FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT August 24, 2015
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
YVONNE MACIAS,
Plaintiff - Appellant/Cross-Appellee,
v. Nos. 14-2109 & 14-2154
(D.C. No. 2:12-CV-00350-LH-WPL)
SOUTHWEST CHEESE COMPANY, LLC, (D. N.M.)
Defendant - Appellee/Cross-Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before HOLMES, MATHESON, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Yvonne Macias appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
Southwest Cheese Company, LLC (SWC) on her claims alleging a hostile work
environment, quid pro quo sexual harassment, and retaliation under Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17 (Title VII) and the
New Mexico Human Rights Act, N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 28-1-1 to -14 (NMHRA). On
cross-appeal, SWC challenges the district court’s denial of supplemental jurisdiction
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
over other state-law claims and its order declining to alter or amend that judgment.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reverse
summary judgment on the hostile work environment claim, vacate the denial of
supplemental jurisdiction, and affirm in all other respects.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
The summary judgment record, construed in the light most favorable to
Ms. Macias as the non-moving party, see Garrett v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 305 F.3d
1210, 1216 (10th Cir. 2002), establishes that she worked for SWC between February
2009 and February 2011. Shortly after she started, in June 2009, a male employee
named Cody Stewart exposed himself to Ms. Macias and Margarita Holguin while at
work. Ms. Macias reported the incident to a shift supervisor but did not know if
anything was done with her complaint. Ms. Holguin also reported the incident and
was fired the following week.1 After the incident, Ms. Macias became fearful of
Mr. Stewart. She noticed he would go upstairs and “sexually leer” at her. Aplt. App.
at 51. In 2008, Mr. Stewart had photographed his genitals at an off-site SWC social
function with co-workers and then passed the picture around to several SWC
managers, including the director of human resources. Id. at 56. Additionally,
1
SWC offered evidence from its human resources director, Brenda Miller,
who stated that Ms. Holguin was a temporary employee who was not retained
because she had falsified her educational background. Ms. Holguin, however, stated
that she was fired in retaliation for reporting Mr. Stewart.
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Ms. Macias learned that in October 2010, Mr. Stewart had twice exposed himself to
another woman, Lorena Chavez-Acosta.2
By January 2011, Ms. Macias, who had requested to be moved to a different
shift, was working days instead of nights. Between January and February of that
year, she claims that a day-shift supervisor, Jose Borjas, became obsessive toward
her. She recalled an incident in which Mr. Borjas asked her in a flirtatious manner,
“why are you so quiet,” to which Ms. Macias replied, “well, I’m always busy,” and
then ignored him. Id. at 51 (internal quotation marks omitted). Things changed after
that, with Mr. Borjas repeatedly calling her into his office.3 Other employees would
laugh when Mr. Borjas called her, and Ms. Macias felt uncomfortable because he
would stand close to her and stare at her in a “sexually provocative manner.”
Aplt. App. at 51. Ms. Macias said he became angry and made her job miserable
because she refused to reciprocate his flirtations. She never complained to
management, though, other than to ask to be moved to another shift because she was
tired of him. Aplee. App. at 349-55.
2
We recently affirmed the grant of summary judgment to SWC on separate
claims brought by Ms. Chavez-Acosta. See Chavez-Acosta v. Sw. Cheese Co.,
___ F. App’x ___, 2015 WL 1768989, at *1 (10th Cir. Apr. 20, 2015).
3
Ms. Macias gave seemingly conflicting statements about why Mr. Borjas
called her into his office. She initially testified at her deposition that he had always
asked her work-related questions. See Aplee. App. at 346-47. But in her
post-deposition affidavit, she stated that he would call her into his office “for
absolutely no legitimate work related reason.” Aplt. App. at 51. The district court
found no conflict between these two statements, id. at 116-17, and SWC does not
challenge this ruling on appeal, see Aplee. Resp. Br. at 13-14, 21-26.
-3-
Eventually, on February 8, 2011, Ms. Macias was fired after accruing twelve
disciplinary actions. According to the human resources director, Ms. Macias had
“consistent performance failures and attendance problems” that ultimately resulted in
her termination. Id. at 155.
B. Procedural Background
Several months later, Ms. Macias filed this action in state court, raising claims
under Title VII and the NMHRA for a hostile work environment and quid pro quo
sexual harassment, as well as retaliation under the NMHRA. She also alleged
state-law claims for breach of contract, intentional infliction of emotional distress
(IIED), and negligent supervision. SWC removed the case to federal court and
moved for summary judgment.4 In opposing summary judgment, Ms. Macias
submitted several affidavits, portions of which the district court excluded. The court
then granted summary judgment to SWC on the hostile work environment, sexual
harassment, and retaliation claims. The court declined, however, to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claims and instead remanded those
claims to state court. SWC moved under Rule 59(e) to alter or amend that ruling, but
the district court denied SWC’s request. This appeal followed.
4
Upon removal to federal court, Ms. Macias amended her complaint to add a
claim for race discrimination under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. The district court dismissed
that claim at the pleading stage, and Ms. Macias does not appeal that ruling.
-4-
II. DISCUSSION
In appeal number 14-2109, Ms. Macias challenges the exclusion of portions of
affidavits that she submitted in opposition to SWC’s summary judgment motion. She
also contests the grant of summary judgment on her claims alleging a hostile work
environment, quid pro quo sexual harassment, and retaliation. In appeal number
14-2154, SWC cross-appeals the district court’s refusal to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction over the state-law claims and its denial of the Rule 59(e) motion.
A. Affidavits
Ms. Macias first challenges the district court’s exclusion of fifteen statements
and paragraphs contained in five different affidavits that she submitted with her
summary judgment response. “[W]e review a district court’s decision to exclude
evidence at the summary judgment stage for abuse of discretion.” Mitchael v.
Intracorp, Inc., 179 F.3d 847, 854 (10th Cir. 1999). The district court struck portions
of affidavits from Ms. Macias, Sarah Stewart (Mr. Stewart’s ex-wife), and former
coworkers Lorena Chavez-Acosta, Rebecca Martinez,5 and Misty English. In each
instance, the court determined these affidavits contained statements that either
attempted to create sham fact issues, see Franks v. Nimmo, 796 F.2d 1230, 1237
(10th Cir. 1986) (“[T]he utility of summary judgment as a procedure for screening
out sham fact issues would be greatly undermined if a party could create an issue of
5
We recently affirmed the grant of summary judgment to SWC on separate
claims brought by Ms. Martinez. See Martinez v. Sw. Cheese Co., ___ F. App’x ___,
2015 WL 3775671, at *1 (10th Cir. June 18, 2015).
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fact merely by submitting an affidavit contradicting his own prior testimony.”), were
predicated on inadmissible hearsay, see Ellis v. J.R.’s Country Stores, Inc., 779 F.3d
1184, 1201-02 (10th Cir. 2015) (holding that inadmissible hearsay statements cannot
support a plaintiff’s opposition to summary judgment), or were made without
personal knowledge, see Argo v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Kan., Inc., 452 F.3d
1193, 1200 (10th Cir. 2006) (“Under the personal knowledge standard, an affidavit is
inadmissible if the witness could not have actually perceived or observed that which
he testifies to.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Our review of the court’s decision fails to disclose any abuse of discretion.
Ms. Macias initially contends the district court erred in striking her statement that she
reported Mr. Borjas’s conduct to human resources director Brenda Miller. But her
deposition testimony indicated she did not complain to anyone about the time
Mr. Borjas asked her why she was so quiet, see Aplee. App. at 349, or the times he
stared at her, id. at 350. She also said she did not complain to anyone in management
about him standing too close to her. Id. at 351. In fact, Ms. Macias could not
remember speaking to anyone in human resources about Mr. Borjas, id. at 355, or
even requesting to be moved to a different shift, id. at 409-10. This testimony plainly
contradicts Ms. Macias’s post-deposition affidavit statement that she complained to
Ms. Miller about Mr. Borjas. Consequently, the district court acted within its
discretion in striking it.
Ms. Macias disagrees, suggesting her inability to recall talking to Ms. Miller is
consistent with her statement that she complained to Ms. Miller. Even if we could
-6-
see such consistency, the argument would still fail because we have upheld the
exclusion of affidavits for creating sham fact issues when an affiant offers
information that she claimed she could not recall at her prior deposition. See, e.g.,
Juarez v. Utah, 263 F. App’x 726, 734-36 (10th Cir. 2008) (unpublished) (affirming
the exclusion of an affidavit that provided evidence of alleged racial slurs that
plaintiff claimed she could not recall at her deposition));6 Mitchael, 179 F.3d at
854-55 (affirming the exclusion of an affidavit “in which [the affiant] arguably
contradicted his deposition, or at least more clearly recalled discussions and
meetings”). Given these authorities, the court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding the statement.7
We need not individually discuss Ms. Macias’s remaining arguments. The
district court’s detailed and cogent analysis thoroughly explained why each of the
6
Unpublished opinions may be cited for their persuasive value. Pre-Paid
Legal Servs., Inc. v. Cahill, 786 F.3d 1287, 1294 n.2 (10th Cir. 2015); 10th Cir.
R. 32.1.
7
Ms. Macias also asserts that she tried to complain to Ms. Miller but
Ms. Miller refused to listen. See Aplt. Br. at 12 (“[Brenda Miller] did not want to go
into details, so I refused to sign [the disciplinary form]” (internal quotation marks
omitted)). This argument does not reconcile the contradiction between Ms. Macias’s
affidavit and her deposition, and in any event, it is clear from the record that
Ms. Miller had refused to go into details about a production error that resulted in
Ms. Macias’s termination—viz., her failure to add culture to a vat of cheese—not her
purported attempt to complain about Mr. Borjas. See Aplee. App. at 155 (Miller
Aff., para. 8) (explaining that Ms. Macias was fired for failing to add culture to a
vat); 412 (Macias Dep.) (explaining that Ms. Macias refused to sign a disciplinary
action form because Ms. Miller “did not want to go into details”); see also Aplt. App.
at 54 (Macias Aff., para. 20) (stating that Ms. Miller refused to go into details about
the cause for Ms. Macias’s termination).
-7-
challenged statements was subject to exclusion. We affirm the district court’s
exclusion of the relevant portions of the affidavits for substantially the same reasons
stated by the district court in its order dated June 11, 2014.
B. Summary Judgment
We proceed, then, to review de novo the district court’s summary judgment
rulings, applying the same standard as the district court and viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to Ms. Macias as the non-moving party. Morris v. City of
Colo. Springs, 666 F.3d 654, 660 (10th Cir. 2012). “Summary judgment should be
granted ‘if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact
and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Felkins v. City of
Lakewood, 774 F.3d 647, 650 (10th Cir. 2014) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). “If a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party, summary judgment is
inappropriate.” Riser v. QEP Energy, 776 F.3d 1191, 1195 (10th Cir. 2015) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
1. Hostile Work Environment8
a. Application of Time-Bar and Exhaustion Principles
Before considering the merits of Ms. Macias’s hostile work environment
claim, we confront SWC’s parallel arguments that the claim is untimely and
unexhausted. Under the relevant provisions of both Title VII and the NMHRA, a
8
The same standards govern Title VII and NMHRA claims. See Orr v. City of
Albuquerque, 531 F.3d 1210, 1213 n.2 (10th Cir. 2008); Rodriguez v. N.M. Dep’t of
Workforce Sols., 2012-NMCA-059, ¶ 14, 278 P.3d 1047, 1050 (N.M. Ct. App. 2012).
-8-
plaintiff must file a charge of discrimination within three hundred days of an alleged
unlawful employment practice. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1); N.M. Stat. Ann.
§ 28-1-10(A); see also Gad v. Kan. State Univ., 787 F.3d 1032, 1039-40 (10th Cir.
2015) (discussing various exhaustion requirements, including timely filing of
administrative charge, and holding that absent express congressional direction, such
requirements should not be treated as jurisdictional). Ms. Macias filed her amended
charge on July 11, 2011, so her filing period encompasses events that occurred within
three hundred days prior to that date, or September 14, 2010. Because Mr. Stewart
exposed himself to Ms. Macias and Ms. Holguin in June 2009, well before the filing
period, SWC contends the claim is time-barred to the extent it is predicated on that
act. We disagree.
In the context of a hostile work environment claim, “[i]t does not matter . . .
that some of the component acts of the hostile work environment fall outside the
statutory time period.” Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 117
(2002). So long as “an act contributing to the claim occurs within the filing period,
the entire time period of the hostile environment may be considered by a court.” Id.
The caveat is that “there must be a relationship between the acts alleged after the
beginning of the filing period and the acts alleged before the filing period.” Duncan
v. Manager, Dep’t of Safety, City & Cty. of Denver, 397 F.3d 1300, 1308 (10th Cir.
2005). Pre- and post-filing-period conduct constitutes the same hostile environment
if it “‘involved the same type of employment actions, occurred relatively frequently,
-9-
and [was] perpetrated by the same managers.’” Id. at 1309 (brackets omitted)
(quoting Morgan, 536 U.S. at 120).
As the district court recognized, Ms. Macias knew that Mr. Stewart had twice
exposed himself to Ms. Chavez-Acosta in October 2010 during the filing period,
which contributed to Ms. Macias’s subjective perception of her work environment.
See Tademy v. Union Pac. Corp., 614 F.3d 1132, 1146 (10th Cir. 2008) (“[E]vidence
of a general work atmosphere, including evidence of harassment of other [protected
groups], may be considered in evaluating a claim, as long as [the plaintiff] presents
evidence that he knew about the offending behavior.” (brackets and internal
quotation marks omitted)). And because Mr. Stewart’s act of exposing himself in
June 2009 bore a sufficient relationship to his acts of exposing himself to
Ms. Chavez-Acosta in October 2010 during the filing period, the June 2009 exposure
incident is part of the same hostile work environment. Thus, the claim is not
time-barred to the extent it relies on the June 2009 exposure.
Nevertheless, SWC protests that Ms. Macias never exhausted a discrete claim
implicating Ms. Chavez-Acosta. To satisfy the exhaustion requirement, a claim must
be “within the scope of the administrative investigation that could reasonably be
expected to follow from the allegations raised in the charge.” Green v. Donahoe,
760 F.3d 1135, 1140 (10th Cir. 2014), cert. granted, 135 S. Ct. 1892 (2015).
Allegations are “minimally sufficient to satisfy the requirements for the contents of a
charge of discrimination and the purposes of the notice requirement” when they
“identif[y] the type of discrimination complained of, the alleged harasser, and an
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approximate time period.” Gunnell v. Utah Valley State Coll., 152 F.3d 1253, 1260
(10th Cir. 1998). In her administrative charge, Ms. Macias alleged continuing-action
sex discrimination and retaliation spanning from February 2009 through January
2011. And in her attached affidavit, she identified Mr. Stewart by name and alleged
that he had exposed himself to her. These allegations were sufficient to exhaust the
hostile work environment claim.
b. Merits
Turning to the merits, we conclude that Ms. Macias has demonstrated a
material issue of fact precluding summary judgment on her hostile work environment
claim. To establish a sexually hostile work environment, Ms. Macias must “show
(1) that she was discriminated against because of her sex; and (2) that the
discrimination was sufficiently severe or pervasive such that it altered the terms or
conditions of her employment and created an abusive working environment.”
Morris, 666 F.3d at 663 (internal quotation marks omitted). In assessing whether
conduct was sufficiently severe, we examine the “totality of circumstances, and
consider such factors as the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity;
whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and
whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Id. at 664
(brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). The environment must be
“objectively and subjectively hostile or abusive.” Davis v. U.S. Postal Serv.,
142 F.3d 1334, 1341 (10th Cir. 1998).
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Regarding the first element (whether the conduct was due to Ms. Macias’s
gender), the district court apparently assumed that Mr. Stewart’s behavior was
motivated by gender and that, while some of Mr. Borjas’s conduct was not, some
may have been. Apart from a passing reference, SWC appears to accede to the
district court’s assessment. See Aplee. Resp. Br. at 33 (“The allegations as to Borjas
do not concern gender-motivated behavior, and the few that arguably do—staring,
occasionally standing too close to Macias, and one instance of a ‘clumsy
flirtation,’—do not rise to the level of objectively ‘severe’ or ‘pervasive’
conduct . . . .” (citation omitted). We conclude that the evidence was sufficient to
establish gender-motivated behavior. See Harsco Corp. v. Renner, 475 F.3d 1179,
1186 (10th Cir. 2007) (“[T]he inference [of gender-motivated behavior] is easy to
draw if the harasser and the harassed employee are of opposite sexes, at least when
the conduct at issue involves explicit or implicit proposals of sexual activity.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)).
As to the second element concerning the severity or pervasiveness of the
conduct, the district court concluded that the combined conduct of Mr. Stewart and
Mr. Borjas was neither severe nor pervasive enough because it transpired over twenty
months. See Aplt. App. at 159 (citing Penry v. Fed. Home Loan Bank of Topeka,
155 F.3d 1257, 1263 (10th Cir. 1998)). But unlike Penry, this case involves more
than inappropriate comments and offensive touching over a three-year period.
See 155 F.3d at 1260-61. Indeed, although SWC attempts to characterize this claim
as premised on a single episode of harassment, Mr. Stewart’s act of exposing himself
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occurred three times with three different women—twice with Ms. Chavez-Acosta and
once with Ms. Macias and Ms. Holguin.9 Moreover, his conduct was more than a
mere offensive utterance; it was not only physically threatening and humiliating—if
true, it was also criminal, see N.M. Stat. Ann. § 30-9-14. The environment was
objectively hostile, and Ms. Macias subjectively perceived it to be so, fearing that
Mr. Stewart might expose himself to her again or assault her in some way. Under
these circumstances, Mr. Stewart’s act of exposing himself, coupled with his alleged
sexual leering and the conduct of Mr. Borjas, demonstrates a triable factual issue
regarding the severity and pervasiveness of the alleged harassment.
SWC resists this conclusion, suggesting that we have recognized severe though
limited harassment only in cases involving sexual assault. See Aplee. Resp. Br. at
34-35. But the legal standard for assessing severity does not require physical contact.
See Wright v. Rolette Cty., 417 F.3d 879, 885 (8th Cir. 2005) (rejecting argument that
defendant’s conduct could not constitute sexual harassment absent allegations that he
touched or made sexual advances toward the plaintiff). Rather, we evaluate the
totality of the circumstances and note that, even without allegations of physical
9
We have rejected the assertion “that a single incident of physically
threatening conduct can never be sufficient to create an abusive environment.”
Lockard v. Pizza Hut, Inc., 162 F.3d 1062, 1072 (10th Cir. 1998). Indeed, our cases
recognize that an isolated incident of harassment, if extremely serious, can create a
hostile work environment. See MacKenzie v. City & Cty. of Denver, 414 F.3d 1266,
1280 (10th Cir. 2005) (noting that “courts should filter out . . . isolated incidents
(unless extremely serious)”); Harrison v. Eddy Potash, Inc., 248 F.3d 1014, 1024 n.5
(10th Cir. 2001) (recognizing that a single incident of sexual harassment can be
sufficient to create a hostile work environment).
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contact, courts have rejected summary judgment where limited episodes of
harassment are extremely serious. See, e.g., Howley v. Town of Stratford, 217 F.3d
141, 148-49, 154-55 (2d Cir. 2000) (reversing summary judgment where plaintiff was
subjected to a single “obscene harangue” followed by other non-physical
harassment); Ellison v. Brady, 924 F.2d 872, 878 (9th Cir. 1991) (reversing summary
judgment where defendant sent plaintiff two bizarre letters and arranged to be
transferred back to her office following a six-month separation). Moreover, “the
severity and pervasiveness evaluation is particularly unsuited for summary judgment
because it is quintessentially a question of fact.” O’Shea v. Yellow Tech. Servs., Inc.,
185 F.3d 1093, 1098 (10th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). Given
these authorities, we cannot say as a matter of law that the conduct here was not
extremely serious, particularly when we have previously characterized, albeit without
analysis, a defendant’s act of exposing himself as “extreme” sexual harassment.
Hendry v. Schneider, 116 F.3d 446, 447, 450 (10th Cir. 1997); accord Huston v.
Proctor & Gamble Paper Prods. Corp., 568 F.3d 100, 102-04 (3d Cir. 2009)
(recognizing a hostile work environment existed where there was evidence of four
indecent exposures and pornography viewed by male coworkers). A reasonable jury
could reach a similar conclusion in this case.
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c. Liability
SWC urges us to affirm the district court on the alternative ground that
Ms. Macias cannot establish a viable theory of liability.10 According to SWC,
vicarious liability is not an option because Mr. Stewart lacked authority to take
“tangible employment actions” against her. See Vance v. Ball State Univ., 133 S. Ct.
2434, 2454 (2013). Nor is it liable on a negligence theory, SWC contends, because it
had neither actual nor constructive knowledge of the alleged harassment. We need
not decide whether SWC could be vicariously liable for Mr. Stewart’s misconduct
because the record reveals a material factual dispute concerning SWC’s negligence.
“In general, an employer is directly liable for an employee’s unlawful
harassment if the employer was negligent with respect to the offensive behavior.”
Kramer v. Wasatch Cty. Sheriff’s Office, 743 F.3d 726, 737 (10th Cir. 2014) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Under a negligence theory, “an employee must present
enough evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer knew or should have
known about the harassment but failed to stop it.” Debord v. Mercy Health Sys. of
Kan., Inc., 737 F.3d 642, 650 (10th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 2664 (2014).
10
The district court, having granted summary judgment on the severity and
pervasiveness of the harassment, did not reach the issue of liability. Ms. Macias did
not analyze the issue of liability in her opening brief but appropriately addressed it in
her reply brief. See Nixon v. City & Cty. of Denver, 784 F.3d 1364, 1366 (10th Cir.
2015) (explaining that an appellant must explain in the opening brief why the district
court was wrong and may respond in a reply brief to potential alternative grounds for
affirming); United States v. Brown, 348 F.3d 1200, 1213 (10th Cir. 2003) (“When an
appellee raises in its answer brief an alternative ground for affirmance, the appellant
is entitled to respond in its reply brief.”).
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An employer usually has actual knowledge when the employee reports the
harassment to a management-level employee and constructive knowledge when the
harassment is so pervasive that the employer should have known the harasser was a
“dangerous employee.” Kramer, 743 F.3d at 755. In assessing constructive
knowledge, evidence the harasser has harassed other employees may be relevant, “but
the ‘extent and seriousness of the earlier harassment and the similarity and nearness
in time to the later harassment should be factors in deciding whether to allow the
evidence of harassment of others to prove notice.’” Id. at 756 (quoting Hirase-Doi v.
U.S. West Comms., Inc., 61 F.3d 777, 783-84 (10th Cir. 1995), abrogated on other
grounds by Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742 (1998), and Faragher v.
City of Boca Raton, 118 S. Ct. 2275 (1998)).
We see at least two material factual disputes concerning SWC’s actual
knowledge. First, Ms. Macias testified at her deposition and stated in her affidavit
that she reported the June 2009 exposure to a shift supervisor, Bryant Fernandez.11
Ms. Holguin also reported the June 2009 exposure, but nothing was done about it,
and as a consequence, Mr. Stewart allegedly exposed himself twice more to
Ms. Chavez-Acosta. Attempting to avoid any factual dispute regarding its actual
11
SWC does not dispute that Mr. Fernandez qualifies as a “management-level
employee,” which “for the purposes of imputing knowledge of co-worker harassment
to the employer, need only be someone who has at least some authority over the
plaintiff or at least some control over the working environment.” Kramer, 743 F.3d
at 755 n. 19; see 29 C.F.R. § 1604.11(d) (“With respect to conduct between fellow
employees, an employer is responsible for acts of sexual harassment of employees in
the workplace where the employer (or its agents or supervisory employees) knows or
should have known of the conduct . . . .”).
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knowledge, SWC ignores the reports of Ms. Macias and Ms. Holguin and instead
focuses on events preceding and post-dating the June 2009 exposure. See Aplee.
Resp. Br. at 37-39. But in doing so, SWC fails to dispute, much less rebut, evidence
of notice about Mr. Stewart’s exposures during the course of the alleged hostile work
environment. A reasonable jury could conclude that these reports of the June 2009
exposure gave SWC actual notice of Mr. Stewart’s harassment.
A second material fact issue concerns the November 2008 episode when
Mr. Stewart photographed his genitals and then passed the picture around to several
managers, including Ms. Miller, the director of human resources. This incident
preceded Ms. Macias’s employment at SWC, but it is still relevant to notice. The
inquiry is not whether Ms. Macias had knowledge of the incident or whether the
incident contributed to the hostile work environment—it clearly did not. Rather, the
question is whether the incident could have triggered SWC’s duty to respond or at
least put SWC on notice that Mr. Stewart posed a potential threat to the work
environment. For example, in Debord we considered evidence of alleged harassment
that occurred some three years before the plaintiff was hired. 737 F.3d at 651.
Although we determined the evidence was insufficient to provide the employer with
actual knowledge, we reached that conclusion because the evidence failed to show
“the extent and seriousness of the earlier harassment and [its] similarity and nearness
in time to the later harassment.” Id. (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted).
A reasonable jury could conclude that Mr. Stewart’s act of photographing his
genitals to share with managers at an off-site co-worker function sponsored by SWC
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is serious and similar to his act of exposing himself to Ms. Macias at work.
Moreover, the incident in November 2008 was close enough in time to the June 2009
exposure to create a fact issue regarding whether SWC should have known about
Mr. Stewart’s potential for the type of inappropriate conduct that occurred a few
months later. See Tuli v. Brigham & Women’s Hosp., 656 F.3d 33, 41 (1st Cir. 2011)
(holding that conduct at an off-site going-away party was relevant to the hostile work
environment claim because it showed notice to the employer “and toleration of a
general climate of offensive remarks and displays”); see also Parrish v. Sollecito,
249 F. Supp. 2d 342, 351-52 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (explaining that evidence of off-site
conduct may be relevant because the employment relationship “often carries beyond
the work station’s physical bounds and regular hours,” and “often such outside
misbehavior rebounds and transposes its consequences inside the actual workplace”).
Although the panel in Chavez-Acosta v. Southwest Cheese Co., ___ F. App’x
___, 2015 WL 1768989, at *7 (10th Cir. Apr. 20, 2015), reached a different
disposition on the hostile work environment claim in that case, there are significant
evidentiary distinctions between the two cases.12 In Chavez-Acosta, there was no
evidence that the October 2010 exposures were reported to anyone at SWC until
Ms. Chavez-Acosta filed her administrative charge with the New Mexico Human
12
The panel in Martinez v. Southwest Cheese Co., ___ F. App’x ___, 2015 WL
3775671, at *4 (10th Cir. June 18, 2015), similarly affirmed summary judgment on
the hostile work environment claims, but it did so on the procedural ground that the
administrative charge of discrimination was not filed within 300 days of the alleged
harassment.
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Rights Bureau. See id. at *2,7. Nor was there evidence that the June 2009 exposure
involving Ms. Macias and Ms. Holguin was reported to an appropriate
management-level employee. Id. Here, the evidence plainly shows that both
Ms. Macias and Ms. Holguin reported the June 2009 exposure to a management-level
supervisor. Additionally, in Chavez-Acosta, without evidence that the June 2009
exposure had been reported to SWC, and absent evidence that Ms. Chavez-Acosta
had reported the October 2010 exposures, the only other potential notice was the
November 2008 photographing incident, which was nearly two years removed from
the October 2010 exposures. But here, only seven months separated the
photographing incident from the June 2009 exposure to Ms. Macias and Ms. Holguin.
Given these distinctions, we remand the hostile work environment claim for trial.
2. Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment
To survive summary judgment on her quid pro quo sexual harassment claim,
Ms. Macias must show a reasonable jury could have found that Mr. Borjas
“conditioned concrete employment benefits on her submission to sexual conduct and
had her fired when she did not comply.” Pinkerton v. Colo. Dep’t of Transp.,
563 F.3d 1052, 1060 (10th Cir. 2009).13 We understand Ms. Macias’s claim to allege
that Mr. Borjas conditioned the benefit of continued employment on her submission
to his sexual advances, and when she refused to engage in a sexual relationship, he
13
The term “quid pro quo” distinguishes this claim, which alleges
discriminatory treatment culminating in tangible employment action, i.e., disciplinary
write-ups and termination, from Ms. Macias’s hostile work environment claim, which
alleges offensive conduct in general. See Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 753-54.
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had her disciplined and fired. The evidence does not support this theory. Ms. Macias
testified that Mr. Borjas never made any sexual advance towards her, such as ask her
out on a date, ask to kiss or touch him, or do anything—other than work-related
tasks. Aplee. App. at 195. Moreover, she acknowledged the validity of all
disciplinary actions against her except her last, and no evidence ties that or any other
infraction to her refusal to submit to sexual conduct. See Helm v. Kansas, 656 F.3d
1277, 1287 (10th Cir. 2011) (requiring a “strong causal nexus between the
supervisor’s harassment and the tangible employment action”). We thus affirm the
grant of summary judgment to SWC on the quid pro quo claim.
3. Retaliation
Ms. Macias’s retaliation claim finds a similar fate. Under the relevant
analytical framework, she was required to show “(1) she engaged in protected
opposition to discrimination, (2) a reasonable employee would have considered the
challenged employment action materially adverse, and (3) a causal connection
existed between the protected activity and the materially adverse action.” Daniels v.
United Parcel Serv., Inc., 701 F.3d 620, 638 (10th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Ms. Macias cannot make the first showing because no evidence
shows she engaged in protected opposition to discrimination. Indeed, she did not
complain to anyone about Mr. Borjas, except to ask to be moved to a different shift
because he was making her miserable and she was tired of him. But in making that
request, she never suggested he was discriminating against her, and she never
explained how he was making her miserable; instead, she testified that she merely
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had been complaining about him. See Hinds v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 523 F.3d
1187, 1202-03 (10th Cir. 2008) (holding that to qualify as protected opposition, the
employee need not use any “magic words” but must convey her concern that the
employer has engaged in an unlawful discriminatory practice; “[g]eneral complaints
. . . will not suffice[]”). Absent some indication that Ms. Macias was complaining
about discrimination, the evidence is insufficient to make a prima facie case of
retaliation, and the district court was therefore correct to grant summary judgment to
SWC.
C. Cross Appeal
Finally, SWC contends the district court abused its discretion in declining
supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claims. See Dahl v. Dahl, 744 F.3d 623,
629 (10th Cir. 2014) (reviewing denial of supplemental jurisdiction for abuse of
discretion). If we had affirmed the district court’s summary judgment ruling as to all
the federal claims, the district court’s decision declining supplemental jurisdiction
would have been sound. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3) (authorizing remand of state-law
claims where district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original
jurisdiction). However, because we reverse the grant of summary judgment on the
hostile work environment claim, the legal predicate for the district court’s decision
no longer exists. We therefore vacate that portion of the district court’s judgment
declining supplemental jurisdiction and remanding the state-law claims to state court.
See Johnson v. Riddle, 443 F.3d 723, 732 (10th Cir. 2006).
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III. CONCLUSION
We reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment on the hostile work
environment claim and remand that claim for trial. We also vacate the district court’s
decision declining supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claims. In all other
respects, the district court’s judgment is affirmed.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT,
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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