TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-14-00087-CV
Edwin Kiest Norton III, Appellant
v.
Mary Michelle Cheney, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 345TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-FM-11-000777, HONORABLE AMY CLARK MEACHUM, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In 1990, Edwin Kiest Norton III and Mary Michelle Cheney got married. Years
before the marriage, Norton opened a restaurant with several friends that would eventually become
the County Line BBQ chain of restaurants. When the restaurant started becoming successful, Norton
and his associates incorporated their business under the name County Line Enterprises, Inc. When
creating County Line Enterprises and then in subsequent transactions, the founders established
various protections to ensure that the company remained a closely-held entity, including restrictions
on the transfer of stock and guarantees that the remaining founders would have the right to purchase
the stock belonging to another founder if that founder died.
In 2011, Cheney filed for divorce. During the divorce proceedings, the parties disputed
whether stock that Norton acquired in County Line Enterprises after the death of two founders was
community or separate property. After a trial, the district court determined that the stocks transferred
were community property and awarded Cheney $1,573,422.00 for her share of the property. Prior
to the final divorce decree being entered, the parties discussed the possibility of having County Line
Enterprises satisfy the terms of the judgment.
Ultimately, the parties agreed to let County Line Enterprises cover the amount of the
judgment. Specifically, the board of directors for County Line Enterprises passed a resolution agreeing
to pay “Cheney an initial payment in the amount of” $178,576.00 and to “execute a promissory note
in the principal amount of $1,444,846.00 payable to” Cheney. Moreover, the resolution stated that
making the payment and executing the note were “in the best interest” of County Line Enterprises
and that County Line Enterprises “derives a benefit” by making the payment and by “undertaking
the monetary obligation called for under the note.” Furthermore, the promissory note detailed that
County Line Enterprises agreed to pay $1,444,846.00 to Cheney in eight equal annual installments
of $180,606.00 plus interest at a rate of five percent.
Subsequent to County Line Enterprises agreeing to cover the amount of the judgment
and executing a promissory note to that effect, the district court entered its final decree of divorce.
Among other things, the decree stated that Cheney was entitled to an award of money to “effectuate
a just and right division of property” and incorporated the financial terms agreed to by County Line
Enterprises in its resolution and in the promissory note.
After the district court entered its final decree, Norton filed this appeal. In his brief,
Norton raises twenty-three issues challenging various determinations, findings, and conclusions
made by the district court, but the focus of those issues centers on the district court’s determination
that the stocks transferred to Norton were community property. In response, Cheney filed an appellee’s
brief supporting the district court’s decree and also filed a motion to dismiss the appeal arguing that
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Norton had waived his right to appeal and that any controversy was mooted by the execution of a
promissory note by County Line Enterprises to pay the judgment awarded to her.
We will grant Cheney’s motion and dismiss this appeal.
DISCUSSION
Motion to Dismiss
In her motion, Cheney asserts that this appeal should be dismissed because County
Line Enterprises has voluntarily chosen to pay the amount of the judgment due by tendering one
payment and by executing a promissory note under which it promised to pay the remainder of the
judgment by making eight annual payments. Moreover, Cheney argues that because County Line
Enterprises’ agreement to pay was not conditioned on an appeal being filed and because Norton did
not clearly and timely express his desire to appeal, Norton cannot appeal the decree. In a related
argument, Cheney contends that any appellate relief requested by Norton would have no effect
on County Line Enterprises’ obligation to pay. For these reasons, Cheney contends that there is no
longer a live controversy between the parties and that the appeal is moot.
“Usually, when a judgment debtor voluntarily satisfies the judgment, the case becomes
moot and the debtor waives any right to appeal.” Marshall v. Housing Auth., 198 S.W.3d 782, 787
(Tex. 2006). “The rule is intended to prevent a party who voluntarily satisfies a judgment from later
changing his or her mind and appealing.” Id. However, “payment of a judgment will not moot an
appeal from that judgment if the judgment debtor timely and clearly expresses an intent to exercise
the right of appeal and if appellate relief is not futile.” Id.; see Miga v. Jensen, 96 S.W.3d 207, 212
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(Tex. 2002); see also Miga v. Jensen, 299 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tex. 2009) (explaining that voluntary-
payment rule is not employed as much as it used to be because rule’s equitable policies have been
incorporated into statutory and other remedies). A case becomes moot if the controversy ceases to
exist or if the parties no longer have a legally cognizable interest in the case’s outcome. Allstate Ins.
Co. v. Hallman, 159 S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. 2005).1
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The voluntary-payment rule applies in the absence of fraud, duress, or compulsion. Miga
v. Jensen, 299 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tex. 2009); see Burns v. Seascape Owners Ass’n, No. 01-11-00752-
CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 7732, at *31 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 30, 2012, no pet.)
(mem. op.) (explaining that payment made involuntarily under duress will not moot appeal); cf. Miga
v. Jensen, 214 S.W.3d 81, 91 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006) (discussing how duress may be implied
when businesses pay judgments in order to avoid harsh statutory penalties or imposition of accruing
interest), aff’d, 299 S.W.3d 98. In a footnote in the introductory section of his response to the
motion to dismiss, Norton suggests that if the facts of this case “don’t present a case of economic
duress or necessity, then they are awfully close to doing so.” As support for this proposition, Norton
refers to an affidavit that he attached to his response to the motion to dismiss in which he asserted
that his annual income was insufficient to cover the terms of the judgment, that he could not sell his
shares in County Line Enterprises without taking a loss, and that having County Line Enterprises
execute a note provided a more satisfactory alternative.
Other than this brief assertion, Norton does not further address the idea that the voluntary-
payment rule should not apply because he was under economic duress when the note was executed;
instead, the focus of his two responses to Cheney’s motion to dismiss is on his assertion that he
expressed his intention to appeal and that the appellate relief that he is seeking is not futile. In her
reply, Cheney refers to evidence from the record establishing the value of the company and of
Norton’s stock in the company and argues that Norton had sufficient assets to execute his own note
to pay the judgment if he wanted to.
In any event, given the briefing on this issue as well as Norton’s concession that the
execution of the note provided at least partial relief from the economic strain stemming from the
judgment, we do not believe that the facts of this case present the type of situation in which duress
will prevent an appeal from being mooted by an agreement to pay the full value of the judgment.
This seems particularly true in this case where the agreement to pay was made by a third-party
corporation after the corporation’s members passed a resolution authorizing the execution of a
note to pay the judgment. Cf. Dallas Cnty. Cmty. Coll. Dist. v. Bolton, 185 S.W.3d 868, 881, 883
(Tex. 2005) (recognizing that certain financial consequences do not transform choice into coercion);
Miga v. Jensen, 96 S.W.3d 207, 211 (Tex. 2002) (noting how payment under economic duress will
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Intent to Appeal
When challenging Cheney’s assertions, Norton contends that courts have determined
that the voluntary payment of a judgment mooted an appeal in order to prevent a party from
misleading his opponent into believing that the controversy was over by paying the amount owed
and then deciding to challenge his opponent’s right to recovery and to seek recovery of the money
paid. See Miga, 96 S.W.3d at 211; Brown v. Enterprise Recovery Sys., No. 02-11-00436-CV, 2013
Tex. App. LEXIS 10658, at *5-6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 22, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.).
Moreover, Norton insists that he always intended to appeal the district court’s decree if the court
determined that the shares of County Line Enterprises were community property, that he never
changed his mind regarding his intent, and that he never misled Cheney. As support for this assertion,
Norton refers to examples in the record where Cheney mentioned before or during the trial that either
side might be appealing certain determinations. In addition, Norton highlights that in a hearing
held after the trial, Cheney acknowledged that Norton might want to appeal the district court’s
characterization of the stocks and asked the district court to include appellate attorney’s fees in its
decree. Finally, Norton refers to an affidavit made by his attorney that was attached to his response
to Cheney’s motion to dismiss in which his attorney stated that the possibility of an appeal was
discussed by the parties and that he told Cheney’s attorney that he had advised Norton to appeal.
However, none of the statements in the record or in the affidavit referred to by Norton
evidenced a clear intention by Norton that he planned to appeal the decree or that Cheney understood
not moot appeal but listing example of economic duress as payment made under “threat of statutory
penalties and accruing interest”).
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that Norton would be filing an appeal; on the contrary, all of the statements referenced Cheney’s
belief that it was possible that Norton might appeal. Moreover and perhaps more importantly, all
of those referenced statements were made before County Line Enterprises passed a resolution
agreeing to pay Cheney the amount of the judgment and before it executed a promissory note
obligating it to pay Cheney the full amount, and nothing in the record or in the affidavit prepared by
Norton’s attorney demonstrates that any expression regarding Norton’s intention to appeal was made
when the note was executed or during the hearing held one week before the note was executed in
which the parties agreed to allow County Line Enterprises to execute the note in order to satisfy the
judgment. See BMG Direct Mktg. v. Peake, 178 S.W.3d 763, 770 (Tex. 2005) (stating that payment
of judgment without expressed intent to appeal moots appeal but that payment with that type of
expression does not); see also Buddy Gregg Motor Homes, Inc. v. Motor Vehicle Bd., 179 S.W.3d
589, 612 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. denied) (determining that party did not moot controversy
by voluntarily paying fine because party wrote cover letter accompanying payment expressing
its desire to appeal agency’s determination); cf. Brown, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 10658, at *4-6
(determining that payment did not moot appeal where appellant sent appellee letter communicating
his desire to appeal one week before appellee filed its notice of satisfaction of judgment).2
2
In a related set of arguments, Norton contends that the voluntary-payment rule is
inapplicable in this case because County Line Enterprises did not pay Cheney the full amount of the
judgment, because County Line Enterprises deposited the first payment under the note with the
district court, and because the execution of a promissory note should not be deemed the equivalent
of actual payment. Cf. Dorsett v. Cross, 106 S.W.3d 213, 217 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003,
pet. denied) (explaining that promissory note is “a contract evincing an obligation to pay money”).
Although we have not been able to find a case with this specific fact pattern, we do note that
other cases have considered formal agreements to pay as sufficient to invoke the rule. See Smith v.
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Regarding the hearing, Norton emphasized that having County Line Enterprises
execute the note would allow Cheney to obtain the “full enchilada” and would be more advantageous
to Cheney than having Norton execute the note himself. In addition, despite statements by the district
court questioning whether there might be an appeal, Norton never stated that he intended to appeal
the court’s decree or that execution of the note was contingent on allowing him to appeal the
judgment. Regarding the affidavit, Norton’s attorney mentioned discussions regarding the possibility
of an appeal and asserted that Cheney’s attorney repeatedly asked about the possibility of an appeal
by Norton, but he also specified that the conversation closest in proximity to when the note was
executed occurred two weeks beforehand. In addition, in the affidavit, Norton’s attorney did not assert
that he communicated that Norton intended to appeal the decree; instead, he averred that he simply
informed Cheney that he had advised Norton to appeal but that no “final word” had been given.
Cheney’s attorney also submitted an affidavit in support of her motion to dismiss, and
in the affidavit, Cheney’s attorney did not dispute the timing and nature of the discussions referenced
by Norton’s attorney, agreed that he repeatedly asked Norton about his “intentions concerning this
Abbott, 311 S.W.3d 62, 78 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, pet. denied) (considering agreement to
pay lump-sum payment as well as monthly payments); Pipes v. Pipes, No. 02-07-00346-CV, 2008
Tex. App. LEXIS 5058, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 3, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (discussing
agreement to pay arrearages as well as to continue paying spousal maintenance). Moreover, this
Court has also determined that “an installment agreement with the Travis County Tax Office”
entered into after an appeal had been filed in which the taxpayer admitted liability for taxes and
agreed to pay fees and delinquent taxes “extinguished the case or controversy between the parties”
where there was no evidence that agreement was entered into under duress or under protest. See
Overdeer v. Travis Cnty., No. 03-05-00179-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 8550, at *1, 4-5 (Tex.
App.—Austin Aug. 16, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.). In light of this authority, we can see no reason
to conclude that the execution of an unconditional promissory note to pay a judgment should not be
considered a payment for the purposes of determining whether the controversy between the parties
has been mooted.
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appeal,” and affirmed that the conversations occurred at the latest one week before the parties agreed
to allow County Line Enterprises to execute the note and two weeks before the note was executed.
Cf. Beadles v. Lago Vista Prop. Owners Ass’n, No. 03-05-00194-CV, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 3861,
at *6-7 (Tex. App.—Austin May 18, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.) (overruling motion to dismiss and
addressing merits of appeal where there was “a dispute in the affidavits” regarding whether attorney
informed opposing side of client’s desire to appeal when payment was made). However, Cheney’s
attorney clarified that he asked the questions because he was never given a direct answer and was
repeatedly told “that a decision had not been made” and “that there may be a difference of opinion
on the matter.” Similarly, Cheney’s attorney explained that although he “had several phone calls and
repeated email correspondence concerning the note,” Norton’s attorney never mentioned that Norton
was planning to appeal the judgment in any of the correspondence or phone calls.
Perhaps more importantly, nothing in the resolution or the promissory note
conditioned in any manner County Line Enterprises’ obligation to pay. Cf. Miga, 96 S.W.3d at 211
(providing that best practice is to explicitly reserve right to appeal on record). Specific to the facts
in this case, neither document mentioned the possibility of an appeal or excused County Line
Enterprises from the obligation of paying in the event that Norton successfully appealed the district
court’s decree. Instead, those documents evidenced an unconditional obligation to pay Cheney the
full amount of the judgment. See Dalho Corp. v. Tribble & Stephens, 762 S.W.2d 733, 734 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 1988, no writ) (dismissing appeal as moot when appellant delivered checks to
appellee and noting that checks had “no reservation or limitations noted thereon”); cf. Smith v.
Abbott, 311 S.W.3d 62, 78 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, pet. denied) (concluding that claim regarding
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interest on child-support arrearages was moot where party agreed to repay amount owed through
lump-sum payment as well as monthly payments without reserving any right to dispute amount);
Pipes v. Pipes, No. 02-07-00346-CV, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 5058, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
July 3, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (determining that agreement entered into by both parties after
divorce decree was issued that obligated husband to pay arrearages for spousal maintenance and to
continue to pay spousal maintenance mooted husband’s appeal of trial court’s denial of his motion
to terminate spousal maintenance). In addition, County Line Enterprises agreed to undertake that
obligation before the district court issued its final decree of divorce, cf. Burns v. Seascape Owners
Ass’n, No. 01-11-00752-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 7732, at *33 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
Aug. 30, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) (noting when deciding that appeal was moot that party paid
assessment before judgment was rendered), and nothing in the record or the affidavits reveals that
the note was executed for any purpose, save perhaps tax or business benefits for Norton, other than
to satisfy the judgment, cf. Beadles, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 3861, at *6-7 (overruling motion to
dismiss, in part, because affidavit by party opposing motion to dismiss stated that judgment was paid
for sole purpose of allowing him to clear title to property so that he could sell it).
Other than the notice of appeal, the record in this case reveals that the first clear
expression of an intent to appeal the district court’s judgment by Norton occurred approximately
three weeks after the note was executed when he filed a motion to confirm supersedeas. In light of
the remainder of the record, particularly the unconditional note, as well as the contents of the two
affidavits, we do not believe that this statement suffices in the circumstances present here as a timely
and clear expression of the right to appeal sufficient to prevent the application of the voluntary-
payment rule.
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Appellate Relief is Futile
In addition to arguing that he had clearly articulated his intention to appeal the district
court’s divorce decree, Norton asserts that an appeal would not be futile. Specifically, he urges that
if he is successful on appeal, “as to either his characterization issue or his valuation issue, remand
will follow, and potential restitution will be available.” See Miga, 299 S.W.3d at 101 (explaining
that “[r]estitution after reversal has long been the rule in Texas”). Moreover, Norton urges that
“[r]eversal of the trial court’s erroneous characterization of the . . . shares will obviate the trial
court’s equalizing judgment, which in turn will obviate the . . . note payable to . . . Cheney. Thus,
. . . Norton submits, appellate relief is not futile.” Further, Norton contends that the terms of the
judgment specified that he was liable for the amount owed and that although County Line Enterprises
executed a note in favor of Cheney for the amount of the district court’s judgment, the note has not
been paid in full.
However, the facts of this case undermine Norton’s assertion that restitution is
possible. As a preliminary matter, we note that the core issue on appeal concerns the characterization
of specific stocks as community property, which served as the basis for the monetary judgment
issued in favor of Cheney, and there is no allegation regarding prospective or similar relief that
might keep the controversy from being mooted by an agreement to pay the judgment. See Smith,
311 S.W.3d at 79 (explaining that party was not seeking any prospective relief that might keep
controversy from being mooted by agreement to pay). Moreover, unlike the cases relied on by Norton,
the promise to pay the judgment at issue and the first installment under the promissory note were
made by a third party rather than a party to the dispute. See Padgitt v. Young Cnty., 229 S.W. 459,
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459 (Tex. 1921) (determining that appeal became moot when amount of judgment was paid by third
party and accepted by judgment creditor); cf. Employees Fin. Co. v. Lathram, 369 S.W.2d 927,
929-30 (Tex. 1963) (determining that appeal was moot when amount of judgment was paid by
nonappealing codefendant); Haas v. Corman, No. 05-01-00568-CV, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 2242,
at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 28, 2002, no pet.) (applying rationale from Lathram to conclude that
appeal was moot). Accordingly, even assuming that this Court disagreed with the district court’s
characterization of the property at issue, that determination would not seem to have any immediate
impact on the independent agreement between County Line Enterprises and Cheney and certainly
could not lead to any restitution award in favor of Norton because he has not paid any portion of the
judgment. See Crain v. Crain, No. B14-93-00113-CV, 1995 Tex. App. LEXIS 295, at *3-4 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 16, 1995, no pet.) (noting that reversal and remand would provide
no basis for appellant to seek reimbursement from appellee and that “[i]f reversing has no effect on
the rights of the parties, the case is moot”).
In addition, although Cheney has not yet been paid the full amount of the judgment,
the agreement by County Line Enterprises to pay the amount of the judgment has resolved the
controversy between Cheney and Norton, and it would seem that any future recourse for a default
in payments would be litigated under the terms of the unconditional note. Moreover, to the extent
that Norton suggests that Cheney might seek compensation from him if County Line Enterprises ever
defaults, we do not believe that this type of speculation demonstrates a live controversy between the
parties. See Williams v. Lara, 52 S.W.3d 171, 184 (Tex. 2001) (explaining that “[i]f a controversy
ceases to exist—‘the issues presented are no longer “live” or the parties lack a legally cognizable
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interest in the outcome’—the case becomes moot” (quoting Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478, 481
(1982))); Texas Health Care Info. Council v. Seton Health Plan, Inc., 94 S.W.3d 841, 846-47 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2002, pet. denied) (stating that “[a] case becomes moot when: (1) it appears that one
seeks to obtain a judgment on some controversy, when in reality none exists; or (2) when one seeks
a judgment on some matter which, when rendered for any reason, cannot have any practical legal
effect on a then-existing controversy”); cf. Smith, 311 S.W.3d at 78-79 (explaining that assertion
that Attorney General’s Child Support Division might miscalculate future child-support arrearages
was too remote and speculative to give rise to justiciable claim and prevent claim regarding past
arrearages from being deemed moot). This seems particularly true here where the record demonstrates
that Norton is the majority owner of County Line Enterprises and seemingly approved the execution
of the note, in part, to avoid business or tax consequences to himself.
In light of the preceding, we must conclude that any appellate relief requested by
Norton would not have any practical legal effect on an existing controversy between the parties
and would be futile. For all of the reasons previously given, we conclude that the execution of a
promissory note by County Line Enterprises in favor of Cheney to cover the amount owed to
Cheney under the district court’s divorce decree mooted the controversy between Cheney and Norton
regarding the characterization of stocks as community property.
CONCLUSION
Having determined that the appeal in this case has been mooted, we grant Cheney’s
motion to dismiss this appeal.
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__________________________________________
David Puryear, Justice
Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Goodwin
Dismissed on Appellee’s Motion
Filed: August 14, 2015
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