Corrected opinion issued December 20, 2007
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
NOS. 01-06-00193-CR
01-06-00194-CR
DAVID LEE COOPER, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 177th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause Nos. 1025764 & 1058771
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant David Lee Cooper was convicted by a jury of the lesser-included offense of unlawful restraint (trial court case number 1025764; appellate court case number 01-06-00193-CR), and the trial court held appellant in contempt of court for conduct at a pretrial hearing (trial court case number 1058771; appellate court case number 01-06-00194-CR). See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 20.02(a) (Vernon 2003) (unlawful restraint). Punishment was assessed at one year in jail and a $4,000 fine for unlawful restraint, and six months in jail for contempt of court. With respect to the unlawful-restraint conviction, appellant brings five points of error, challenging admission of physical evidence, admission of hearsay evidence, and the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence. With respect to the contempt-of-court conviction, appellant brings four points of error, arguing insufficient clarity of the court's instructions, failure to show a violation of the court's order, no obstruction of justice, and constitutional violation of his right against cruel and unusual punishment. We affirm the judgment in the unlawful-restraint case and dismiss the appeal in the contempt case.
Background
When Mary Speck, the complainant, missed her bus and walked home from work, appellant was passing by in his pickup truck and offered her a ride. Although the complainant rejected the invitation, appellant kept circling around and insisting that she come with him. After the third encounter, the complainant shouted at appellant, "This is not a come on, this is not a game. Leave me alone." Appellant circled back, jumped out of his truck, grabbed the complainant, and tried to push her inside the truck. The complainant vigorously resisted, kicking and screaming, while being pinned against the truck.
Latosha Steptoe was driving by at the time and witnessed the attack. Steptoe yelled to the complainant, "Run to the car, run to the car." The complainant got into Steptoe's car, and Steptoe called the police from her cell phone. After overcoming the initial shock, the complainant realized that the eyeglasses she was wearing that day were missing.
Officer B.W. Foltz of the Houston Police Department responded to the call and found the complainant and Steptoe awaiting outside the complainant's apartment, where Steptoe gave the officer the license plate of appellant's pickup truck. Upset and still crying, the complainant described her attacker as a black male of muscular build, wearing a white shirt, and driving a full-size dark truck. She also told Officer Foltz that she lost her eyeglasses during the confrontation. Foltz ran the reported license plate, which was registered to appellant, and located the truck matching the description parked outside appellant's house. The hood of truck was still warm, indicating that it was recently driven.
Foltz spoke with a woman sitting inside a truck parked next to appellant's truck, who identified herself as appellant's wife. While Ms. Cooper went inside the house to get appellant, Foltz visually inspected the truck with a flashlight and saw a pair of eyeglasses on the driver's seat. Foltz said that appellant, upon confirming his identity, consented to opening his truck. Appellant's wife, however, testified at trial that appellant expressly refused Foltz's request to open the truck, shaking his head and saying, "No." Foltz recovered the eyeglasses from the driver's seat of appellant's truck and later showed them to the complainant, who identified them as the ones she lost during the confrontation. Foltz also brought appellant to the crime scene and instructed the complainant to take a look at him. Although the complainant's prior description matched appellant's physical appearance, she was unable to make a one hundred percent positive identification. At trial, however, the complainant identified appellant as the man who attacked her.
During a pretrial hearing in the unlawful-restraint case, appellant insisted on addressing the court to argue an issue with the court, even though he was represented by counsel. Disregarding two warnings from the court, appellant continued to speak. The trial court held appellant in contempt and sentenced him to six months in jail.
Discussion
Unlawful-restraint case
In the first point of error, appellant claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the admission into evidence of the complainant's eyeglasses, which were recovered from appellant's truck. Appellant argues that the eyeglasses were recovered from appellant's truck without a proper search warrant, and, therefore, their seizure was in violation of his Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures. However, Foltz testified that he received appellant's consent to enter and search the truck. Even though the testimony of appellant's wife contradicted Foltz's testimony that appellant consented to the search, the trial court was free to disbelieve testimony by a defendant's family member. See Martinez v. State, 17 S.W.3d 677, 683 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
Furthermore, even if appellant did not consent to the search of his truck, Foltz testified that the glasses he discovered were in the plain view on the driver's seat of appellant's truck. A seizure of property in plain view does not violate the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement, because such a seizure involves no invasion of privacy. Tex. v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 738-39, 103 S. Ct. 1535, 1541 (1983). The complainant told Foltz about her missing glasses before the search, and Foltz discovered them inside a pickup truck matching the description and license plate he was given. Thus, it was not unreasonable for Foltz to suspect that the glasses belonged to the complainant, serving as probable cause for their seizure.
We overrule the first point of error.
In the second and third points of error, appellant claims that the trial court committed reversible error in allowing Officer Foltz to tell the jury what the complainant had told him, because it violated appellant's constitutional right to confrontation and cross-examination under the Sixth Amendment (second point) and was inadmissible hearsay (third point). See Crawford v. Wash., 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354 (2004) (discussing testimonial statements prohibited by the Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause). Appellant's constitutional claim fails, however, because the complainant testified at trial and was cross-examined by appellant. See Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59 n.9, 124 S. Ct. at 1369 n.9 ("[W]hen the declarant appears for cross-examination at trial, the Confrontation Clause places no constraints at all on the use of his prior testimonial statements"). In fact, the complainant's testimony was consistent with everything that Officer Foltz testified that the complainant told him on the night she was attacked.
Appellant also claims that Officer Foltz's testimony was inadmissible hearsay. The State argues on appeal that the complainant's testimony was an excited utterance, and thus is an exception to the hearsay rule. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(2); Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 595-96 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (discussing excited utterance). Officer Foltz's testimony established that he arrived at the scene within 15 minutes of being informed of the incident and that he found the complainant crying, distraught, and having difficulty controlling her composure.
When reviewing whether a statement is an excited utterance, we must determine whether the declarant was still dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of the event at the time of the statement. Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 596. Stated another way, we must determine whether the statement was made under such circumstances as would reasonably show that the statement resulted from impulse rather than reason and reflection. Id. The record supports the trial court's implied ruling that the complainant made the out-of-court statement when she was still dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of the attack. Finally, we note that the complainant later testified to the same facts at trial.
We overrule the second and third points of error.
In appellant's fourth and fifth points of error, appellant contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction for unlawful restraint, because the witness testimonies produced by the State were not credible. Appellant claims the evidence is both legally and factually insufficient because the complainant was the only eyewitness who could identify appellant at trial, and she failed to do so with one hundred percent certainty.
The standard of review for legal sufficiency of the evidence is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788-89 (1979); King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). When conducting a factual-sufficiency review, we view all of the evidence in a neutral light. Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 408 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We will set the verdict aside only if (1) the evidence is so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or (2) the verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Under the first prong of Johnson, we cannot conclude that a conviction is "clearly wrong" or "manifestly unjust" simply because, on the quantum of evidence admitted, we would have voted to acquit had we been on the jury. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
Under the second prong of Johnson, we cannot declare that a conflict in the evidence justifies a new trial simply because we disagree with the jury's resolution of that conflict. Id. Before finding that evidence is factually insufficient to support a verdict under the second prong of Johnson, we must be able to say, with some objective basis in the record, that the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury's verdict. Id. In conducting a factual-sufficiency review, we must also discuss the evidence that, according to appellant, most undermines the jury's verdict. See Sims v. State, 99 S.W.3d 600, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
We may not re-weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The fact-finder alone determines what weight to place on contradictory testimonial evidence because that determination depends on the fact-finder's evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Cain, 958 S.W.2d at 408-09. As the determiner of the credibility of the witnesses, the fact-finder may choose to believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented. Id. at 407 n.5. The standard for reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence is whether, after considering all of the evidence in a neutral light, the jury was rationally justified in finding guilt beyond reasonable doubt. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 415 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
Here, the complainant provided a partial identification of appellant and his pickup truck that was corroborated by Steptoe. In addition, Steptoe identified appellant's license plate number. Finally, Officer Foltz recovered a pair of eyeglasses from appellant's truck, and the complainant positively identified the eyeglasses as belonging to her. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the guilty verdict, a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant was the person who committed the offense. If we view the evidence in a neutral light, the evidence is not so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, nor is the verdict against the great weight and preponderance of evidence.
Accordingly, we overrule appellant's fourth and fifth points of error.
Contempt case
In four points of error, appellant challenges his contempt-of-court conviction. He claims that trial court erred because: (1) the order was not sufficiently clear; (2) the record fails to show that appellant violated or disobeyed the court's order; (3) appellant did not obstruct justice or proper administration of the court; and (4) the trial court violated appellant's constitutional right against cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment.
Appellant acknowledges that Texas law does not allow a right of direct appeal from a trial court's holding an individual in contempt of court. See, e.g., Ex parte Jacobs, 664 S.W.2d 360, 361 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (citing Ex parte Cardwell, 416 S.W.2d 382, 384 (Tex. 1967)) ("In contempt proceedings, however, there is no remedy by appeal"). This rule prohibiting an appeal of a contempt order is so even when the order is appealed along with a judgment that is appealable. Metzger v. Sebek, 892 S.W.2d 20, 54 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied). The proper remedy to review a contempt order is to file an application for a writ of habeas corpus. Ex parte Ramsey, 642 S.W.2d 483, 484 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).
Nevertheless, appellant contends that those cases were incorrectly decided and urges this Court to grant appellate review. Regardless of how persuasive appellant's arguments might be, the only court which can grant him the relief he seeks is the Court of Criminal Appeals. We do not reach appellant's four points of error because we have no jurisdiction over this appeal.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment in the unlawful-restraint case (trial court case number 1025764; appellate court case number 01-06-00193). We dismiss for lack of jurisdiction the appeal of the contempt case (trial court case number 1058771; appellate court case number 01-06-00194).
Sam Nuchia
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Nuchia, Jennings, and Keyes.
Do not publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).