the backyard of the residence. We
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conclude the evidence should have been excluded under section 352, but the evidentiary
error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
A.
Admissibility of Evidence
“No evidence is admissible except relevant evidence” and “[e]xcept as otherwise
provided by statute, all relevant evidence is admissible.” (§§ 350, 351.) Evidence is
relevant if it has “any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action.” (§ 210.) Conversely, irrelevant
evidence is evidence “having no probative value; not tending to prove or disprove a
matter in issue.” (Black’s Law Dict. (7th ed. 1999) p. 834, col. 2.)
Propensity evidence -- that is evidence of a person’s character or willingness to
commit a crime -- “is inadmissible to prove conduct in conformity with that character
trait.” (People v. Villatoro (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1152, 1170.) However, section 1101,
subdivision (b), provides that evidence of other crimes “ ‘can be admitted for other
relevant purposes, such as proving . . . intent,’ even if it is inadmissible ‘to prove the
defendant had a disposition to commit similar bad acts.’ (Villatoro, at pp. 1170–1171,
fns. omitted.)” (People v. Scott (2015) 61 Cal.4th 363, 398.)
Evidence that is relevant to proving the charged crimes and admissible under
section 1101, subdivision (b), may still be excluded if it is unduly prejudicial. (§ 352.)
To this end, section 352 provides: “The court in its discretion may exclude evidence if
its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will
(a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue
prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.”
In reviewing a claim of error in the admission of evidence, we consider whether
the trial court abused its discretion. (People v. Carter (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1166, 1194.)
“ ‘A trial court’s discretionary ruling under this statute “ ‘must not be disturbed on appeal
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except on a showing that the court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious or
patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice. [Citations.]’ ”
[Citation.]’ (People v. Williams (2008) 43 Cal.4th 584, 634–635.)” (People v. Leon
(2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 452, 460.) In conducting our review, we assess the trial court’s
evidentiary ruling based on the facts known to the court when it made its ruling.
(People v. Hartsch (2010) 49 Cal.4th 472, 491; People v. Hernandez (1999)
71 Cal.App.4th 417, 425.) “To do otherwise would require us to hold the trial court
to an impossible standard.” (Hernandez, supra, 71 Cal.App.4th at p. 425.)
B.
Evidence of the Coin Trays and Cash Register Drawer
Regardless of whether the coin trays and cash register drawer constituted relevant
evidence under section 210, they should have been excluded under section 352. The
prosecution’s offer of proof did not suggest the coin trays and cash register drawer were
those taken in the charged burglaries. At the hearing on the motion, the prosecutor
characterized the coin trays only as “similar” to those taken from Papa Murphy’s.
According to the prosecution’s offer of proof in its in limine motion, the link between
defendant and the coin trays and cash register drawer was based on little more than that
they were found at his purported residence. Yet, seven other people were at the residence
when the police discovered the coin trays and cash drawer incident to defendant’s arrest.
The trial court, however, found sufficient connection based on the unusual nature of the
items and the nature of the charged burglaries.
The slender probative value of the evidence created the risk the jury would infer
defendant had committed other similar burglaries or associated himself with people who
committed burglaries similar to the charged offenses. Even if relevant and probative,
the trial court should have excluded the evidence of the coin trays and cash register
drawer under section 352 because of the danger the jury would rely on the items to
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conclude defendant had a propensity to commit similar burglaries. This risk was not
ameliorated by any cautionary instruction such as CALCRIM No. 375, which
admonishes jurors uncharged conduct “is not sufficient by itself to prove that the
defendant is guilty” of similar charged offenses. Thus, the jury received no caution to
avoid concluding “from this evidence that the defendant has a bad character or is
disposed to commit crime.” (CALCRIM No. 375.) In the absence of a cautionary
instruction such as CALCRIM No. 375, the evidence should have been excluded under
section 352.
C.
Harmless Error
We conclude the evidentiary error was harmless under any standard of reversible
error. (Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 [federal constitutional error must
be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt]; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836
[not reasonably probable defendant would have obtained a more favorable result in the
absence of error of state law].)
Defendant was captured by the video surveillance both at Fashion Cleaners
and Papa Murphy’s. Both surveillance videos clearly showed burglaries were committed.
The surveillance videos also provided conclusive evidence defendant committed the
burglaries. Defendant was identified in both surveillance videos by the sheriff’s
detective and two other witnesses who had known defendant for about two years. With
respect to the Papa Murphy’s burglary, defendant claims one of the witness’s
identification was weak because he could not identify defendant from the surveillance
tape when first shown to him. At trial, the witness identified defendant from the Papa
Murphy’s video, explaining when it was first shown to him it was not “slowed down
and paused” like it was at trial. The same witness identified defendant from the Fashion
Cleaners video. In the absence of the cash register drawer and coin trays evidence,
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defendant’s guilt was clearly established by the video surveillance tapes and witness
identifications.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
HOCH , J.
We concur:
BLEASE , Acting P. J.
MURRAY , J.
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