[Cite as Wulf v. Opp, 2015-Ohio-3285.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
CLERMONT COUNTY
JENNIFER WULF, :
CASE NO. CA2014-10-074
Petitioner-Appellee, :
OPINION
: 8/17/2015
- vs -
:
BETHANY OPP, :
Respondent-Appellant. :
CIVIL APPEAL FROM CLERMONT COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
Case No. 2014 CVP 01146
Jennifer Wulf, 5910 Amanda Court, Loveland, Ohio 45140, petitioner-appellee, pro se
DeBra Law, LLC, Ryan L. DeBra, 4914 Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45209, for
respondent-appellant
S. POWELL, J.
{¶ 1} Respondent-appellant, Bethany Opp, appeals from the decision of the Clermont
County Court of Common Pleas granting petitioner-appellee, Jennifer Wulf, a civil stalking
protection order against her under R.C. 2903.214. For the reasons outlined below, we affirm.
{¶ 2} On August 26, 2014, Wulf filed a pro se petition for a civil stalking protection
order against Opp, her former sister-in-law. As part of this petition, Wulf alleged Opp had
repeatedly harassed her in person and through prank phone calls, voicemail messages, text
Clermont CA2014-10-074
messages, e-mail messages and social media. After holding a full hearing on the matter,
wherein Wulf again appeared pro se, a magistrate granted Wulf's petition for a civil stalking
protection order on September 15, 2014, a decision that was subsequently adopted by the
trial court later that day.1
{¶ 3} On September 19, 2014, both Opp and Wulf filed requests with the trial court
asking it to issue findings of fact and conclusions of law as provided by Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(ii).
Relying on Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(b), the trial court denied both requests in an entry filed on
September 25, 2014. Thereafter, on October 2, 2014, Opp filed a motion for leave to file
untimely objections to the magistrate's decision. As part of her proposed objections, Opp
alleged "[t]here was insufficient evidence to support the granting of the protection order."
Opp also alleged that the magistrate's decision granting Wulf a civil stalking protection order
was against the manifest weight of the evidence. However, before the trial court could issue
its decision on Opp's motion for leave, Opp instead filed a notice of appeal with this court,
raising two assignments of error for review.2
{¶ 4} Assignment of Error No. 1:
{¶ 5} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN GRANTING APPELLEE-PETITIONER'S
CIVIL STALKING PROTECTION ORDER WHERE THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT
TO SUPPORT A FINDING PURSUANT TO OHIO REVISED CODE §2903.214 AS TO
APPELLEE-PETITIONER AND HER NAMED FAMILY MEMBERS.
{¶ 6} In her first assignment of error, Opp argues there was insufficient evidence to
support the trial court's decision to grant Wulf a civil stalking protection order against her
1. The trial court also adopted the magistrate's decision granting Opp a civil stalking protection order against
Wulf. Wulf, however, did not appeal from that decision.
2. It should be noted that on October 16, 2014, two days after Opp filed her notice of appeal with this court, the
trial court issued a decision granting both Opp and Wulf an extension of time to file objections by October 31,
2014. As this appeal was then pending, the record does not indicate that either party filed any objections by the
trial court's October 31, 2014 deadline.
-2-
Clermont CA2014-10-074
under R.C. 2903.214. We disagree.
{¶ 7} Pursuant to R.C. 2903.214(C)(1), the issuance of a civil stalking protection
order requires the petitioner to establish that the respondent engaged in conduct constituting
menacing by stalking. Lane v. Brewster, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2011-08-060, 2012-
Ohio-1290, ¶ 18. As defined by R.C. 2903.211(A)(1), "menacing by stalking" means
engaging in a pattern of conduct that knowingly causes another "to believe that the offender
will cause serious physical harm to the other person or cause mental distress to the other
person." In determining what constitutes a pattern of conduct, courts must take every action
of the respondent into consideration even if some of the actions in isolation do not seem
particularly threatening. Middletown v. Jones, 167 Ohio App.3d 679, 2006-Ohio-3465, ¶ 10
(12th Dist.).
{¶ 8} A preponderance of the evidence standard applies to the trial court's decision
granting a civil stalking protection order. Henry v. Coogan, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2002-
05-042, 2002-Ohio-6519, ¶ 15. In turn, "[w]hen assessing whether a civil stalking protection
order should have been issued, the reviewing court must determine whether there was
sufficient credible evidence to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner
was entitled to relief." Fouch v. Pennington, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2011-10-075, 2012-
Ohio-3536, ¶ 9. "Preponderance of the evidence" means the greater weight of the evidence,
or evidence that leads the trier of fact to find that the existence of the contested fact is more
probable than its nonexistence. Eckstein v. Colian, 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 11 CO 22,
2012-Ohio-4038, ¶ 14.
{¶ 9} As noted above, Opp argues there was insufficient evidence to support the trial
court's decision to grant Wulf a civil stalking protection order against her. However, contrary
to Opp's claims otherwise, Wulf testified she had been the subject of Opp's repeated
harassment in person and through numerous prank phone calls and voicemail messages.
-3-
Clermont CA2014-10-074
Wulf also testified Opp created fake profiles in order to harass her over the Internet by
posting derogatory messages on her various social media accounts. Specifically, Wulf
testified Opp was "stalking [her] through Facebook and Instagram," which caused her mental
distress and made her feel physically threatened. Wulf also testified that "we know that it's
her because it repeatedly happens over and over, and the things that she writes in there
would only be from her." Wulf further testified that Opp even sent her a birthday card that
contained "really hurtful" allegations that was "very upsetting to [her]." According to Wulf,
"everything that [Opp's] done has emotionally messed me up, yes."
{¶ 10} Pursuant to R.C. 2903.211(D)(2), "mental distress" means either: (1) any
mental illness or condition that involves some temporary substantial incapacity; or (2) any
mental illness or condition that would normally require psychiatric treatment, psychological
treatment, or other mental health services, whether or not any person requested or received
psychiatric treatment, psychological treatment, or other mental health services. "It is the duty
of the trier of fact to determine whether a victim suffered mental distress as a result of the
offender's actions." Fouch, 2012-Ohio-3536 at ¶ 13, citing Middletown, 2006-Ohio-3465 at ¶
10. However, actual mental distress need not occur. See State v. Hart, 12th Dist. Warren
No. CA2008-06-079, 2009-Ohio-997, ¶ 31; see also Perry v. Joseph, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos.
07AP-359 thru 07AP-361, 2008-Ohio-1107, ¶ 8 (stating "[m]ental distress need not be
incapacitating or debilitating * * * [and] expert testimony is not required to find mental
distress"). Rather, the petitioner need only show that the respondent knowingly caused the
petitioner to believe that the respondent would cause the petitioner serious physical harm or
mental distress. Id., citing State v. Horsley, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-350, 2006-Ohio-
1208, ¶ 47.
{¶ 11} Based on Wulf's testimony, the trial court found Wulf presented sufficient
evidence to establish that Opp had engaged in conduct that constituted menacing by stalking
-4-
Clermont CA2014-10-074
as defined by R.C. 2903.211(A)(1), thereby necessitating the issuance of a civil stalking
protection order. We find no error in the trial court's decision. As the record firmly
establishes, both Opp and Wulf have a strong dislike towards one another that has caused
them both mental distress and put a significant strain on their daily lives and the lives of their
respective families. This includes Opp's repeated harassment of Wulf in person and through
prank phone calls, voicemail messages, and social media. Accordingly, as there was
sufficient credible evidence to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Wulf was
entitled to a civil stalking protection order, Opp's first assignment of error is without merit and
overruled.
{¶ 12} Assignment of Error No. 2:
{¶ 13} THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN ERROR BY INCLUDING
LANGUAGE IN THE ORIGINAL CSPO REQUIRING WRITTEN REQUESTS FOR FINDING
AND FACTS AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW PRIOR TO AN OBJECTION AND
THEREAFTER DENYING APPELLANT-PETITIONER'S WRITTEN REQUEST FOR
FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSION OF LAW.
{¶ 14} In her second assignment of error, Opp argues the trial court committed plain
error by including language in its civil stalking protection order that instructed her to request
findings of fact and conclusions of law as provided by Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(ii) prior to filing her
objections to the magistrate's decision. Specifically, Opp objects to the trial court's inclusion
of the following language:
Any party may request the magistrate to provide written findings
of fact and conclusions of law. In accordance with Civil Rule 52,
this request must be made within seven days after the filing date
shown above.
Any objection to the proposed decision of the magistrate must be
filed in writing with this Court within fourteen days after the filing
date indicated above, or fourteen days after written findings of
fact and conclusions of law are issued, if requested. Any such
-5-
Clermont CA2014-10-074
objections must be served upon all parties to this action, and a
copy must be provided to the Court. The Twelfth District Court of
Appeals has ruled a transcript of the proceedings before the
magistrate must be provided to the judge upon objection to the
magistrate's decision to permit the judge to have the entire
record before the magistrate in considering the objections.
A party shall not assign as error on appeal the court's adoption of
any factual finding or legal conclusion, whether or not specifically
designated as a finding of fact or conclusion of law under Civil
Rule 53(D)(3)(a)(ii), unless the party timely and specifically
objects to the factual finding or legal conclusion as required by
Civil Rule 53(D)(3)(b).
{¶ 15} According to Opp, the inclusion of this language as part of the trial court's civil
protection order "effectively precluded [her] from having the ability to timely file objections to
the magistrate's decision."
{¶ 16} After a thorough review of the record, we agree the trial court improperly
included this language as part of its civil stalking protection order. As applicable here, civil
stalking protection orders issued pursuant to R.C. 2903.214 are governed by Civ.R. 65.1.
Croone v. Arif, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101103, 2014-Ohio-5546, ¶ 12. Civ.R. 65.1 was
enacted, in part, to expedite the process for obtaining ruling on matters related to protection
orders. Schneider v. Razek, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 100939 and 101011, 2015-Ohio-410, ¶
30. To that end, pursuant to Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3), a petition for a civil protection order may be
referred to a magistrate for determination. However, as provided by Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(b),
"civil protection orders are not 'magistrate's order[s]' as contemplated by Civ.R. 53(D) and are
not subject to the requirements of Civ.R. 53 related to magistrate's orders." R.C. v. J.G., 9th
Dist. Medina No. 12CA0081-M, 2013-Ohio-4265, ¶ 5. This includes the request for findings
of fact and conclusions of law as provided by Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(ii).
{¶ 17} That said, while we agree that the trial court improperly included this language
as part of its civil stalking protection order, we find this falls well short of plain error requiring a
reversal. According to Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(c)(ii), once a magistrate has issued its decision
-6-
Clermont CA2014-10-074
granting a civil protection order, such as the case here, "[t]he trial court may adopt the
magistrate's decision after determining that there is no error of law or other defect evident on
the face of the order." B.C. v. A.S., 9th Dist. Medina No. 13CA0020-M, 2014-Ohio-1326, ¶ 5.
A party may then choose to object to the "court's adoption, modification, or rejection of a
magistrate's denial or granting of a protection order after a full hearing, or any terms of such
an order, within fourteen days of the court's filing of the order." Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d)(i).
However, the filing of objections with the trial court is not mandatory. M.K. v. J.K., 9th Dist.
Medina No. 13CA0085-M, 2015-Ohio-434, ¶ 6. Rather, "[a] civil protection order is final and
appealable and may be reviewed on appeal with or without objections being filed in the trial
court." R.C. at ¶ 5, citing Civ.R. 65.1(1)(F)(3)(d) and (G); Heimann v. Heekin, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-130613, 2014-Ohio-4276, ¶ 8.
{¶ 18} In this case, although failing to file timely objections with the trial court under
Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d)(i), Opp did file a timely notice of appeal with this court as permitted by
Civ.R. 65.1(F)(3)(d) and (G). By filing a notice of appeal, Opp was provided with virtually the
same judicial review she would have received had she first filed her objections with the trial
court. Simply stated, "as in other civil cases, we review the evidence underlying protection
orders to determine whether sufficient evidence was presented or whether the protection
order is against the manifest weight of the evidence." A.S. v. P.F., 9th Dist. Lorain No.
13CA010379, 2013-Ohio-4857, ¶ 4. Opp, therefore, has not established a manifest
miscarriage of justice that would necessitate a finding of plain error.
{¶ 19} As noted by the Ohio Supreme Court, plain error in civil cases applies only to
"those extremely rare cases where exceptional circumstances require its application to
prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice, and where the error complained of, if left
uncorrected, would have a material adverse effect on the character of, and public confidence
in, judicial proceedings." Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116, 121 (1997). That is
-7-
Clermont CA2014-10-074
simply not the case here. In reaching this decision, we note that Opp's proposed objections
submitted to the trial court contained the same essential arguments that she raised to this
court on appeal. Therefore, as this is not one of those extremely rare cases where
exceptional circumstances require the finding of a plain error, Opp's second assignment of
error is also without merit and overruled.
{¶ 20} Judgment affirmed.
PIPER, P.J., and RINGLAND, J., concur.
-8-