Opinion issued April 21, 2005
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
NO. 01-03-01268-CR
JOHN FLOYD NICHOLS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from County Criminal Court at Law No. 1
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1160813
MEMORANDUM OPINION
John Floyd Nichols, appellant, pleaded not guilty to inference with duties of a public servant. The jury found him guilty. The trial court assessed punishment at three-days confinement and a $2,000 fine. In appellant’s four issues, appellant contends that (1) the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction; (2) the evidence is factually insufficient to support his conviction; (3) the trial court erred by sustaining the State’s objections, thereby denying appellant his fundamental right to confrontation under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and under Article I of the Texas Constitution; and (4) the trial court erred by permitting the State to “lead” a witness while viewing a videotape of the arrest that the witness had not previously seen. We affirm.
Background
On November 23, 2002, Houston Police Officer G.E. Miller was patrolling Post Oak Road as part of his assignment to the Driving While Intoxicated (“DWI”) Task Force. As he proceeded northbound on Post Oak, he noticed a Ford Expedition stopped on the southbound side of Post Oak with the driver’s door open. Appellant was in the passenger seat and Pamela Bergman was in the driver’s seat. Miller made a U-turn and as he drove behind Bergman’s vehicle, he saw her door close and the vehicle drive away. Miller began recording on his patrol car-mounted video camera and noticed Bergman commit a number of traffic violations, including seeing her vehicle accelerating and decelerating in an unusual manner, making a wide turn, crossing a lane divider, nearly striking another vehicle, and driving over a solid white line onto the shoulder and curb. After Miller activated his emergency lights, Bergman pulled over and entered a parking lot at Miller’s request.
When Miller asked to see Bergman’s driver’s license, Bergman gave him her State Bar of Texas identification card and explained that she did not have her driver’s license with her. Bergman apologized to Miller and told him that she had a cast on her leg and one of her contact lenses had fallen out. Miller smelled a “very distinct and strong odor” of alcohol on Bergman’s breath and saw that her eyes were glazed, glassy, and watery. In response to his question about her consumption of alcohol that evening, Bergman told Miller that she had consumed one glass of wine about four hours earlier.
Miller then administered two field sobriety tests on Bergman. First, he administered the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (“HGN”) test. Before Bergman began, Miller noticed her poor balance as she exited the vehicle. Bergman demonstrated all six clues for intoxication on the HGN test.
Miller next administered the modified alphabet test in which he asked Bergman to recite the alphabet beginning with the letter “G” and ending with the letter “X.” Bergman did not perform well on this test because she started with “H” and ended with “Z.”
Miller concluded that Bergman was intoxicated and decided to arrest her for DWI. Rather than informing Bergman that he was arresting her, Miller told her that he did not believe she had only one glass of wine and indicated that he would offer her a breath test. Miller tried to bring Bergman’s hands together behind her back to place handcuffs on her and place her in custody, but Bergman resisted. Bergman repeatedly screamed “no” and “help me,” and began struggling, which made it difficult for Miller to place her in handcuffs. At this point, appellant got out of the vehicle, ignored Miller’s repeated instructions to stay in the vehicle, and approached Miller yelling and pointing his finger at him. Appellant claims he was telling Miller not to “manhandle” Bergman. Appellant grabbed both of Miller’s arms, but Miller was able to call for back up while trying to hold on to Bergman and keep her between himself and appellant.
Appellant and Miller continued to struggle as Bergman broke free and ran back to her vehicle. After appellant lost his balance, Miller let him fall to the ground. Inside her vehicle, Bergman called 911 on a cellular telephone. Miller instructed her to stay there. As Miller waited for back up, a car driven by William Whigham, a retired Harris County deputy sheriff, pulled into the parking lot. Whigham and his sister Jennie Tompkins, a passenger in Whigham’s vehicle, saw from the freeway service road what appeared to be appellant fighting with Miller and believed that Miller might need help. Miller arrested Bergman and transported her to the police station. Appellant was arrested for interfering with the duties of a public servant.
A number of field sobriety tests were performed by Officer P. Lassalle on Bergman at the station. However, Bergman refused to submit her breath for an intoxilyzer analysis. Officers then took Bergman to a video room where drivers suspected of intoxication are videotaped performing field sobriety tests. After Bergman stated that she believed she “can do anything you ask [her] to do,” she performed the one-leg-stand test, but failed by exhibiting the maximum number of clues of intoxication. After ensuring that Bergman felt comfortable standing on both feet, Lassalle asked her to perform the Rhomberg divided attention (mental/physical) test. Although she was within the normal range for lapse of time by estimating 30 seconds after 33 seconds, she displayed 1 ½ to 2 inches of circular sway, which was consistent with intoxication. Bergman performed a “nose touch test,” in which she made multiple mistakes. Bergman also insisted on taking a walk-and-turn test, in which she exhibited six out of eight possible intoxication clues in this test. Lassalle opined that Bergman “had definitely lost the normal use” of her mental and physical faculties on account of alcohol intoxication.
Appellant, who pleaded not guilty to inference with the duties of a public servant, and Bergman, who pleaded not guilty to DWI, were tried together before a single jury. At trial, both appellant and Bergman testified that Miller did not tell Bergman he was placing her under arrest, but instead manhandled her, even placing his hands on her breast. Appellant claims he went to Bergman’s aid because she was screaming for help. Both appellant and Bergman denied that Bergman was intoxicated and explained her failure to adequately perform the sobriety tests on her recent foot surgery and cast on her foot.
Legal Sufficiency of Evidence
In his third issue, appellant asserts that the evidence was legally insufficient to support his conviction. Specifically, appellant contends that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant committed the offense of inference with duties of a public servant because the evidence does not prove the element of criminal negligence.
A legal-sufficiency challenge requires us to determine whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Howley v. State, 943 S.W.2d 152, 155 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no pet.). As the exclusive judges of the facts, the credibility of the witnesses, and the weight to be given their testimony, the jurors may believe or disbelieve all or any part of a witness’s testimony. Penagraph v. State, 623 S.W.2d 341, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981).
A person commits the offense of interference with duties of a public servant if that person (1) while acting with criminal negligence, (2) interrupts, disrupts, or otherwise interferes with a peace officer, (3) while the peace officer is performing a duty or exercising authority imposed or granted by law. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 38.15(a)(1) (Vernon 2003). Criminal negligence is defined in the Texas Penal Code as conduct committed by a personwhen he ought to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the result will occur. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that the failure to perceive it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person would exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the actor’s standpoint.
Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 6.03(d) (Vernon 2003).
Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence at trial indicates that Miller, a peace officer, was exercising authority granted by law in attempting to arrest Bergman for driving while intoxicated. The evidence further indicates that appellant interrupted, disrupted, or otherwise interfered with Miller’s exercise of this authority by running towards Miller as Miller attempted to place Bergman in custody, by shouting at Miller as he ran towards him, and by attempting to pull Bergman away from Miller’s custody. The evidence also indicates that a fact finder could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant acted with criminal negligence when he interfered with and interrupted Miller’s public duties.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational trier of fact could have found that appellant committed the offense of interference with public duties. Accordingly, we hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to support appellant’s conviction.
We overrule appellant’s third issue.
Factual Sufficiency of Evidence
In his fourth issue, appellant asserts that the evidence was factually insufficient to support his conviction. We review the factual sufficiency of the evidence by reviewing all of the evidence neutrally, not in the light most favorable to the prosecution. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). In a factual-sufficiency review, we may not substitute our own judgment for that of the fact finder. Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). The Court of Criminal Appeals discussed the factual-sufficiency standard as follows:
There is only one question to be answered in a factual-sufficiency review: Considering all of the evidence in a neutral light, was a jury rationally justified in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt? However, there are two ways in which the evidence may be insufficient. First, when considered by itself, evidence supporting the verdict may be too weak to support the finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Second, there may be both evidence supporting the verdict and evidence contrary to the verdict. Weighing all evidence under this balancing scale, the contrary evidence may be strong enough that the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard could not have been met, so [that] the guilty verdict should not stand. This standard acknowledges that evidence of guilt can “preponderate” in favor of conviction but still be insufficient to prove the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Stated another way, evidence supporting guilt can “outweigh” the contrary proof and still be factually insufficient under a beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard.
Zuniga v. State, 144 S.W.3d 477, 484-85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). We must consider the most important evidence that appellant claims undermines the jury’s verdict. Sims v. State, 99 S.W.3d 600, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
Appellant contends the evidence is factually insufficient to prove that appellant committed the offense of interference with duties of a public servant. Appellant argues that an ordinary person would not have acted any differently than appellant if that person believed, like appellant, that Bergman was being “manhandled” by a peace officer such as Miller. In support of appellant’s argument that his actions were not a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary citizen would otherwise exercise, appellant points out that (1) Miller did not know what appellant was thinking; (2) Miller could not hear what appellant was saying; (3) appellant did not leave Bergman’s vehicle until he heard her call for help; (4) neither Bergman nor appellant was told by Miller that he was placing her under arrest or taking her into custody; and (5) appellant, although he could not see what Miller was doing to Bergman, saw that she was scared by the horrified look on her face.
At trial, Officer Miller testified that after administering two field sobriety tests, he concluded that Bergman was intoxicated. After Miller told her that he was going to offer her a breath test, he walked behind her and attempted to bring her hands together so he could place her in handcuffs. Miller testified that Bergman began struggling as he brought her hands together and she resisted his attempt to place her in handcuffs. She began screaming “no,” “help me,” and something else that Miller could not understand. Miller testified that he did not touch any part of her body except her arms. Miller claims that it was at this point that appellant ignored his instruction to “stay in the car,” approached Miller in a “very aggressive” manner while yelling and pointing his finger at Miller, and grabbed both of Miller’s arms. Appellant successfully pulled Bergman away from Miller.
Bergman testified that after Miller told her something that she could not understand, Miller grabbed her arm and turned her around. Bergman testified that this hurt her arms. Bergman stated that Miller “put his hands all the way around me. And, around my ‘breasts’ area. And with some strength.” Since Miller never told her that she was under arrest, Bergman was scared so she screamed for help. Bergman testified that this caused appellant to get out of the car and “[h]e just, automatically, tried to help me.”
Appellant also testified at trial. Appellant admitted that he did not know anything about what was happening between Bergman and Miller or what Miller was doing to Bergman when she was screaming for help. Appellant claims that he approached Miller and demanded that Miller stop manhandling Bergman due to the look that he saw in her eyes and the fact that Miller was “[g]rabbing her.” Appellant testified that he did not see any risks the failure of which to perceive would constitute a gross deviation from an ordinary person’s standard of care. In fact, appellant claimed he had “no other choice” but to do what he did “based on what [he] heard.”
There was conflicting evidence on the issue of appellant’s criminal negligence presented at trial. The determination of what weight to give contradictory testimonial evidence is within the sole province of the jury, as it turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 408-09 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Thus, the jury was free to believe all or any part of the testimony of the State’s witnesses, and disbelieve all or any part of the witnesses’ testimony. A court of appeals must show deference to such a jury finding. See id. at 409. The jury found Miller’s testimony credible despite the contradictions with appellant and Bergman’s testimony.
After examining all of the evidence neutrally, we hold that the proof of guilt was not so obviously weak as to undermine confidence in the jury’s determination; nor was the contrary evidence so strong that the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard could not have been met. The evidence was factually sufficient to show that appellant committed the offense of inference with duties of a public servant.
Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s fourth issue.
Confrontation Clause
In his first issue, appellant asserts that the trial court violated his fundamental right to confrontation under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution as well as under Article I, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution. Specifically, appellant contends that appellant’s right to fully confront the witnesses against him was violated when the trial court sustained the State’s multiple objections of “asked and answered.”
Appellant complains that the State’s “asked and answered” objections were sustained when his attorney attempted to cross-examine Tompkins about (1) how Bergman pulled at the officer, (2) Tomkins’s discussions with her brother about “what they saw out there that night,” (3) whether Tomkins said, “That man is fighting that policeman,” and (4) whether Tomkins saw appellant’s hands up. Appellant also complains that the State’s “asked and answered” objections were sustained when his attorney attempted to cross-examine Whigman about (1) whether it was standard procedure to advise a person when they were being taken into custody why they were being taken into custody, (2) when Whigman worked as a deputy and his training concerning physical contact with females, (3) whether Whigman saw the officer put his foot between appellant’s legs, and (4) his testimony that he saw Bergman “staggering” halfway down the passenger side of the car.
Under our rules of evidence, error may not be predicated on a court’s ruling that excludes evidence unless (1) a substantial right of the party is affected, and (2) “the substance of the evidence was made known to the court, or was apparent from the context within which questions were asked.” Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(2); see Railsback v. State, 95 S.W.3d 473, 477-78 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d). An offer of proof needs to show the facts that a defendant wishes to prove; if it does not do so, the issue is not preserved for appellate review. Jenkins v. State, 948 S.W.2d 769, 775 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1997, pet. ref’d).
Appellant contends on appeal that “[t]he questions themselves were not at issue; it was the subject matter of those questions that was limited by the trial court.” Appellant did not make any offer of proof to the trial court concerning the evidence he sought to obtain from the subject matter of those questions that were not answered because of the trial court’s ruling. Additionally, although appellant asserts that these areas were important to the strategy of his defense, appellant has not asserted in his brief that the substance of the excluded evidence is apparent from the context within which questions were asked. It is not clear what evidence Tompkins or Whigman were prohibited from giving from the context of the questions posed by appellant’s counsel that were objected to by the State. See Guidry v. State, 9 S.W.3d 133, 153 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (“Absent a showing of what such testimony would have been, or an offer of a statement concerning what the excluded evidence would show, nothing is presented for review.”); Railsback, 95 S.W.3d at 477 (appellant did not preserve issue for appellate review because it was not clear from the record what testimony expert was prohibited from giving and appellant made no offer of proof).
We hold that, by failing to make an offer of proof and by failing to demonstrate how the substance of the excluded evidence is apparent from the context within which questions were asked, appellant has failed to preserve this issue for appeal. See Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(2); Garza v. State, 846 S.W.2d 936, 939 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d). We further note that appellant never asserted to the trial court that any of the constitutional rights he complains of in this appeal were violated by the court’s ruling that sustained the State’s objections. See Wright v. State, 28 S.W.3d 526, 536 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (Wright waived his Confrontation Clause challenge on appeal because he only objected on hearsay and Rule of Optional Completeness grounds at trial). Therefore, appellant has not preserved his constitutional complaints for our review. Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s first issue.
Leading the Witness
In his second issue, appellant asserts that his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated as a result of the trial court allowing the State to “lead” witness Whigham. Specifically, appellant contends that the State led Whigham through his testimony when the patrol car videotape was played contemporaneously with his trial testimony.
To preserve an issue for appeal, the appealing party must have made a timely, specific objection at the earliest possible opportunity and with enough specificity to inform the trial court of the complaint. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); Broxton v. State, 909 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). At trial, when the State attempted to play the videotape as Whigham testified, appellant’s trial counsel objected that the State was “leading the witness” and that the State’s use of the videotape in that manner was “leading, and suggestive, and outside of the rules of protocol.” See Tex. R. Evid. 611(c) (stating “Leading questions should not be used on the direct examination of a witness except as may be necessary to develop the testimony of the witness.”). Appellant’s attorney never objected to the trial court on the grounds that he asserts in this appeal concerning appellant’s Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Therefore, appellant has not preserved this issue for appellate review. See Wright, 28 S.W.3d at 536 (Confrontation Clause challenge waived on appeal because only objections at trial were hearsay and Rule of Optional Completeness). Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s second issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Elsa Alcala
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Alcala, Higley and Bland.
Do not publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).