In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-01-00223-CR
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ANTONIO GERARDO RODRIGUEZ, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 228th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 837687
O P I N I O N
A jury convicted appellant of murder and assessed punishment at eight years in prison. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
On February 28, 2000, after having smoked and snorted cocaine, Melecio Tamayo, Irene Guerrero, and John Session went to appellant's home. Appellant allowed his visitors to come into his house and told them that they would have to keep the noise down because his son was asleep. Appellant and Tamayo then began talking, Tamayo gave appellant four rocks of crack cocaine, and appellant went to his bedroom. Guerrero, Session, and Tamayo remained in the living room and watched a pornographic videotape. Appellant walked in and out of his room several times and eventually asked everyone to leave after Tamayo refused to give appellant more crack cocaine.
Tamayo became very upset at appellant because Tamayo had already given appellant four rocks of crack cocaine. Moreover, Tamayo stated that appellant owed him $30 for Guerrero's services. (1) Appellant denied this. Tamayo then told appellant that he was either taking appellant's VCR or appellant's credit card for collateral for the debt appellant owed. Tamayo then disconnected appellant's VCR. Appellant hurried back to his bedroom, returned to the living room with a gun, and pointed it at Tamayo's head. Appellant stated that he would kill Tamayo if Tamayo did not put the VCR down. Tamayo urged appellant to kill him while he had the chance, otherwise appellant would be dead in the morning. Appellant kept his gun pointed toward Tamayo. As Tamayo walked away from appellant's apartment, Tamayo turned around and told appellant, "You are dead, dude. We will see who is dead." Appellant then fatally shot Tamayo. The police found the VCR outside appellant's residence.
IMPROPER VOIR DIRE
In his first point of error, appellant contends that the trial judge erred by allowing the State improperly to commit venire members to specific facts based on two hypotheticals. We review the trial judge's decision for abuse of discretion. Atkins v. State, 951 S.W.2d 787, 790 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
"An attorney cannot attempt to bind a venire member to a verdict based on a hypothetical set of facts." Allridge v. State, 850 S.W.2d 471, 480 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). A commitment question is one in which a "yes" or "no" answer commits the venire member to resolving an issue in a certain way. Standefer v. State, 59 S.W.3d 177, 179-80 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
The State posed the following two hypotheticals during voir dire:
(1) . . .[W]e have two people sitting at a bar and they are arguing over what everybody else has been arguing over, whether we should count the votes in Florida or we should not count the votes in Florida. And they are sitting there and they are arguing and the Bush man says, hey, he [Bush] is the President. It is over. The Gore man says, hey, the news media has those ballots and they are counting them right now. And if I find out that Al Gore had more votes than George Bush, I am going to kill you. I am going to kill you. Not right now. When they finish counting those votes, I am going to kill you. And let's say the Bush man says, okay, and pulls out a gun and shoots [the Gore man], right then and there, for what [the Gore man] said that he was going to shoot him if this happened later, not right then. He was not in immediate fear for his life. [The Gore man] pulls out a gun and shoots [the Bush man][sic].
(2) . . . Let's say two friends have the same type of bicycle. A little different, one's red and one's black. Two eight-year-old boys go out riding their bikes. They exchange bikes. One is riding the other one's bike and he wrecks [the bike]. They go home, the father of the person whose bike is ruined tells the other father, I need you to pay for my son's bicycle because your son was riding it and he broke it. [The father says], I'm not doing [paying for the bike]. They are kids. They knew what they were doing. I am not paying for the bike. [The fathers] get into an argument. That night Father, number one, decides that [he is going to take the other kid's bike and give it to his own son]. [The fathers] know each other. Father, number one, goes to the other Father's house and grabs the bicycle. Father, number two, sees him with a bicycle and shoots and kills Father, number one, for stealing his son's property.
The State then asked a series of questions based on the hypotheticals. Appellant objected only to the following question asked to venire member one: "You do not think he has the right to use self-defense, deadly force, against the person?" Appellant's objection was overruled by the trial judge. The record shows that similar questions were asked of all other venire members, and appellant made no further objections. Under such circumstances, appellant waived any complaint he may have had by failing to object. See Ford v. State, 919 S.W.2d 107, 113 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Ethington v. State, 819 S.W.2d 854, 858-59 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).
We overrule appellant's first point of error.
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
In his second and fifth points of error, appellant contends that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel did not object to the two hypothetical questions posed by the State and because his trial counsel did not request a sudden-passion charge at the punishment stage.
Appellant must show that his counsel's performance was deficient and that this deficiency prejudiced appellant's defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064-68; Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
Because we have no record of what trial counsel's strategy may have been, (2) we cannot speculate as to counsel's strategy for not objecting to the State's hypothetical questions or as to counsel's strategy for not requesting a sudden-passion charge. See Gamble v. State, 916 S.W.2d 92, 93 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no pet.). Appellant's second and fifth points of error are overruled. CONFRONTATION CLAUSE
In his third and fourth points of error, appellant contends that he was denied his right to confrontation under both the state and federal constitutions when the trial judge erroneously sustained the State's objection to the impeachment of a witness.
Limiting appropriate cross-examination violates the right to confrontation. Carrol v. State, 916 S.W.2d 494, 497 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). However, the trial judge maintains broad discretion to impose reasonable limits on cross-examination to avoid any confusion of the issues. Lopez v. State, 18 S.W.3d 220, 223 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Lagrone v. State, 942 S.W.2d 602, 613 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
Appellant argues that impeachment is one of the primary purposes of cross-examination. One way to impeach a witness is through prior inconsistent statements. Tex. R. Evid. 613(a) ("In examining a witness concerning a prior inconsistent statement made by the witness . . . ."); Bigby v. State, 892 S.W.2d 864, 886 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (statement must be made by the witness who is being impeached). In this case, appellant attempted to offer a Houston Chronicle article pertaining to his case during the testimony of Officer Swainson, an officer investigating the murder. The article was offered for the following quotation, "A man has been charged with murder in the shooting of another man during a dispute over debt." (Emphasis added.) The article was offered to impeach the testimony of Guerrero and Session, who had denied that the sole purpose for going to appellant's home was to collect a debt. Appellant does not point to any portion of the record in which Officer Swainson may have made a statement to the Houston Chronicle concerning a dispute over debt; thus, the article was not relevant to impeach a prior inconsistent statement of Officer Swainson. Neither can appellant attempt to impeach the testimony of Guerrero and Session through a statement in a newspaper article that is not attributed to either of those witnesses. Moreover, the trial judge stated that appellant could re-offer this evidence at some other time. Appellant never attempted to re-offer the article; thus, he did not preserve his complaint. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Johnson v. State, 527 S.W.2d 525, 527 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975).
We overrule appellant's third and fourth points of error.
We affirm the judgment.
Jackson B. Smith, Jr. (3)
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Radack, and Smith.
Do not publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.
1. 2. 3.