TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-13-00092-CR
Howard Thomas Douglas, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 331ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-DC-10-900204, HONORABLE DAVID CRAIN, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Howard Thomas Douglas was found guilty by a jury of the offense of securing
execution of a document by deception, a felony of the third degree.1 The trial court assessed his
sentence at eight years’ confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice but suspended the sentence and placed him on community supervision for ten years.
In addition, Douglas was ordered to pay a fine of $5,000 and restitution of $98,411.03. Douglas filed
a motion for new trial, which the trial court denied. He appeals. We will affirm.
1
We note that the judgment does not correctly conform to the procedures at trial. Although
the finding of guilt and the sentencing portion are correct, the judgment recites that Douglas waived
a jury and pleaded guilty, when in fact he pleaded not guilty and submitted the case to the jury.
While the jury was deliberating punishment, Douglas waived the jury and submitted punishment to
the trial court.
BACKGROUND
In about 2004, Douglas, a medical doctor, and his 23-year-old daughter,
Barbara Douglas, established a business called Western Medical Evaluators, Inc. (WME).2 Douglas
was the medical director and Barbara was named president of the company. WME provided
medical services in the workers’ compensation sector to entities insured by Texas Mutual Insurance
Company. WME contracted with designated doctors to perform designated doctor examinations
(DDE) on patients claiming workers’ compensation benefits. Designated doctors travel all over the
state performing their examinations. The purpose of a DDE is to obtain an independent assessment
of the injured employee’s condition at the request of the Texas Department of Insurance (the
Department). Douglas also performed examinations himself.
During the course of performing a DDE, the designated doctor may request a
functional capacity evaluation (FCE) of the employee to determine the employee’s ability to return
to work or perform certain jobs. An FCE is administered by a technician. WME employed several
technicians who accompanied doctors to patient examinations. Upon the doctor’s order, a technician
performed the FCE while still with the patient. After performing an examination, WME billed
Texas Mutual by means of a form entitled HCFA 1500. The form is completed by employing codes,
known as CPT codes, to inform the insurance company what test or exam was performed in the
examination and the amount of time it took.3 The form reflects the time the doctor or technician
spent on the matter in increments of quarter hours.
2
For clarity, we will refer to appellant’s daughter by her first name.
3
The code for an FCE is 97750 or 97750FC.
2
When WME was first formed, it only performed DDE exams and Douglas was the
only doctor. Later, the company added other doctors and staff and began administering FCE exams.
The designated doctors receive about 60% of the charges for a DDE; WME received almost all of
the compensation for an FCE.
The evidence was undisputed that, under the medical guidelines, the maximum
amount of time that can be billed for an FCE is 16 quarter-hour increments, or 4 hours. Based upon
the HCFA 1500 form submitted, Texas Mutual would issue a check to WME. Texas Mutual issued
checks to WME totaling $103,821.99 during the time period at issue.
William Muhr, an investigator for Texas Mutual, became suspicious when he
recognized that every bill received from WME requested the maximum compensation of 4 hours for
every FCE. Muhr spoke to 146 patients examined by WME and determined that the average time
the WME technician actually spent with patients was only 39 minutes. Muhr filed a complaint with
the Travis County District Attorney’s Office. The underlying prosecution ensued.
Douglas, Barbara, and WME were each charged in separate indictments with the
offense of securing execution of documents by deception. See Tex. Penal Code § 32.46(a)(1).4 That
is, to paraphrase as to Douglas, the State alleged that, pursuant to a scheme or course of conduct
and with intent to defraud or harm Texas Mutual, Douglas by deception created or confirmed a
false impression of fact by causing HCFA forms to be submitted to Texas Mutual for payment of
services of sixteen units when these services were not rendered, not believing it to be true, which
4
A person commits an offense if, with intent to defraud or harm any person, he, by
deception, causes another to sign or execute any document affecting property or service or the
pecuniary interest of any person. Tex. Penal Code § 32.46(a)(1).
3
deception caused Texas Mutual to execute documents affecting its property. The pecuniary
value of the property affected was alleged to be $20,000 or more but less than $100,000. Thus,
the offense charged was a third degree felony. Id. § 32.46(b)(5).5 Douglas and WME were tried
together, although by the time of trial WME had ceased functioning and was out of business. Before
her father’s trial, Barbara pleaded no contest to her charges and received deferred adjudication. She
testified at trial, as did Douglas.
Douglas complains on appeal that the evidence at trial was legally insufficient to
prove that he acted with the intent to defraud or harm, that he engaged in deception that caused
Texas Mutual to execute any document, or that the pecuniary amount of the documents met the
jurisdictional amount required for a third degree felony. He also complains that the evidence did not
support the amount of restitution ordered. In the alternative, Douglas requests a new trial on the
basis that he was denied effective assistance of counsel.
DISCUSSION
Legal sufficiency of evidence supporting conviction
When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction, the
appellate court must examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine
whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a
5
The offense is a felony of the third degree if the value of the property, service, or pecuniary
interest is $20,000 or more but less than $100,000. Id. § 32.46(a)(5). The indictment includes a list
of Texas Mutual payments by patients’ names, dates, amounts charged, and amounts paid, and
the State introduced voluminous records into evidence to support the charges. The State abandoned
payments received after January 31, 2008, and the indictment was amended to reflect the
amendment.
4
reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893,
899 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We must keep in mind that it is the factfinder’s duty to weigh the
evidence, resolve any conflicts, and make reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.
Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. We presume that any conflicting inferences were resolved in favor
of conviction, and we defer to that resolution. Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007).
The underlying basis for the criminal allegations arose out of the amount of time and,
therefore, money that WME charged Texas Mutual for performing FCEs. As Douglas acknowledges
in his brief, the State presented testimony from numerous witnesses that WME was not entitled
to bill for time in which the physician or other health care provider was not in the presence of
the patient. He also recognizes that the State presented evidence that WME had, in fact, billed
Texas Mutual for time that was not spent in face-to-face meetings or consultations with each patient.
In his testimony, Douglas acknowledged that WME billed for time not spent with the patient and
that it was his decision to bill the maximum time for each FCE, but he insists that the practice
was justified.
Martha Luevano, an employee of the Department’s Workers’ Compensation Division,
testified about the medical fee guidelines, Labor Code Rules, and American Medical Association
CPT Codes used in Texas that describe, define, and govern FCEs and the billing and paying of FCE
fees. She testified that compensation for an FCE requires direct one-on-one patient contact and can
only be billed for actual time spent face-to-face with a patient, billed in quarter-hour increments, for
5
a maximum of 16 units, or 4 hours.6 Preparation time and time spent generating a report cannot
be included in billing time. The Department has a website, training, and a dedicated telephone help
line for medical providers. She was not aware of any communication that WME or Douglas had
attempted with the Department concerning FCE billing.
Three patients and several WME technicians were among the witnesses who testified.
The patients testified that the FCE took only 15 to 30 minutes. One patient stated that she did not
undergo a second FCE, although WME billed for a second one. Three technicians testified that “face
to face” time with a patient for an FCE took between 15 to 40 minutes, 45 minutes to an hour, and
25 to 35 minutes, respectively. The reports took 10 to 15 minutes to complete. No one spent four
hours on an FCE, although WME billed the maximum for each one. One technician testified that
technicians were paid an extra $25 as an incentive to do more FCEs.
The head of WME’s accounts receivable, Michelle Worden, testified that an exam
room was across from her office and that the exams took about 30 minutes. According to her, there
was a directive from Douglas to bill the maximum on all FCEs. When she refused to collect the
maximum on inflated bills, Barbara fired her.
The manager of WME’s accounts receivable, Kenna Johnson, had an office near the
exam rooms. The longest exams took 45 minutes. She never saw one take 4 hours. She noticed that
6
The CPT code for an FCE reads as follows:
Tests and Measurements
Requires direct one-on-one patient contact.
*****
97750 Physical performance test or measurement (e.g., musculoskeletal, functional capacity), with
written report, each 15 minutes.
6
the number of FCEs increased and that every exam began to have an FCE, all billed at 4 hours.
Johnson told Barbara that the bills were not correct. Barbara informed Johnson that Douglas had
talked to the Department and that WME’s billing was perfectly fine, which Johnson did not believe.
Johnson refused to collect on the bills, and Barbara fired her.
Lena Schockley worked in accounts receivable and billing. She testified that Douglas
and Barbara told the technicians to perform an FCE on every patient, even if the doctor did not
request one. If the report showed that no FCE was needed, Shockley was instructed to change the
report to reflect that an FCE was needed; Barbara told her to bill each FCE at 4 hours. If the report
showed only 6 units of time were spent with the patient, employees were instructed to put a 1 in front
of the 6, to reflect 16 units of time, the maximum.
Mimi Stout, who worked in accounts receivable, testified that an FCE was
always billed at 4 hours. She was one of several WME employees who drove to Austin to report the
inappropriate billing to the Department.
Warren King solicited insurance companies and designated doctors for WME. He
noticed that every patient had an FCE and that every one was billed at 4 hours. One tech billed
12 FCEs in 1 day—each requesting 4 hours’ compensation. King testified that an FCE takes
15 minutes to 2 hours. He was concerned that these exams were being done without doctors’ orders
and were being billed for more than the time taken. He was one of the employees who reported
fraudulent billing to the Department.
Douglas left WME in early 2008. The new medical director who replaced Douglas,
Dr. Jerry Franz, noticed that too many FCEs were being performed and that some techs were billing
10 to 12 per day. Franz informed the technicians that they could no longer perform an FCE unless
7
a doctor ordered one, and that they required accurate time keeping for billing. He was one of the
employees who reported inappropriate billing to the Department.
Barbara testified that when her father first established the company, WME only did
DDE examinations. Eventually, the company began doing FCE exams. When they found out that
the cap for FCEs was 4 hours, she and her father decided to charge the maximum. She claimed
that they did not intend to defraud Texas Mutual by doing so, even though she conceded that an FCE
did not take 4 hours. She identified two letters in which Douglas stated that WME would do an FCE
on all patients. She did not explain why the company charged the maximum fee but acknowledged
that the work was lucrative; she estimated that charges for FCEs equaled about $1,000,000 in a year.
Douglas testified on his own behalf. When he began performing FCEs, he stated that
he called other doctors’ offices about how to bill, although he did not offer any other doctor to testify
on FCE billing. He also claimed to have called the Department, although its records did not reflect
an inquiry regarding FCEs, only DDEs.
Douglas disputed the amount his business should be entitled to legally bill for an
FCE. He insisted that, despite the State’s construction of the rules, WME could bill for all the time
a doctor or agent spent on a patient’s matter, in addition to time with the patient, including arranging
for the appointment and travel, preparing for the exam, obtaining records, reviewing records in
advance, working on the patient’s file, and preparing a report after the exam. He personally did a
time study to determine how long these matters required and concluded that, on average, the whole
process took 4.5 to 5.5 hours, sometimes over a 2-week period or so. Based on his own conclusion
about the average time required, he made the decision to bill the maximum 4 hours on every FCE
8
without regard to actual time each required; the billing form reflected that the 4 hours was on 1 day.
He confirmed that it was his decision for WME to bill 4 hours on every FCE.
Because in his view an FCE required advance preparation and review of the patient’s
records, he believed that he could bill this time. At the same time, he acknowledged that the
DDE exam also required arranging for location and travel, obtaining patient’s records, and reviewing
them in advance, and that this work was properly included in billing for a DDE. He did not
distinguish the preparation time relating to a DDE from any time related to an FCE or explain
whether the same time and work was being billed for both a DDE and an FCE on one patient. He
also could not explain why work was required in advance of an FCE, in light of the fact that there
was no way to know whether a doctor would request an FCE until the DDE examination itself, other
than to say that the preparation was performed in case the doctor requested one.
Douglas denied telling the technicians to perform an FCE on every patient; he did
not remember signing letters to the contrary on his letterhead that were in evidence, and he denied
that it was his signature on the letters. Apart from the letters, however, he acknowledged that WME
began doing an FCE on almost every patient in anticipation that the doctor might want one. He
stated that the company did not charge for the ones the doctor did not want, but he admitted that they
could have charged for these also, as he did not work in billing.
The CPT code does not make any reference to arrangements, travel, or
pre-examination preparation; Douglas admitted that this time was included in his decision to bill the
maximum. Douglas insisted, however, that he was at least entitled to bill for preparing a written
post-exam report concerning the FCE because a report was mentioned in the code description.
9
He denied an intent to defraud Texas Mutual, but a large portion of his testimony was
spent contradicting the State and justifying the billing method utilized. He never denied that every
FCE performed was billed at the maximum four hours. He implied that his billing practice was a
mistake because he believed that he was justified in billing as WME did; at the same time, he
insisted that the billing method was reasonable and proper and denied that the billing procedure
violated the medical fee guidelines. He did not contend that he was operating under a mistaken
understanding of the rules; instead, he insisted that the State’s construction was incorrect, he
disagreed with it, and his construction was correct.
Douglas offered the testimony of Konrad Kuenstler, an attorney and physical therapist
who has performed over 1,000 FCEs. Kuenstler testified that doctors can bill for the time spent on
medical review and written reports. Kuenstler worked in Texas until about 2009 but practiced law
in California at the time of trial.
Douglas argues that the evidence failed to prove that he: (1) acted with intent to
defraud or harm Texas Mutual because the State failed to adduce evidence that he personally sent
inflated invoices to Texas Mutual or authorized WME to bill for unauthorized fees; (2) engaged in
any deception with respect to the bills sent to Texas Mutual; or (3) caused the forms HCFA 1500 to
be submitted to Texas Mutual for payment. We disagree. He also argues that the State was required
to prove that but for his conduct, Texas Mutual would not have paid the fees it did.
A person acts with intent with respect to his conduct when it is his conscious
objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result. Tex. Penal Code § 6.03(a). Intent to
deceive can be inferred from the accused’s acts, words, and conduct. Goldstein v. State, 803 S.W.2d
777, 791 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1991, pet. ref’d). A person engages in deception by creating or
10
confirming by words or conduct a false impression of law or fact that is likely to affect the judgment
of another in the transaction, and that the actor does not believe to be true. Tex. Penal Code
§ 31.01(1)(A).
Douglas was the medical director for WME. Although Barbara was the president,
it was not shown that she had any medical training. Our review of the evidence reveals that Douglas,
as the owner and medical director of the company, acting alone or in concert with Barbara,
established WME’s policy for submitting its bills to Texas Mutual, that he determined that it should
submit four hours on every FCE, regardless of the actual time required, that he knew that WME was
submitting bills for time not spent with the patient, and that he knew this was done for the purpose
of causing Texas Mutual to pay fees based upon the forms submitted.
Douglas also argues that Barbara was clearly an accomplice witness as a matter of
law, whose testimony was uncorroborated and thus must be excluded, leaving no legally sufficient
evidence to support the verdict. Again, we must disagree. Even assuming that Barbara should be
considered an accomplice, her testimony was corroborated by employees who worked at WME, by
patients, and by Douglas himself. Nothing in her testimony contradicted his version of facts, except
the two letters she identified on his letterhead. These letters, however, were written to designated
doctors, explaining the benefit of FCEs for their examination and the reason that WME intended to
perform an FCE on most patients in the future, a fact that Douglas himself confirmed. Like Douglas,
Barbara testified that neither she, WME, nor Douglas acted with intent to defraud or deceive
Texas Mutual.
Finally, Douglas insists that the evidence is legally insufficient to prove the
jurisdictional amount required to classify the offense as a third degree felony because with respect
11
to each payment Texas Mutual made, the State failed to segregate the portion paid for services
actually rendered from the amount the State alleged was fraudulently billed. For the same reason,
he contends, the evidence does not support the amount of restitution he is ordered to pay.
The evidence showed that Texas Mutual was defrauded into paying WME based
upon falsified form requests. The fact that WME may have been entitled to partial payment for
work actually done had it filed correctly does not defeat the fact that the requests for payment it did
file were untrue. Each form was incorrect because each contained false information. The State
was not required to determine and then segregate the false amount from the amount that might be
deemed legitimate had WME filed legally. Thus, the evidence proves that the pecuniary value of
the property Texas Mutual transferred was within the range of a third degree felony and based upon
the evidence restitution was properly ordered. Further, because Douglas did not object to the amount
of restitution ordered by the trial court, such complaint is waived. See Gutierrez-Rodriguez v. State,
444 S.W.3d 21, 23-24 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
Ineffective assistance of counsel
Douglas served as the corporate representative for WME at trial, although WME
was treated almost as an afterthought at trial, since it was no longer in business. Douglas has new
counsel on appeal who did not serve as trial counsel. He contends that his trial counsel rendered him
ineffective assistance because counsel allowed the State to consolidate Douglas’s case with that of
the corporation WME, allowed the State to consolidate without a formal motion for consolidation,
failed to request a severance from WME, and failed to request an instruction on mistake of fact or
due diligence of a corporation. The charge submitted to the jury was identical as to both Douglas
12
and WME and was submitted in a single charge but the jury was instructed that Douglas and WME
were subject to decision separately and that the jury could decide the same or different verdicts for
each. Douglas did not object at trial to the joint trial or to the jury charge.
A defendant who claims he is entitled to a reversal of his conviction because
his counsel rendered ineffective assistance must show that his counsel’s representation failed
to meet a two-pronged test. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984); Hernandez
v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). An appellant must show by a preponderance
of the evidence that (1) his counsel’s representation was deficient and fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness, and (2) the deficient representation caused him prejudice, in that there
is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficiency, the result of the trial would have
been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 101-02 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005); Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). A failure to make a
showing under either prong of the Strickland test defeats the claim. Andrews, 159 S.W.3d at 101;
Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 110-11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
The appellate court considers the totality of the evidence to determine whether, but
for counsel’s errors, the jury would have had a reasonable doubt concerning the defendant’s guilt.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694-95; see Hernandez, 726 S.W.2d at 56-57.
Allegations of ineffective counsel must be firmly founded in the record. McFarland
v. State, 928 S.W.2d 482, 500 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Our review of counsel’s performance
must be highly deferential. Andrews, 159 S.W.3d at 101. There is a strong presumption that
counsel’s conduct falls within a wide range of reasonable professional assistance, and the defendant
must overcome that presumption. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688-89. A claimant must generally prove
13
deficiency using affirmative evidence in the trial record sufficient to overcome the presumption.
See id. at 689; Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
To prove prejudice, a claimant must establish a “reasonable probability” that the
result of the proceeding would have been different if counsel had not been deficient. Strickland,
466 U.S. at 694. A reasonable probability is one that is sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome of the trial. Id. Whether there is a reasonable probability that confidence in the outcome
of the trial is undermined can turn on evidence adduced at trial because “a verdict or conclusion
only weakly supported by the record is more likely to have been affected by errors than one with
overwhelming record support.” Id. at 696.
Trial counsel should be afforded an opportunity to explain his actions. Bone v. State,
77 S.W.3d 828, 836 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Under normal circumstances, therefore, the record
on direct appeal will not be sufficient to show that counsel’s representation was so deficient and
so lacking as to overcome the presumption that counsel’s representation was reasonable and
professional. Id. at 833; Mitchell v. State, 68 S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). A record
on ineffective assistance is best developed in an evidentiary hearing on a motion for new trial or
application for writ of habeas corpus. Rylander, 101 S.W.3d at 110.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has stated that a motion for new trial is not
required in order to raise ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal, partly because of the time limit
on filing a motion and because of the awkward situation of expecting trial counsel to challenge
his or her own legal assistance. Robinson v. State, 16 S.W.3d 808, 809-11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)
(holding failure to file motion for new trial does not procedurally prohibit appellate claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel). In this instance, however, Douglas retained appellate counsel
14
who timely filed a motion for new trial with the trial court. In his motion, he alleged ineffective
assistance of counsel at trial; however, the basis for the complaint was different at trial than he now
urges on appeal. Douglas did not complain below that his trial counsel was ineffective because the
two causes were tried together, that this procedure was undertaken without a formal motion, or
that trial counsel failed to request a severance. Further, appellate counsel did not complain that
trial counsel failed to request an instruction on mistake of fact or due diligence of a corporation. No
hearing was held on the motion for new trial.
We believe that in this instance we could hold that Douglas waived this issue by
not raising it below. However, assuming that it is not waived, based upon this record, and applying
the correct legal review, we cannot say that Douglas has shown that trial counsel rendered him
ineffective assistance. See, e.g., Okonkwo v. State, 398 S.W.3d 689, 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)
(rejecting appellant’s argument that his counsel was ineffective in failing to request instruction on
mistake of fact because that instruction would have required jury to determine whether appellant’s
mistaken belief was reasonable and would have allowed for conviction on lessened burden of
proof if jury concluded that his mistake was unreasonable); Burton v. State, No. 14-06-00022-CR,
2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 5000, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 28, 2007, no pet.)
(not designated for publication) (mem. op.) (concluding that appellant did not overcome presumption
that his counsel’s failure to seek accomplice or co-conspirator instruction was sound trial strategy
because record was silent as to trial counsel’s reasons for that decision); Woods v. State, 998 S.W.2d
633, 635 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d) (concluding that appellant did not
overcome presumption that his counsel’s failure to seek severance was sound trial strategy because
record was silent as to trial counsel’s reasons for that decision); see also Tex. Penal Code § 7.24 cmt.
15
(West 1974) (noting that due diligence defense for corporation does not apply to felony
prosecutions); 6 Michael B. Charlton, Texas Practice Series: Texas Criminal Law § 5.7 (2d ed.
2001) (same).
CONCLUSION
We hold that there is legally sufficient evidence to support the verdict and that
Douglas has failed to show on this record that his trial counsel rendered him ineffective assistance
of counsel.
We overrule the issues on appeal and affirm the judgment.
__________________________________________
Marilyn Aboussie, Justice
Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Bourland and Aboussie*
Affirmed
Filed: August 26, 2015
Do Not Publish
* Before Marilyn Aboussie, Chief Justice (retired), Third Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment.
See Tex. Gov’t Code § 74.003(b).
16