J-S49034-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
ANN MARIE KETTERER, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
JOSIAH N. COCHRAN AND DANIELLE
WARREN,
Appellants No. 2067 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment Entered November 5, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County
Civil Division at No(s): 2013-SU-003485-54-CIVIL
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., ALLEN AND OLSON, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED AUGUST 28, 2015
Appellants, Josiah N. Cochran and Danielle Warren, appeal from the
judgment entered by default on November 5, 2014 in the Court of Common
Pleas of York County. We vacate and remand.
On or about July 24, 2013, Ann Marie Ketterer (Appellee) filed a
conversion/landlord-tenant complaint against Appellants seeking unpaid rent
money, compensation for damage to a rental property, and damages for
conversion of personal property. Appellee filed her complaint before a
district magistrate. On September 4, 2013, the magistrate entered
judgment in favor of Appellee for $7,655.28. The judgment imposed joint
and several liability against Appellants.
Thereafter, on September 30, 2013, Appellants appealed from the
judgment entered by the magistrate and praeciped for the entry of a rule
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directing Appellee to file a complaint. In response, Appellee filed a
complaint on October 24, 2013. Appellants answered the complaint and
filed counterclaims on November 25, 2013.
On December 16, 2013, Appellee filed preliminary objections to
Appellants’ counterclaims. Subsequently, Appellee filed a supporting brief
on December 24, 2013. Appellants did not file a brief in opposition to
Appellee’s objections. On May 20, 2014, the trial court sustained, in part,
and overruled, in part, Appellee’s preliminary objections. The court’s order
also granted Appellants 20 days to amend their counterclaims. Appellants
never amended their counterclaims.
In the meantime, on or around December 18, 2013, Appellee served
her first set of interrogatories and first request for production of documents
upon Appellants. Nearly two months passed without any response from
Appellants or their counsel. On February 11, 2014, counsel for Appellee sent
correspondence to Appellants’ counsel requesting discovery responses within
ten days and advising that, if no responses were forthcoming, Appellee
would seek sanctions and attorneys’ fees. On February 21, 2014, counsel
for Appellants responded to Appellee’s discovery requests by facsimile
transmission. A cover letter included with Appellants’ response admitted
that the documents were difficult to read and promised more legible hard
copies in the future.
Although Appellants’ counsel promised to supplement the responses
with legible hard copies, no supplement was forthcoming and another 20
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days passed without further communication from Appellants’ counsel. For
this reason, Appellee’s counsel on March 11, 2014 forwarded a second letter
to counsel for Appellants. In this letter, counsel noted that no effort had
been made to provide legible hard copies or to supplement Appellants’
nonresponsive answers to interrogatories. Counsel for Appellee further
advised that he would seek judicial intervention if Appellants did not produce
full and complete discovery responses by the close of business on March 14,
2014. On March 19, 2014, in the absence of further communication from
counsel for Appellants, Appellee filed a motion to compel answers to
interrogatories and production of documents, together with a motion for
sanctions. By order dated April 10, 2014, the trial court granted Appellee’s
motion to compel and ordered Appellants to “provide full and complete
verified answers to Interrogatories [] 11 and 16 and full and complete
legible copies of documents in [response to Appellee’s] First Request for
Production of Documents within ten days from the date of this Order.” Trial
Court Order, 4/10/14. The court denied Appellee’s request for sanctions at
this time.
After Appellants again took no action to respond to Appellee’s
discovery requests, Appellee, on May 6, 2014, filed a petition seeking
sanctions and an order holding Appellants in contempt, as well as an
application for attorneys’ fees. On May 19, 2014, the trial court issued a
rule to show cause and scheduled a hearing for June 19, 2014. Neither
Appellants nor their counsel appeared at the hearing. On June 19, 2014, the
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trial court issued an order entering default judgment and imposing sanctions
against Appellants, jointly and severally, for $25,700.00. The court also
found Appellants and their counsel in contempt of the order entered on April
10, 2014 and jointly assessed attorneys’ fees in the amount of $1,106.00,
payable to Appellee within ten days. A judgment of non pros was entered
against Appellants on their counterclaims.
On June 30, 2014, counsel for Appellants petitioned to open the
default judgment and lift the sanctions. In the petition, counsel alleged that
he was unaware of the May 19 rule to show cause, as well as the June 19
hearing. Counsel explained that he resigned from his former law firm on
March 7, 2014 and that he never received service of Appellee’s May 6, 2014
petition because he did not provide forwarding information to the court or
the parties. Petition to Open, 6/30/14, at 2 ¶¶ 6-7. Counsel further alleged
that he only learned of the proceedings after checking the electronic file at
the York County Prothonotary, as a follow-up to a telephone inquiry about
the status of the case. Counsel also averred that, since neither he nor
Appellants received notice of the proceedings, the court should not find that
they intentionally ignored the May 19 order or that they purposefully failed
to appear at the June 19 hearing. Counsel blamed his failure to update his
address on the sudden closure, and his departure from, the law firm where
he worked. Following a hearing on July 15, 2014, the trial court denied the
petition in an order dated July 17, 2014. Appellants never appealed from
this order.
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On October 17, 2014, substitute counsel for Appellants entered his
appearance and filed a second petition to open or strike the default
judgment. Following oral argument on October 30, 2014, the trial court
denied Appellants’ petition. Trial Court Order, 11/5/14.1 That order forms
the basis of this appeal.
Appellants’ brief raises two issues for our review:
Did the trial court abuse its discretion when the court denied
Appellants’ petition to open or strike default judgment, filed on
October 17, 2014?
Did the trial court abuse its discretion because the court’s
“punishment” of default judgment did not fit the Appellants’
“crime”?
Appellants’ Brief at 5.
Although Appellants identify two issues in their brief, our review of the
certified record and the submissions of the parties reveals, in fact, that
Appellants raise a single challenge, which they address under two distinct
standards. Both issues addressed in Appellants’ brief argue that the trial
court abused its discretion in denying their petition to open the default
judgment. In their first issue, Appellants frame their argument under the
three-part standard that applies when a default judgment is entered because
____________________________________________
1
Appellants filed their notice of appeal on December 5, 2014. Thereafter,
on December 15, 2014, the trial court directed Appellants to file a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).
Appellants filed their concise statement on January 2, 2015. The trial court
issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion on January 12, 2015.
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a party fails to file a responsive pleading. The second part of Appellants’
argument presents their claims within the framework of the test that applies
when a court enters a default judgment as a discovery sanction. Since
Appellants answered Appellee’s complaint and since the trial court here
clearly entered judgment against Appellants as a sanction for their conduct
in discovery, we shall confine our analysis to the propriety of the trial court’s
decision as a discovery sanction. See Allegheny Hydro No. 1 v.
American Builders, Inc., 722 A.2d 189, 195 (Pa. Super. 1998) (explaining
that three-part test is a tool used to determine whether default judgment
has properly been imposed upon a party “who had the opportunity to defend
[a] claim on the merits but has failed to do so”). As such, we turn now to
the substance of Appellants’ contentions, as presented under the second
part of their argument.
Appellants offer two arguments in support of their contention that the
trial court abused its discretion in entering default judgment against them. 2
Although Appellants concede that Appellee’s discovery requests are relevant,
they maintain that the requests are not determinative in this dispute and
that the trial court should have refrained from entering a default judgment
and instead treated the subject matter of the discovery as admitted,
____________________________________________
2
Appellants raise no claim that the entry of a judgment of non pros as to
their counterclaims constituted an abuse of discretion. Hence, we shall not
address this issue.
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disallowed proof at trial, or found Appellants in contempt and assessed fees.
Appellants’ Brief at 20-21, citing Gonzales v. Procaccio Bros. Trucking
Co., 407 A.2d 1338, 1341 (Pa. Super. 1979) (“If a written interrogatory
asks for information which, although relevant, is not determinative of the
entire controversy, a default judgment, which in effect is an adjudication of
the merits, would seldom, if ever, be appropriate. Under such
circumstances, it would be more appropriate to treat the default as an
admission or to disallow proof at trial of such undisclosed information.”).
Alternatively, Appellants assert that they are entitled to relief because their
attorney’s mistake was not willful and since a “mistake or inadvertence by
counsel often justifies [the] opening of a default judgment.” Id.
Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 4019 authorizes a trial court to
impose sanctions to insure the prompt completion of discovery. In relevant
part, it provides:
(a)(1) The court may, on motion, make an appropriate order if
...
(iii) a person ... fails to answer, answer sufficiently or object to
written interrogatories ...
...
(viii) a party or person otherwise fails to make discovery or to
obey an order of court respecting discovery.
...
(c) The court, when acting under subdivision (a) of this rule,
may make
...
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(3) an order striking out pleadings or parts thereof, or staying
further proceedings until the order is obeyed, or entering a
judgment of non pros or by default against the disobedient party
…
(5) such order with regard to the failure to make discovery as is
just.
Pa.R.C.P. 4019.
As Rule 4019 makes clear, judgment by default is permissible as a
discovery sanction. “Generally, imposition of sanctions for a party's failure
to comply with discovery is subject to the discretion of the trial court, as is
the severity of the sanctions imposed.” Rohm & Haas Co. v. Lin, 992 A.2d
132, 142 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citations omitted). Judicial discretion implies
action in conformity with law on facts and circumstances before the court;
consequently, discretion is abused where the court misapplies the law or
exercises it discretion in a manner lacking reason. Grandelli v. Methodist
Hospital, 777 A.2d 1138, 1144 (Pa. Super. 2001).
“[W]hen a discovery sanction is imposed, the sanction must be
appropriate when compared to the violation of the discovery rules.” Reilly
v. Ernst & Young, LLP, 929 A.2d 1193, 1200 (Pa. Super. 2007). Because
“dismissal is the most severe sanction, it should be imposed only in extreme
circumstances, and a trial court is required to balance the equities carefully
and dismiss only where the violation of the discovery rules is willful and the
opposing party has been prejudiced.” Grandelli, 777 A.2d at 1144-1145.
Thus, where a discovery sanction essentially terminates the action, the court
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must consider multiple factors balanced against the necessity of the
sanction. Id. at 1145.
Mindful, of course, that each factor represents a necessary
consideration and not a necessary prerequisite, this Court has
outlined the following factors:
(1) the nature and severity of the discovery violation;
(2) the defaulting party's willfulness or bad faith;
(3) prejudice to the opposing party;
(4) the ability to cure the prejudice; and
(5) the importance of the precluded evidence in light of the
failure to comply.
Anthony Biddle Contractors, Inc. v. Preet Allied American Street,
Inc., 28 A.3d 916, 926 (Pa. Super. 2011).
The trial court in this case observed that, “[its] sanction was the result
of a failure to respond to discovery and failure to comply with [c]ourt orders
requiring the production of said discovery.” Trial Court Opinion, 1/12/15, at
2. In addition, the trial court was dissatisfied with the excuse proffered by
Appellants’ first counsel. Thus, the trial court refused to open the default
judgment because “[Appellants were aware of the discovery requests before
the issues with previous counsel’s law firm arose and the fact that previous
counsel failed to properly update the Prothonotary about his change of
address [was] not, in [the court’s] opinion, reasonable.” Id. at 3.
After careful review of this case in light of the factors listed above, we
conclude that the default judgment should be opened. Preliminarily, we note
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that Appellants failed to produce discovery relating to the identity,
description, and value of property that they allegedly abandoned or removed
from Appellee’s rental property. This material was highly probative and
potentially dispositive of the claims and defenses raised in this case.
However, based on our assessment of the remaining factors, we are
not persuaded that Appellants’ level of blameworthiness for the discovery
delays called for the entry of a default judgment. We agree with the trial
court that Appellant’s original counsel offered less than compelling reasons
for his conduct throughout this case. We note, however, that counsel’s
petition to open the judgment alleged that he left his former firm on March
7, 2014 and no longer received case-related correspondence from that time
forward. From this time on, then, although counsel did not withdraw from
the case, he effectively terminated his role as advocate for Appellants and
their interests. Thus, while both Appellants and their counsel could be
faulted jointly for earlier delays in responding to discovery, the record
suggests strongly that Appellants and original counsel essentially parted
ways after counsel left his job and disengaged from this dispute. Appellants
should not shoulder the burden for their attorney’s failure to discharge his
professional duties with reasonable care and diligence. It is inequitable,
therefore, that Appellants themselves should incur the harsh sanction of
default for failing to participate in proceedings that occurred after their
lawyer virtually removed himself from the case. Because the trial court
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focused too closely on the conduct of counsel, and overlooked the inequities
of the harsh consequences imposed on Appellants, we are constrained to
vacate the order refusing to open the default judgment.
In sum, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in
entering default judgment as a discovery sanction in this case. Although the
court correctly found that Appellants’ counsel showed poor professional
judgment and a lack of due diligence during discovery, the court did not
consider fully the impact of compromising Appellants’ substantive rights
under circumstances that suggest that they were no longer being
competently represented. On remand, the court should consider a less
severe sanction.
Judgment vacated. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/28/2015
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Ketterer, A. v. Cochran, J.
Combined Opinion