Opinion issued September 20, 2007
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
NO. 01-06-00176-CR
BENNY RAY CAZARES, JR., Appellant
V.
STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 182nd District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1000619
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Benny Ray Cazares, Jr., appeals from a judgment convicting him of murder. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 19.02 (Vernon 2006). Appellant pleaded not guilty to the jury, claiming self-defense. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 9.32l (Vernon 2003). The jury assessed punishment at confinement for 18 years in prison. In his sole issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by excluding a prior criminal conviction for burglary of a habitation that was offered as evidence of complainant's violent character. We conclude that appellant has not shown that the particular facts and circumstances of complainant's burglary conviction involved an act of violence or a threat of violence and therefore the trial court did not err by excluding the evidence. We affirm.
Background
In September 2004, appellant and his wife of 11 years had been separated for about one month. Appellant lived in an apartment in Pasadena, Texas when complainant stayed with him for the night. The two drank beer together, listened to music, and watched some movies. Around 8:00 a.m., when appellant awoke, he found complainant drinking beer. The two spent the morning listening to music until appellant's wife called. After finishing the phone conversation, appellant told complainant that appellant's wife was coming over. Complainant then asked appellant, "How could you let your family leave you and when are you going to get them back?" Appellant told complainant that it was none of his business. The two men began to fight, culminating in appellant stabbing complainant 15 times.
At around 11:45 a.m., a police officer with the Pasadena Police Department responded to a dispatch that a possible stabbing had occurred at appellant's apartment. When the officers arrived at the apartment, appellant told them, "It's me. I'm the one you want. I did it." Officers found complainant inside the apartment, curled up in a fetal position with blood all around him. A knife was found on a nearby couch.
At trial, appellant testified that complainant began the physical altercation by throwing punches at him. Appellant responded by striking complainant in the head with a phone. According to appellant, the two men fought, exchanging blows and shoving each other. During the fight, appellant noticed a knife in complainant's right back pocket. Appellant stated that he watched as complainant attempted to reach for the knife. Believing that complainant intended to kill him, appellant "beat [complainant] to the knife." As complainant started to rise to his feet headed towards appellant, appellant stabbed complainant once in the chest. Appellant stated that he then saw complainant reach for something under the couch, and, in response, appellant stabbed complainant in the back 15 times because he believed complainant was reaching for a weapon.
During cross-examination, appellant acknowledged that complainant never had the knife in his hand and never threatened appellant. Furthermore, appellant admitted saying to the detective, "There was no need at all for what I did."
Exclusion of Evidence of Prior Conviction
In his sole issue on appeal, appellant contends that the trial court erred by excluding evidence of complainant's prior conviction for burglary of a habitation, which he asserts is probative of complainant's violent character and relevant to his claim of self-defense. The State responds that, because there was no evidence that complainant's prior conviction for burglary of a habitation involved an act of violence or a threat of violence, the evidence was not relevant to the issue of self-defense.
We review the trial court's exclusion of evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Edwards v. State, 178 S.W.3d 139, 145 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (citing Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). If the trial court's evidentiary ruling is within the zone of reasonable of disagreement, then an appellate court should not disturb it. Powell, 63 S.W.3d 435, 438 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Edwards, 178 S.W.3d at 146.
When a defendant in a murder prosecution raises the issue of self-defense, he may introduce evidence of the complainant's violent character. Tex. R. Evid. 404(a)(2); Torres v. State, 117 S.W.3d 891, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Hayes v. State, 124 S.W.3d 781, 785 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2003), aff'd, 161 S.W.3d 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). A complainant's specific acts of violence may be introduced to demonstrate the reasonableness of the defendant's fear of danger or to demonstrate that the complainant was the first aggressor. Torres, 117 S.W.3d at 894; Hayes, 124 S.W.3d at 785. However, "such specific acts of violence are admissible only to the extent that they are relevant apart from showing character conformity." Torres, 117 S.W.3d at 894; see Hayes, 124 S.W.3d at 786. Before a specific act of violence by the complainant can be introduced into evidence, there must be some evidence of a violent or aggressive act by the complainant that tends to raise the issue of self-defense that the specific act of violence may explain. Torres, 117 S.W.3d at 895.
Burglary is not a crime of violence per se, and "the determination of whether a particular burglary is [a crime of violence] must depend on the facts and circumstances of each case." Burks v. State, 876 S.W.2d 877, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). A defendant must introduce evidence that a prior burglary conviction involved an act of violence or a threat of violence in order to use a burglary conviction to show the complainant's propensity for violence. See Hill v. State, 748 S.W.2d 314, 315 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, pet. ref'd); Renteria v. State, 703 S.W.2d 329, 333-34 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1985, no pet.).
The record reflects that appellant's trial counsel attempted to introduce evidence of complainant's prior burglary conviction during his cross-examination of a detective who investigated complainant's death. In response to the prosecuting attorney's objection to the evidence as irrelevant, the trial court asked appellant's trial counsel whether complainant's conviction involved a "deadly weapon or anything showing an act of violence." Appellant's trial counsel represented to the court that the prior burglary conviction did not involve a deadly weapon or anything showing an act of violence. The trial court then sustained the prosecuting attorney's objection, stating, "I don't think burglary of a habitation is, per se, an act of violence." As acknowledged by trial counsel, no evidence shows that complainant's conviction for burglary of a habitation involved an act of violence or a threat of violence. See Hill, 748 S.W.2d at 315 (holding that trial court did not abuse discretion by excluding burglary conviction when defendant "produced no evidence that the [complainant's] burglary convictions involved acts of violence."). (1) Because no evidence shows that complainant's burglary conviction was pertinent to the issue of complainant's propensity for violence, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the evidence of complainant's burglary conviction. We overrule appellant's sole issue on appeal.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Elsa Alcala
Justice
Panel Consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Alcala and Bland.
Do not publish. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
1. Appellant cites to Torres v. State to assert that unlawful entry into another's home is
an act of aggression. 117 S.W.3d 891, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). In Torres, the
appellant was charged with murder. Id. at 893. The night before the murder, the
appellant stayed with his girlfriend, Roxanne. Id. at 893-94. The complainant, who
was Roxanne's ex-boyfriend, showed up uninvited and unannounced at 6:30 a.m. on
the balcony of Roxanne's apartment. Id. at 894. Roxanne saw the complainant on the
balcony, yelled, "It's him," and ran into her aunt's room to call 911. Id. While on the
phone, she heard a thump and two gunshots. Id. The appellant shot the complainant
in the abdomen and the face, killing him. Id. At trial, the appellant raised the issue
of self-defense by attempting to introduce evidence of the complainant's violent
character to show that the complainant was the first aggressor. Id. Specifically, the
appellant tried to introduce evidence from Roxanne's aunt that two days before the
murder, the complainant climbed through a second-story bedroom window at the
aunt's home and asked for Roxanne. Id. at 894. When Roxanne's aunt said that she
did not know where Roxanne was, the complainant threatened "to do something to
you and your kids" if she did not tell him where Roxanne was. Id. The trial court
excluded this evidence. Id. The Court of Criminal Appeals held that complainant's
"climbing up the second-story balcony, uninvited and unannounced, at 6:30 a.m.
constitutes an act of aggression." Id. The court therefore held that the appellant had
shown a sufficient act of aggression to lay the proper predicate for the introduction
of the prior violent act. Id. at 896. Thus, in Torres, the specific facts of the burglary
were found to be aggressive. See id. In comparison, here, we have no information
about the specific facts of the burglary, other than appellant's attorney's affirmative
statement that the burglary did not involve violence.