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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
DIANE E. HOOVER IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
v.
WILLIAM J. KEMP
Appellant No. 1758 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Order Entered September 23, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Clinton County
Domestic Relations at No(s): 22-2011 DR
BEFORE: BOWES, ALLEN, and LAZARUS, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED AUGUST 21, 2015
William J. Kemp (“Father”) appeals from the September 23, 2014
order wherein the trial court reinstated child support arrears in the amount
of $3,804.93, restored his monthly child support obligation of $399, and
precluded the disbursement of his anticipated inheritance. We affirm.
Father has three minor children who have been in the care and
custody of their paternal grandmother, Diane E. Hoover (“Grandmother”), at
all relevant times. On February 4, 2011, Grandmother filed a complaint for
child support. As Father was unemployed at that time, the trial court
calculated Father’s child support obligation using an assessed earning
capacity of $9.00 per hour. On March 15, 2011, the trial court entered a
child support order totaling $399 per month. The calculation accounted for
the fact that Father fell within the self-support reserve (“SSR”) range of the
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support guidelines, which required that Father “retain income of at least
$867 per month, an amount equal to the 2008 federal poverty level for one
person.” Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-2 explanatory Cmt.—2010.1
When the order was entered, Father had already amassed $726.96 in
arrearages. By February 2, 2012, following two petitions for contempt based
upon Father’s noncompliant failure to pay, the support arrearages totaled
$3804.93. After Father’s arrest and incarceration for homicide, on March 5,
2012, the trial court temporarily suspended the support order pursuant to
Pa.R.C.P. 1910.19(f)(2), effective February 16, 2012.
Two years later, Grandmother filed a petition for modification seeking
to lift the suspension in light of an anticipated inheritance that Father was
expected to receive from his maternal grandmother. During the hearing on
Grandmother’s petition, the trial court identified James Malee, Esquire as the
attorney who was administering the maternal grandmother’s estate,
reviewed the will, and determined that Father’s estimated share of the
estate was $9,833.
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1
The 2010 comment explains, “The SSR is intended to assure that obligors
with low incomes retain sufficient income to meet their basic needs and to
maintain the incentive to continue employment.” Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-2
explanatory Cmt.—2010.
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Father countered Grandmother’s petition by invoking our Supreme
Court’s holding in Humphreys v. DeRoss, 790 A.2d 281 (Pa. 2002), for the
principle that since the corpus of an inheritance is not income for the
purpose of calculating a child support obligation, his anticipated inheritance
could not be secured in order to satisfy his arrearage or the existing child
support obligation. The trial court rejected Father’s contention and entered
the instant order which, inter alia, authorized the domestic relations section2
to secure the prospective inheritance prior to distribution pursuant to §
4305(b)(10)(v), which we reproduce infra, in order to satisfy the existing
support obligation and arrearage.3 This appeal followed.
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2
The domestic relations section is a quasi-judicial department within each of
the respective common pleas courts that is delegated statutory authority to
administer and enforce court-ordered child support, spousal support,
alimony pendente lite, and alimony. See 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 3704 (“Payment of
support, alimony and alimony pendente lite”) and 4305 (“General
administration of support matters”).
3
In pertinent part, the September 23, 2014 order provided as follows:
1. The arrears of Three Thousand Eight Hundred Four and
93/100—($3,804.93)—Dollars are reinstated and the office of
Clinton County Domestic relations is directed to take all
appropriate measures to collect said arrearages, including but
not limited to exercising powers set forth in 23 Pa.C.S.A. §
4305(b)(10)(v).
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Father presents one issue for our review,
Whether the [trial] court committed an abuse of discretion by
reinstating Appellant’s child support obligation and by finding
that Appellant’s prospective inheritance was an asset, and
therefore subject to the authority of 23 Pa.C.S.A. §
4305(b)(10)(v) to enforce and collect support.
Father’s brief at 11.
“The principal goal in child support matters is to serve the best
interests of the children through the provision of reasonable expenses.”
R.K.J. v. S.P.K., 77 A.3d 33, 37 (Pa.Super. 2013). We review a child
support order for an abuse of discretion. J.P.D. v. W.E.D., 114 A.3d 887,
889 (Pa.Super. 2015). “[T]his Court may only reverse the trial court's
determination where the order cannot be sustained on any valid ground.”
R.K.J., supra. As this Court previously articulated, “An abuse of discretion
is [n]ot merely an error of judgment, but if in reaching a conclusion the law
is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
2. The Malee Law Firm is precluded from disbursing any
inheritance payment to Defendant/Father, William J. Kemp, until
further Order of Court.
3. Defendant/Father’s support obligation in the amount of
Three Hundred Ninety-nine—($399.00)—Dollars per month is
reinstated effective May 22, 2014, the date Plaintiff filed the
petition for modification of the existing support order.
Trial Court Order, 9/23/14.
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unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will, as shown
by the evidence of record.” Id.
Father argues that the trial court erred in reinstating his child support
obligation and in making his anticipated inheritance subject to enforcement
and collection by the domestic relation section pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. §
4305(b)(10)(v). He asserts that the trial court’s order contravened our High
Court’s pronouncement in Humphreys that the corpus of an inheritance is
not income for the purpose of calculating a child support obligation.
Essentially, Father equates the term “asset” with the statutory definition of
“income” and rationalizes that, “By classifying [his] prospective inheritance
as an ‘asset’ and . . . making it subject to domestic relations’ authority to
‘impose liens on property[,]’ the [trial] court has re-defined the statutory
language.” Father’s brief at 15. He continues, “If the legislature intended
for [an] inheritance to be subject to the enforcement and collection authority
of domestic relations, . . . it would have provided for inheritance, specifically,
to be subject to that authority.” Id. For the following reasons, we disagree.
As noted, the trial court directed the Clinton County domestic relation
section to take all appropriate measures to collect the arrearage and enforce
Father’s support obligation. Section 4305 of the the Domestic Relations
Code outlines the powers and duties of the domestic relations section in
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administrating support matters. As it relates to the case at bar, §
4305(b)(10)(v) states:
(b) Additional powers.--Subject to the supervision and
direction of the court but without the need for prior judicial
order, the domestic relations section shall have the power to
expedite the establishment and enforcement of support to:
....
(10) Issue orders in cases where there is a support
arrearage to secure assets to satisfy current support
obligation and the arrearage by:
....
(v) Imposing liens on property.
23 Pa.C.S. § 4305(b)(10)(v).
In rejecting Father’s argument that Humphreys precluded it from
seeking to secure the prospective inheritance, the trial court noted that
Humphreys addressed the definition of “income” for the purposes of
calculating a monthly child support payment rather than determining what
assets could be depleted to satisfy an existing support obligation. The court
reasoned that it would be senseless to ignore a substantial asset when an
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existing child support obligation remained unsatisfied. Trial Court Opinion
and Order, 9/23/14/, at 4.4 The court stated,
The actions of [Grandmother] and Domestic Relations in this
matter is nothing more than an exercise of authority set forth in
23 Pa.C.S.A § 4305(b)(10)(v). It makes absolutely no sense to
this Court that Father could come into possession of a
substantial amount of assets through an inheritance and be able
to claim that it is unavailable to satisfy his support obligation
simply because the asset was the result of an inheritance. While
the inheritance may not be considered income, it still remains an
asset which is subject to seizure for the purpose of satisfying
Father’s arrearages.
Id. We find no abuse of discretion.
In Humphreys, our Supreme Court confronted whether an inheritance
could be considered income for the purpose of calculating a child support
obligation. After engaging in statutory construction of the Domestic
Relations Code, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 101-8215, and reviewing the practices of
some of our sister jurisdictions, the High Court held that the legislature did
not intend to have such a bequest treated as income for the purpose of
calculating a child support obligation under the support guidelines because
the term “inheritance” was not included in the statutory definition of
“income” under § 4302. Humphreys, supra at 287. The High Court
pronounced, “In light of the fact that we can find no principled way of fitting
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4
The trial court opinion that is included in the certified record is not
paginated. We assigned the appropriate page number for ease of reference.
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the corpus of an inheritance into the statutory definition of ‘income,’ we hold
that it may not be so included.” Id.
Notwithstanding its holding, however, the Humphreys Court also
recognized that a support obligor’s inheritance is a relevant and appropriate
consideration in fashioning a child support order. It specifically noted its
relevance in deciding whether to deviate from the child support guidelines
under Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-5(a). Id. at 287-288. The Court explained,
“where the fact finder determines that an inheritance affects a payor’s
financial obligations by making more income available for support, an
upward deviation is appropriate.” Id. at 288. The Court concluded its
reasoning by reiterating, “although the corpus of an inheritance is not
included in a payor’s income available for support, it may be considered
when adjusting a support obligation pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1910.16-5.” Id.
288.
Despite Father’s assertions to the contrary, the trial court did not
treat the corpus of Father’s anticipated inheritance as income available for
the calculation of his support obligation. Actually, the trial court declined to
calculate a new child support obligation.5 Instead, the court identified the
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5
Father does not argue that the trial court was required to calculate a new
child support order.
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corpus of the inheritance as a potential asset that could be used to satisfy
Father’s existing child support obligation and arrearage. As the placement
of a lien on an asset in this situation is specifically authorized by §
4305(b)(10)(v) and consistent with this Court’s holding in Drevernik v.
Nardone, 862 A.2d 635 (Pa.Super. 2004), that Humphreys does not shield
the principal of an testamentary trust from an order to satisfy support
arrearages, no relief is due.
Moreover, to the extent that Father contends that the Humphreys
court’s decision is analogous to the case at bar, we rebuff that argument
unreservedly. Plainly, there is no innate quality in a support obligor’s
inheritance that impedes its availability to satisfy a child support order. This
truth is evident from the Humphreys Court’s recognition that an inheritance
is relevant in determining whether to apply the Rule 1910.16-5 deviation in
calculating a new obligation under the support guidelines. The High Court’s
rationale in Humphreys was predicated entirely upon the fact that
“inheritance” was not listed among the litany of winnings, payments, and
compensation that were identified in the statutory definition of income under
§ 4302. As that statute does not define the term “asset,” a comparable
inference cannot be drawn to avoid the trial court’s common-sense
interpretation of the word as including a monetary inheritance. Thus, we are
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not persuaded by Father’s assertion that the Humphreys Court’s rationale
extends to the facts of this case.
Having found that the trial court did not err in identifying the
inheritance as an asset that could be secured to satisfy Father’s arrears and
monthly child support obligation, we conclude that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by lifting the temporary suspension that it imposed
pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1910.19(f)(2) and restoring the existing child support
order that was calculated using Father’s pre-incarceration earning capacity
of $9.00 per hour.
Hence, we affirm the September 23, 2014 order that authorized the
domestic relations section to secure the anticipated inheritance to satisfy the
arrearage totaling $3804.93 and Father’s reinstated monthly support
obligation of $399 for his three children. If the inheritance is depleted prior
to Father’s release or if something interferes with Father’s ability to pay the
current child support obligation, he may file another request to suspend his
support obligation under Rule 1910.19(f).
Order affirmed.
Judge Allen joins the Memorandum.
Judge Lazarus files a Concurring and Dissenting Memorandum.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/21/2015
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