In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
____________
NO. 01-01-00529-CV
____________
JULIA ANN SOOKMA, Appellant
V.
JOHN AROON SOOKMA, Appellee
On Appeal from the 310th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2000-30119
Appellant, Julia Ann Sookma (Wife), appeals pro se from a final decree of divorce and suit affecting the parent-child relationship. In seven issues, Wife claims the trial court abused its discretion by entering several prejudgment orders, which included permitting Wife's attorney to withdraw and denying Wife's requests for a continuance and to appoint a guardian ad litem for K.E.S. In addition, Wife claims the trial court erred by denying her a jury trial and challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the decree. We affirm.
Background
Wife and appellee, John Aroon Sookma (Husband), were married in 1985. The couple's only child, K.E.S, was born on June 21, 1994. The couple separated in 1998, when Wife filed for divorce in 1998 in Tarrant County, where temporary orders for possession of K.E.S. and child support to Husband were entered. Although these orders restricted the residence of K.E.S. to Tarrant County, Wife moved to Harris County in summer 2000, taking K.E.S. with her. After Husband obtained possession of K.E.S. in Harris County through a Tarrant County writ of habeas corpus, Wife nonsuited the Tarrant County case and filed for divorce in Harris County. The trial court entered agreed temporary orders for possession of K.E.S. on August 14, 2000 and December 21, 2000.
Wife appeared before the trial court with her former counsel on February 26, 2001, when the trial court granted former counsel's amended motion to withdraw. On the same day, the trial court granted Husband's motion to compel discovery and for sanctions and deemed admitted Husband's request for admissions to Wife. Wife was present pro se and received statutory warnings on March 2, 2001, when the trial court found a serious and immediate question concerning K.E.S.'s welfare and appointed Husband temporary managing conservator pending trial set for March 5, 2001.
Wife appeared pro se on March 5, 2001. Before beginning trial, the trial court considered Husband's motion to compel and to strike Wife's pleadings as a sanction for discovery abuse. Husband premised this motion on Wife's failure to respond to any discovery requests, despite agreed extensions, and her failures to provide a witness list and to appear for a rescheduled deposition. Despite granting Husband's motion by striking Wife's pleadings, the trial court cited the importance of obtaining information concerning the best interest of K.E.S. and ruled that Wife would be permitted to call, examine, and cross-examine witnesses, including herself, which Wife did.
At the conclusion of the bench trial, the trial court divided the marital estate, appointed Wife and Husband joint managing conservators of K.E.S, granted Husband the right to designate the child's primary residence, ordered Wife to pay Husband $150 per month child support, and entered a standard possession order.
Wife retained new counsel, who filed a motion for new trial supported by Wife's affidavit. Husband filed a verified response to the motion for new trial. Thereafter, the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law at Wife's request. These included a finding that Wife had a pattern of violating court orders, in both Tarrant and Harris County; a finding that Wife refused to permit visitation on at least 14 occasions; and a finding of contempt for refusals to permit visitation on four occasions. These findings also reflect the trial court's resolution of issues Wife raised in her motion for new trial.
Improper Appendix
As a preliminary matter, we note that Wife dismisses much of the reporter's record as "false testimony." Wife also acknowledges that the appellate record, as a whole, does not adequately support her claims. Wife has apparently attempted to remedy these complaints by attaching an unauthenticated, 22-item appendix to her appellate brief. Except for a partial copy of the trial court's docket sheet, none of the 22 items was before the trial court. Therefore, these items are not part of the record on appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 34.1 ("The appellate record consists of the clerk's record and, if necessary to the appeal, the reporter's record."). Because we must hear and determine a case on the record as filed, we decline to consider the contents of Wife's appendix for any purpose. See Samara v. Samara, 52 S.W.3d 455, 457 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.); Mitchison v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 803 S.W.2d 769, 771 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ denied).
Standard of Review
Challenges to the trial court's findings of fact and conclusions of law underlie most of Wife's issues on appeal. Accordingly, we address the standards that control our review. We review conclusions of law entered after a bench trial independently to determine their correctness from the facts found. Butler v. Arrow Mirror & Glass, Inc., 51 S.W.3d 787, 792 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.). We review questions of law de novo. Id. Findings of fact in a case tried to the court have the same force and effect as a jury's verdict on questions and are reviewable for legal and factual sufficiency. Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991); Min v. Avila, 991 S.W.2d 495, 500 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.). When, as here, the appellate record contains a complete reporter's record of the trial, the trial court's findings of fact are not conclusive, but subject to the same legal and factual sufficiency challenges as govern review of jury findings. Min, 991 S.W.2d at 500. In reviewing challenges to the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence, we review the legal challenge first. Id.
To analyze the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court's findings, we consider only the evidence and inferences that tend to support the challenged finding and disregard all inferences to the contrary. Id. If any evidence of probative force supports a finding, we must overrule the challenge and uphold the finding. Id. To analyze factual sufficiency, we weigh all the evidence, both supporting and conflicting, and may set the finding aside only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Id.
Wife's arguments also encompass challenges to the trial court's failure to make "independent" findings of fact and conclusions of law. (1) We construe Wife's arguments as challenging the trial court's having adopted the findings and conclusions proposed by Husband. Under well-settled practice, the prevailing party, here Husband, prepares findings of fact and conclusions of law for the trial court's signature. See Grossnickle v. Grossnickle, 935 S.W.2d 830, 837 n.1 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 1996, pet. denied). Performing this clerical task to assist the trial court is neither improper nor erroneous because the court need not accept the proferred findings and conclusions and may modify them, revise them, or reject them completely and substitute others. See id. The trial court had no "independent" duty, therefore, to draft findings and conclusions and did not err by adopting findings and conclusions proposed by Husband as the prevailing party.
Pretrial Rulings
Wife's first two issues challenge several pretrial determinations by the trial court.
A. Withdrawal of Counsel
Portions of Wife's first and second issues challenge the trial court's decision to permit Wife's counsel to withdraw from representing her because she was left without counsel at trial. It is undisputed that appellant appeared pro se on March 5, 2000 and addressed her lack of representation in the context of her motion for continuance before the case proceeded to trial. The record on appeal does not contain a copy of the order granting Wife's former counsel's motion to withdraw. The record reflects, however, that the ruling occurred on February 26, 2001, and the substance of the ruling is reflected, to some extent, in the trial court's finding of fact Number 5, as well as the trial court's docket entries and the parties' post-decree references to the ruling. Based on the record presented, we construe Wife's arguments as challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support finding of fact Number 5, which reads as follows:
5. The Court finds that Julia Sookma requested her attorney to withdraw in correspondence which was attached to her attorney's First Amended Motion to Withdraw, and also made reference to her desire to cease his representation of her in pleadings that she filed with the Court and served on opposing counsel.
Wife's motion for new trial, as well as her affidavit offered in support of her motion for new trial, (2) asserted several challenges to the trial court's granting Wife's former counsel permission to withdraw. These included (1) allegations that former counsel did not adequately notify Wife that he intended to withdraw and (2) assertions, without supporting evidence, that Wife had not discharged the former counsel, but had instead issued a written ultimatum that the former counsel either "produce some results" or withdraw. Husband refuted these claims in his verified response, which relied on an attachment to Wife's former counsel's motion to withdraw, which the former counsel had served on Husband. The attachment was a copy of a letter Wife had sent to her former counsel, dated February 12, 2001, which, Husband claimed, was the same letter that Wife described as the ultimatum to withdraw or produce some results. The attachment, however, shows that Wife unequivocally requested that the attorney "file the appropriate motion to withdraw" and also stated she would "seek counsel elsewhere." In the same letter, Wife referred to an early December 2000 letter that also instructed her former counsel to withdraw. An additional attachment to Husband's response to Wife's motion for new trial showed that Wife had moved, pro se, for "enlargement" of the trial date. In this motion, Wife stated her relationship with former counsel had ceased in November 2000.
Finding of fact Number 5 reflects that the trial court properly exercised its fact- finding role and reconciled Husband's and Wife's differing claims by finding that Wife had discharged her former counsel months before the March 5, 2001 trial date. See Rogers v. Clinton, 794 S.W.2d 9, 10 n.1 (Tex. 1990) (noting client may discharge counsel "at any time," but that counsel must satisfy requirements of Tex. R. Civ. P. 10). The verified documentary evidence Husband offered to refute Wife's complaints is legally sufficient to support this finding. The same evidence indicates Wife was aware of settings and deadlines and elected to proceed pro se. The evidence thus supports an implied finding that Wife's former counsel satisfied the requirements of rule 10 before moving to withdraw. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 10. We further hold that the evidence is factually sufficient to support finding of fact Number 5, and the implied finding of compliance with rule 10, and that Wife's contrary assertions do not so greatly preponderate against those findings as to render them manifestly unjust.
We overrule those portions of Wife's first and second issues that challenge the trial court's decision to permit Wife's counsel to withdraw from representing her.
B. Oral Motion for Continuance
The first portion of Wife's second issue challenges the trial court's refusal to grant Wife's oral motion to continue the trial. We follow the usual standard of review, abuse of discretion. See Gen. Motors Corp. v. Gayle, 951 S.W.2d 469, 476 (Tex. 1997). Wife contends the trial court abused its discretion because the trial court knew that neither Wife nor K.E.S. was represented by counsel. As addressed above, however, Wife had discharged her attorney and had elected to proceed pro se. Moreover, no continuance may be granted "except for sufficient cause supported by affidavit, or by consent of the parties, or by operation of law." See Tex. R. Civ. P. 251. The record does not contain a written motion for continuance or an affidavit. Because Wife did not comply with rule 251, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Wife's oral motion. See Villegas v. Carter, 711 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1986); In re T.T., 39 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.); see also Shull v. United Parcel Serv., 4 S.W.3d 46, 52-53 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1999, no pet.) (noting that pro se litigants not exempt from requirements of law and procedure).
We overrule the portion of Wife's second issue that challenges the trial court's refusal to continue the trial.
C. Guardian ad Litem
Wife's second issue also challenges the trial court's alleged refusal to appoint a guardian ad litem to represent K.E.S. Wife cites no references to the record for this ruling, however, and the record does not reflect the ruling. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1.(h) (requiring record citations), 33.1(a)(2) (requiring ruling by trial court as prerequisite to appellate review). Moreover, the statute on which Wife relies does not apply because this is not a suit to terminate Wife's or Husband's parental rights. Section 107.013 of the Family Code mandates appointment of a guardian ad litem to represent the interests of a child only in a suit brought to terminate the parent-child relationship. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 107.013 (Vernon 2002).
We overrule the portion of Wife's issue two that challenges the trial court's alleged refusal to appoint a guardian ad litem for K.E.S.
D. "Death Penalty" Sanctions
The portion of Wife's first issue not addressed above contains a challenge to the trial court's granting Husband's motion to strike Wife's pleadings for discovery abuse. We construe Wife's issue as challenging the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:
Findings of Fact
33. The Court finds that [Wife] failed to answer or object to discovery requests.
34. The Court finds that [Wife] failed to appear for her deposition.
Conclusions of Law
2. On February 26, 2001, an order was entered compelling [Wife] to answer Interrogatories.
3. On March 5, 2001, [Wife] was sanctioned for failure to cooperate in discovery after an order compelling her to do so.
4. The orders of February 26, 2001, which were entered on March 5, 2001, included an order compelling discovery answers on penalty of having [Wife's] pleadings stricken if she failed to comply, and were within the sound discretion of the court.
5. [Wife's] pleadings were ordered stricken on March 5, 2001 when she failed to answer any discovery requests.
We review these findings and conclusions under the standards referenced above.
De novo review of the record shows ample support for the trial court's conclusions of law, which merely reflect the trial court's awareness of its prior orders. The record reflects that the trial court conducted a hearing on Husband's motion to compel discovery and for sanctions on February 26, 2001 and reconsidered that motion before beginning trial and before ordering Wife's pleadings stricken. When asked to respond to Husband's motion to strike her pleadings, Wife did not claim she had complied with discovery. Rather, she denied "trying to be contemptuous" of the trial court, claimed she was unaware of the requested discovery and did not "know those things were missing," and attributed any lack of compliance on the counsel she had discharged months earlier. Given Wife's explanations and the trial court's prior orders relating to discovery, the trial court properly exercised its fact-finding role by finding that Wife had neither answered nor objected to discovery requests and had failed to appear for her deposition. We find the evidence both legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court's findings of fact Numbers 33 and 34.
Having determined that the trial court properly entered the findings and conclusions that underlie the decision to strike Wife's pleadings, we apply the abuse-of-discretion standard to that ruling. See Chrysler Corp. v. Blackmon, 841 S.W.2d 844, 849 (Tex. 1992). Pro se litigants must comply with the Rules of Civil Procedure. See Shull, 4 S.W.3d at 52-53. Accordingly, Wife's proffered excuse of ignorance could not excuse compliance with Husband's discovery requests.
The trial court has discretion to impose "just" sanctions under rule 215(2)(b). Tex. R. Civ. P. 215(2)(b); TransAmerican Natural Gas Corp. v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 917 (Tex. 1991). A just sanction has a direct relationship to the offensive conduct and is not excessive. Chrysler Corp., 841 S.W.2d at 849. An order striking a party's pleadings amounts to adjudicating the party's claims without regard to their merits. See TransAmerican, 811 S.W.2d at 918. Due process limits the trial court's authority to resolve a lawsuit in this manner. See id.
The record before us reflects the trial court was aware of, and acted on, the due process implications of the order striking Wife's pleadings. After granting that relief, the trial court determined, after questioning both Husband's counsel and Wife, that the parties did not significantly dispute either the enumeration or the division of Wife's and Husband's property and debt. Accordingly, there was no need for additional documents that might have been provided through discovery.
Moreover, after voicing significant concern over the conservatorship and possession of K.E.S. and determining K.E.S.'s best interest in that regard, the trial court virtually rescinded the order striking Wife's pleadings by ruling that Wife would be permitted to call, examine, and cross-examine witnesses, including herself. This later ruling acknowledged the due process implications of the earlier order striking Wife's pleadings and effectively removed the summary-adjudication or "death penalty" aspect of that order. The case proceeded to trial on that basis without objection by Wife, who participated fully in the trial by offering her own testimony as a witness, calling another witness on her behalf, and cross-examining Husband and his witnesses.
Given this record, we hold that the trial court removed any harm that might have resulted from the order striking Wife's pleadings and therefore did not abuse its discretion.
We overrule the portion of Wife's first issue that challenges the trial court's order striking Wife's pleadings.
Denial of Jury Trial
Wife's fourth and fifth issues challenge removal of the case from the jury docket despite Wife's having demanded a jury and paid the jury fee. Denial of a jury demand raises constitutional issues under both the United States and Texas Constitutions. See Mercedes-Benz Credit Corp. v. Rhyne, 925 S.W.2d 664, 666-67 (Tex. 1996). A party must nevertheless preserve its right to challenge the denial on appeal. Sunwest Reliance Acquisitions Group, Inc. v. Provident Nat'l Assurance Co., 875 S.W.2d 385, 387 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1993, no writ); see also Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a) (requiring specific objection and ruling by the trial court as prerequisite to presenting complaint for appellate review), 38.1(h) (requiring citations to the record to support argument).
The record reflects that Wife appeared pro se on March 5, 2001, when the trial court called the case for trial. Despite having requested a jury trial and having paid the jury fee, Wife called her first witness after the trial court indicated readiness to proceed. Because Wife did not object then or at any time during trial to trying her case to the court, she waived any error. See Sunwest Reliance Acquisitions Group, Inc., 875 S.W.2d at 387-88.
We overrule Wife's fourth and fifth issues.
Challenge to Contempt Finding
Wife's third issue purports to challenge the trial court's finding Wife in contempt of the temporary orders issued by the Tarrant County court by failing to surrender K.E.S. to Husband on four different occasions. Wife refers to an automobile accident, resulting injury, and medical and travel restrictions in an apparent attempt to challenge that finding. Wife has waived this issue by not supporting it with argument, authority, or references to the record. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h); Wade v. Comm'n for Lawyer Discipline, 961 S.W.2d 366, 373 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no pet.).
We overrule issue Wife's third issue.
Sufficiency Challenges to Decree
Wife's sixth and seventh issues generally challenge the trial court's conclusion of law Number 12, that the best interests of K.E.S. were served by appointing Husband managing conservator with the right to designate the child's residence, as well as the following findings of fact:
29. The Court finds that the repeated failure of [Wife] to permit possession and access of [K.E.S. by Husband] was intentional and in direct contravention of his rights under the temporary orders in the case.
30. The Court finds that the repeated failure of [Wife] to permit possession and access of [K.E.S. by Husband] was not in the best interest of [K.E.S.].
31. The Court finds that the repeated violations by [Wife] of court orders regarding [Husband's] possession and access of [K.E.S.] will likely continue in the future if [Wife] continues to be the primary joint managing conservator of [K.E.S.] with the right to designate [her] residence.
32. The Court finds that in spite of the repeated violations of [Wife] of court orders regarding [Husband's] possession of and access of [K.E.S.], he maintained a strong, [sic] and positive relationship with his daughter by spending the day with her at her school when he drove from Tarrant County to Harris County to attempt to pick her up for his periods of possession and access. (3)
Wife's challenge is essentially two-pronged. She first contends the trial court was required to find her unfit before awarding Husband the right to designate K.E.S.'s residence. The Family Code does not impose this requirement for determining the best interest of the child. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 153.002, 153.003 (Vernon 2002). Wife's second challenge focuses on allegations, unsupported by references to the record, that Husband's residence and lifestyle endanger K.E.S.'s health and safety. In emphasizing these allegations, Wife's challenge ignores the primary focus of the trial court's findings, specifically, her own repeated failures to surrender K.E.S. to Husband under the temporary orders in effect before the decree.
The record is legally sufficient to support the trial court's determination that Wife denied Husband his right to possession of the child on at least 14 occasions. After Wife moved to Harris County, in violation of the Tarrant County court's temporary orders, Husband was able to obtain possession of K.E.S. only after obtaining a writ of habeas corpus for possession of K.E.S. Thereafter, Wife interfered with Husband's court-ordered right to possession of K.E.S. by removing her from school before Husband's anticipated arrival to pick her up for visitation. K.E.S. was absent from school 18 times and had nine early checkouts on Fridays scheduled for Husband's right of possession.
The evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court's findings of fact Numbers 29 through 32, and the controverting evidence Wife introduced at trial does not so greatly preponderate against those findings as to render them manifestly unjust. Accordingly, the trial court properly reconciled the conflicts in Husband's and Wife's testimony by entering those findings and by entering conclusion of law Number 12, that K.E.S.'s best interest was served by appointing Husband joint managing conservator with the right to designate her residence.
We overrule Wife's sixth and seventh issues. (4)
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Elsa Alcala
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Taft, Alcala, and Price. (5)
Do not publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
1. Wife has not asserted a separate issue to bring this challenge, but we address
her challenge because her arguments in support of other issues encompass this
challenge. 2. Wife filed her motion for new trial through newly retained counsel.
3. A major portion of issue six apparently challenges the temporary orders the
trial court entered on March 2, 2001 pursuant to section 105.001(a)-(b) of the
Family Code. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 105.001(a)-(b) (Vernon 2002). These
orders became moot on entry of the decree and are not appealable. 4. Wife's brief also contains complaints concerning the trial court's referral of the
case to mediation and division of property, as well as complaints premised on
post-decree garnishment of Wife's wages. Because she has neither provided
adequate references to the record to support her complaints, nor cited adequate
authority to support her claims, Wife has waived any error. 5. The Honorable Frank C. Price, former Justice, Court of Appeals, First District
of Texas at Houston, participating by assignment.