Opinion issued August 16, 2007
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
NO. 01-05-00947-CR
BASIL RAFIK LABIB, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 174th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1038987
O P I N I O N
Appellant, Basil Labib, appeals from an order deferring an adjudication of guilt for the third degree felony of forgery. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 32.21(e)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2006) (forgery); Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12 § 5 (Vernon 2006) (Deferred Adjudication; Community Supervision). Pursuant to a plea bargain recommendation, the court assessed punishment at four years of community supervision, a $500 fine, and 200 hours of community service, among other conditions. After the trial court place him on deferred adjudication, appellant filed a motion in arrest of judgment, which was denied by operation of law, (1) and a motion to withdraw his plea of guilty, which was denied in a written order by the trial court.
In two issues, appellant contends that his guilty plea was involuntary and unknowing due to ineffective assistance of counsel, and that the required ten-day preparation time given to appointed counsel was not properly waived. We conclude that appellant's motion in arrest of judgment was not properly before the trial court because there is no judgment to arrest while the defendant is on deferred adjudication. We also conclude that the trial court properly considered the motion to withdraw the plea of guilty, but that appellant has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to allow him to withdraw his plea of guilty because appellant has failed to show that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance. Further, we conclude that appellant's contention that the ten-day preparation time was not properly waived by appellant and his counsel was not preserved for appeal. We affirm the trial court's order deferring adjudication.
Background
On August 29, 2005, appellant was arrested and charged with forgery by counterfeiting money. That evening, a magistrate found probable cause for the further detention of appellant, and set his bail at $5,000. The following day, appellant was appointed an attorney by the district court and pleaded guilty to the charges pursuant to a plea bargain with the State, the terms of which the trial court accepted.
In his plea of guilty, appellant signed admonishments that included waivers of the right to indictment, the right to a trial by jury, and the right to "any further time to prepare for trial to which I or my attorney may be entitled." Appellant also asserted, as part of the waiver, that "I am satisfied that the attorney representing me today in court has properly represented me and I have fully discussed this case with him." In a written admonishment by the court, appellant signed his initials to the following statements:
I have freely, knowingly, and voluntarily executed this statement in open court with the consent of and approval of my attorney. . . . If my counsel was appointed, I waive and give up any time provided me by law to prepare for trial. I am totally satisfied with the representation provided by my counsel and I received effective and competent representation.
Appellant's trial counsel also signed a waiver, stating,
I represent the defendant in this case and I believe that [the waiver] was executed by him knowingly and voluntarily and after I fully discussed it and its consequences with him. . . . I waive any further time to prepare for trial to which I or the defendant may be entitled.
The trial court admonished appellant about the consequences of pleading guilty at a hearing that was recorded by the court reporter. The record shows that the trial court admonished appellant as follows:
The Court: Mr. Labib, you stand charged by information with the third degree felony offense of forgery counterfeiting. You have a right to have this case presented to a Harris County Grand Jury for their consideration and possible indictment. You may waive or give up that right and proceed before the Court by information today. What is your choice, please[?]
The Defendant: Waive it, sir.
The Court: Very well, sir. How do you plead, guilty or not guilty?
The Defendant: Guilty.
The Court: Are you pleading guilty because you are guilty?
The Defendant: Yes, sir.
The Court: Are you doing so freely and voluntarily?
The Defendant: Yes.
The Court: Has anyone promised you anything, threatened you in any way, or forced you into making this plea?
The Defendant: No.
. . . .
The Court: This Court is advised that you, your lawyer, and the State's lawyer have agreed to recommend to the Court a punishment of 4 years deferred adjudication, a $500 fine, and 200 hours of community service. Is that your agreement, sir?
The Defendant: Yes, sir.
. . . .
The Court: Have you talked over deferred adjudication with your lawyer? Has he explained the advantages and disadvantages of that type probation to you?
The Defendant: Yes, sir.
The Court: You understand that the disadvantages are, number one, you are limiting any right of appeal you may have; number two, and more importantly, the Court is not bound by any term of years. Should you violate this probation, the Court could give you the entire 10 years in the penitentiary. Do you understand that?
The Defendant: Yes, sir.
In response to further questioning by the trial court, appellant also told the court that he desired that the court follow the plea bargain agreement; that he understood his rights as explained by his attorney; that he understood what was transpiring in court; and that he understood the consequences of his plea. Before accepting the plea of guilty, the trial court asked appellant questions that resulted in responses that indicated that appellant personally signed the plea papers and that he signed the papers after obtaining the advice of counsel. Appellant also told the trial court that he understood that by signing the plea papers he was waiving his rights and giving up his rights to a trial by jury, including the right to confront and cross-examine the witnesses against him. In addition, appellant responded affirmatively when the trial court asked him whether he understood that by signing the plea papers he was admitting that he committed the offense. The trial court found appellant's plea was freely and voluntarily made and accepted the plea of guilty.
The trial court entered an "order deferring adjudication of guilt" on August 30, 2005. That order states,
The trial proceeded before the Court, and after the evidence was submitted and the arguments of Counsel thereon, the Court found that such evidence substantiates the Defendant's guilt in this cause, and further that the best interests of society and of the Defendant would be served by deferring proceedings without entering adjudication of guilt and placing the defendant on Community Supervision in this cause.
IT IS ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that in accordance with Art. 42.12 5(a) C.C.P.; (2) no judgment shall be entered in this cause and the Defendant is hereby placed on Community Supervision in this cause for a period as indicated above, from the date of this order, pending the Defendant's abiding by and not violating the terms and conditions of the Defendant's Community Supervision.
(emphasis added). On the day the deferred adjudication was ordered, the trial court certified that the case was a plea-bargain case and the defendant did not have a right of appeal.
Within 30 days of the order, on September 26, appellant filed a motion in arrest of judgment, citing rules 22.2(a)-(c) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. Tex. R. App. P. 22.2(a)-(c). The motion in arrest of judgment asserted that the trial court's judgment was contrary to the law and invalid because the plea of guilty was involuntary due to coercive influences and ineffective assistance of counsel, and that the charging instrument was defective "since it alleged an offense of forgery . . . without alleging the manner of the intent to utter element." Appellant concurrently filed a motion to withdraw guilty plea, in which he claimed that his plea was not freely and voluntarily entered on the grounds that his trial attorney rendered ineffective assistance of counsel. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13(b) (Vernon Supp. 2006).
Attached to these motions was an affidavit by appellant that asserts that he was driving his mother's car home from a friend's house when he stopped in a parking lot in order to "sober up" from the marihuana he had been smoking. An officer soon pulled into the parking lot and approached appellant. When appellant admitted to having smoked marihuana, the officer asked to search the car, and appellant consented. After performing a lengthy search of the car, the officer came back with two ten dollar bills "on faded light green paper with faded and smeared ink," which "there is no way anyone could consider . . . real." Although appellant claims that he "had no idea that the money was even there in the car," he was arrested and charged with forgery of counterfeit money. Appellant further states in the affidavit that, after being in jail for over 24 hours without eating or sleeping, he was transferred to court, where he met his court-appointed attorney for the first time. They discussed possible punishments and plea bargain offers, including the State's reluctance to offer probation, because appellant's family lived in Virginia and he was therefore thought to be a flight risk. However, appellant claims his attorney "never asked [him] any questions regarding [his] story," despite appellant's repeated assertions of his innocence.
Appellant's attorney went back and forth between the District Attorney and appellant several times, each time bringing successively more lenient plea offers. Eventually appellant told his attorney, "Your job isn't to cut me the best deal possible, it's to prove me innocent." His attorney advised appellant that if he chose to fight the charges, he might not have a trial until March, over six months later, and further advised him that the offer of 180 days imprisonment in exchange for a guilty plea was "a good deal in [his] situation." Appellant then met personally with the prosecutor, who would not come down from the 180-day offer. Appellant's attorney was present but did not participate in the discussion at this meeting. When appellant still maintained he was innocent, his attorney made a final attempt to negotiate a lower sentence, and returned with the offer of four years' deferred adjudication community supervision. Although appellant hesitated to accept this offer, his attorney advised him that he would have to accept the offer and plead guilty in order to get the deferred adjudication. Fearing that he would not be able to get anyone to post his bail, and feeling that it was his only option, appellant finally accepted the offer. His attorney advised appellant not to say anything to the judge other than what he was told to say, and that he was guilty.
On September 29, appellant filed a timely notice of appeal within 30 days of being placed on deferred adjudication. Thirteen days after appellant gave notice of appeal, the trial court amended its certification by stating that this "is a plea-bargain case, but the trial court has given permission to appeal, and the defendant has a right of appeal." On October 17, within 75 days of the trial court's order that placed appellant on deferred adjudication, the trial court ordered that the "motion for new trial is overruled" (3) and that the "motion to [withdraw] guilty plea overruled." The trial court's order does not specify a ruling on the motion in arrest of judgment, which was then denied by operation of law.
Appellate Jurisdiction from Trial Court's Certification to Allow Appeal
At oral argument, the State challenged this Court's jurisdiction over the appeal by asserting that the trial court's amended certification was not filed to correct a defect or omission in an earlier filed certification.
The rules of appellate procedure provide that in a "case in which defendant's plea is guilty . . . and the punishment did not exceed the punishment recommended by the prosecutor and agreed to by the defendant--a defendant may appeal only . . . after getting the trial court's permission to appeal." Tex. R. App. P. 25.2(a)(2)(B). The rules also provide that an amended "certification of the defendant's right of appeal correcting a defect or omission in an earlier filed . . . certification may be filed in the appellate court . . . at any time before the appealing party's brief is filed." Tex. R. App. P. 25.2(f). "The amended . . . certification is subject to being struck for cause on the motion of any party affected by the amended . . . certification." Id.
The amended certification gave appellant permission to appeal, which the original certification had not given him. Although the trial court changed its decision by granting permission to appeal that it had earlier denied, the State never filed a motion seeking to strike the trial court's amended certification. See id. Based on the record before us, the trial court's amended certification appears to correct a defect in the original certification. See id. The original certification was defective because it did not allow the appeal that the trial court apparently wished to allow. See id. We hold that the amended certification properly certified appellant's right to appeal and that we have appellate jurisdiction over this appeal. See id.
Trial Court's Jurisdiction over Motions Filed While on Deferred Adjudication Prior to oral argument, we asked the parties to be prepared to discuss the effect of Donovan v. State, 68 S.W.3d 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), on the present case. Here, the issue is whether Donovan, which precludes a motion for new trial while a defendant is on deferred adjudication, also applies to a motion in arrest of judgment or to a motion to withdraw a plea of guilty. See Donovan, 68 S.W.3d at 638.
A. Deferred Adjudication Law
Deferred adjudication is a form of punishment imposed by the trial court. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12 § 5. When a defendant is placed on deferred adjudication, the trial court accepts the defendant's plea of guilty or nolo contendere, finds that the evidence substantiates the finding of guilt, and places the defendant on community supervision. Id. ("Except as provided by Subsection (d) of this section, when in the judge's opinion the best interest of society and the defendant will be served, the judge may, after receiving a plea of guilty or plea of nolo contendere, hearing the evidence, and finding that it substantiates the defendant's guilt, defer further proceedings without entering an adjudication of guilt, and place the defendant on community supervision."). "Community supervision" means the placement of a defendant by a court under a continuum of programs and sanctions, with conditions imposed by the court for a specified period. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12 § 2(2).
A deferred adjudication community supervision is not a suspended sentence. Compare Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12 § 5 (Vernon 2006) (deferred adjudication) with Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12 § 2(2)(B) (suspended sentence). The suspended sentence community supervision occurs when a defendant receives a "sentence of imprisonment or confinement, imprisonment and fine, or confinement and fine, is probated and the imposition of sentence is suspended in whole or in part." Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12 § 2(2)(B) (emphasis added). To illustrate how a deferred adjudication differs from a suspended sentence, we note that when a deferred adjudication is revoked, the defendant may then be placed on a suspended sentence community supervision. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12 § 5(b) (upon final adjudication of guilt, Code provides that "all proceedings, including assessment of punishment, pronouncement of sentence, granting of community supervision, and defendant's appeal continue as if the adjudication of guilt had not been deferred") (emphasis added). (4)
B. Motion for New Trial Disallowed by Donovan
Rule 21 of the rules of appellate procedure governs new trials in criminal cases. Tex. R. App. P. 21. A new trial is defined as "the rehearing of a criminal action after the trial court has, on the defendant's motion, set aside a finding or verdict of guilt." Tex. R. App. P. 21.1. Because there is no finding or verdict of guilt in a deferred adjudication, the Donovan court held that a motion for new trial was not permissible when a defendant was placed on deferred adjudication. Donovan, 68 S.W.3d at 636. The Court of Criminal Appeals noted that a deferred adjudication defendant could move to withdraw his original plea after requesting final adjudication, at which time the trial court would be empowered to rule on the motion or hear evidence concerning any reasons for permitting withdrawal, including allegations that the plea was entered involuntarily. Id. at 637. In short, a motion for new trial is not properly heard while a defendant is on deferred adjudication. Id.
C. Motion in Arrest of Judgment
To challenge the trial court's order placing him on deferred adjudication, appellant filed a motion in arrest of judgment, citing rules 22.2(a)-(c) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. Tex. R. App. P. 22.2(a)-(c). However, for the same reasons that a motion for new trial is impermissible, a motion in arrest of judgment may not properly be filed.
A "motion in arrest of judgment means a defendant's oral or written suggestion that, for reasons stated in the motion, the judgment rendered against the defendant was contrary to law." Tex. R. App. P. 22.1. (5) No judgment has been rendered in this case because, by definition, a deferred adjudication means that the proceedings are deferred without entering an adjudication of guilt. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12 § 5. We also note that the rules concerning motions in arrest of judgment specifically mention suspended sentences, but they do not mention deferred adjudication. See Tex. R. App. P. 22.3 ("A defendant may file a motion in arrest of judgment before, but not later than 30 days after, the date when the trial court imposes or suspends sentence in open court.") (emphasis added).
Here, the trial court's order that placed appellant on deferred adjudication specifically states that "no judgment shall be entered in this cause." In accordance with the analysis of Donovan, we conclude that the trial court may not hear a motion in arrest of judgment while a defendant is on deferred adjudication because, simply put, there is no judgment to arrest. See Donovan, 68 S.W.3d at 636. Like Donovan, the defendant would have to move to withdraw his original plea after requesting final adjudication, at which time the trial court would be empowered to rule on the motion or hear evidence concerning any reasons for arresting the judgment. See id. at 637. We hold that appellant's motion in arrest of judgment was not properly filed because there was no judgment to arrest and that we have no jurisdiction to review the merits of that motion while appellant is on deferred adjudication.
D. Motion to Withdraw Guilty Plea
After he was placed on deferred adjudication, appellant also filed a motion to withdraw his guilty plea that cited article 26.13 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13 (Vernon Supp. 2006). Although the motion to withdraw the plea of guilty is functionally equivalent to the disallowed motion for new trial and motion in arrest of judgment, (6) a defendant may properly file the motion to withdraw plea while he is on deferred adjudication.
The Code of Criminal Procedure provides that pleas of guilty or nolo contendere must be freely and voluntarily made by competent defendants. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13(b) (Vernon Supp. 2006) ("No plea of guilty or plea of nolo contendere shall be accepted by the court unless it appears that the defendant is mentally competent and the plea is free and voluntary."). Further, a defendant must be aware of the consequences of his plea of guilty or nolo contendere. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13(c) ("In admonishing the defendant as herein provided, substantial compliance by the court is sufficient, unless the defendant affirmatively shows that he was not aware of the consequences of his plea and that he was misled or harmed by the admonishment of the court.").
A defendant may file a motion to withdraw a guilty plea, asserting that his plea was not freely and voluntarily entered or that he was not aware of the consequences of his plea. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13(b). A defendant may withdraw his guilty plea for any reason as a matter of right until judgment has been pronounced or the case has been taken under advisement. Jackson v. State, 590 S.W.2d 514, 515 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). However, when the defendant decides to withdraw his guilty plea after the trial judge takes the case under advisement or pronounces judgment, the withdrawal of such plea is within the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Ellis, 976 S.W.2d 789, 792 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.). A case has been taken under advisement once a plea has been entered, both sides have presented evidence, and the trial court has accepted pleas, deferred adjudication, and placed defendant on community supervision. Washington v. State, 893 S.W.2d 107, 108-09 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1995, no pet.). Because appellant was on deferred adjudication at the time he filed the motion to withdraw the plea, the matter of whether to allow him to withdraw his plea of guilty was left to the sound discretion of the trial court. See Ellis, 976 S.W.2d at 792.
We hold that while a defendant is on deferred adjudication, he may properly file a motion to withdraw his plea and that we may review the trial court's decision on the motion for abuse of discretion. See Donovan v. State, 17 S.W.3d 407, 409-10 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2000), aff'd, 68 S.W.3d 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (observing that motion to withdraw plea of guilty would be allowed while defendant was on deferred adjudication even though motion for new trial was disallowed and though outcomes of both motions were functionally equivalent); (7) Ellis, 976 S.W.2d at 791-92 (affirming trial court's holding hearing and granting defendant's motion to withdraw guilty plea, although hearing took place more than 30 days after defendant was placed on deferred adjudication); (8) Washington, 893 S.W.2d at 109 (affirming trial court's granting of motion to withdraw plea one year after defendant placed on deferred adjudication). (9) Having held that the motion to withdraw plea was properly filed by appellant while he was on deferred adjudication, we must next review whether the trial court properly denied appellant's motion to withdraw the plea of guilty.
Involuntariness of Plea due to Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In his first issue, appellant asserts that his plea of guilty was rendered involuntary and unknowingly because he did not receive effective assistance of counsel. Specifically, appellant contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his court-appointed counsel (1) did not adequately investigate the relevant law or facts; (2) erroneously advised appellant regarding how long it would take before his case could be heard at a trial; and (3) pressured appellant into pleading guilty. The State responds that the evidence in the record is not sufficient to support appellant's contentions.
In determining whether a plea is voluntary, we consider the record as a whole. Fimberg v. State, 922 S.W.2d 205, 207 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, pet. ref'd) (citing Williams v. State, 522 S.W.2d 483, 485 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975)). A record that indicates that the trial court properly admonished the defendant presents a prima facie showing that the guilty plea was made voluntarily and knowingly. See Martinez v. State, 981 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Arreola v. State, 207 S.W.3d 387, 391 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). When the record presents a prima facie showing that the plea was voluntary and knowing, the burden shifts to the defendant to show that he entered the plea without understanding the consequences. Edwards v. State, 921 S.W.2d 477, 479 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no pet.). An accused who attests when he enters his plea of guilty that he understands the nature of his plea and that it is voluntary has a heavy burden on appeal to show that his plea was involuntary. Id. However, a guilty plea is not voluntary if made as a result of ineffective assistance of counsel, because it does not represent an informed choice. Ex parte Burns, 601 S.W.2d 370, 372 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980).
We conclude that the written and oral waivers and admonishments in the record present a prima facie showing that the guilty plea was made voluntarily and knowingly by appellant. See Arreola, 207 S.W.3d at 391; Edwards, 921 S.W.2d at 479. Therefore, appellant bears the heavy burden of showing that the plea was entered involuntarily due to ineffective assistance of counsel. See Edwards, 921 S.W.2d at 479; Burns, 601 S.W.2d at 372.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show (1) that trial counsel's performance was deficient and (2) that a reasonable probability exists that the result of the proceeding would have been different but for the deficiency. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984). In Texas, the Strickland test is judged by "the totality of the representation," rather than by isolated acts or omissions of counsel, and is applied as of the time of trial, not through hindsight. Butler v. State, 716 S.W.2d 48, 54 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). The first prong of the Strickland test requires that the defendant show that counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The defendant must prove objectively, by a preponderance of the evidence, that trial counsel's representation fell below professional standards. Mitchell v. State, 68 S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). "[C]ounsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066. However, a reviewing court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's tactical decisions fall within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. Id. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. The second prong requires that the defendant show a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See id. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 812. Any allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record, and the record must demonstrate affirmatively the alleged ineffectiveness. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. Furthermore, speculation concerning counsel's strategy is improper when the record is silent in that regard. Gamble v. State, 916 S.W.2d 92, 93 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no pet.).
In the context of a claim that the defendant's plea is involuntary due to ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show (1) that counsel's advice was outside the range of competency demanded of attorneys in criminal cases and (2) that, but for counsel's erroneous advice, the defendant would not have pleaded guilty and would instead have gone to trial. Ex parte Moody, 991 S.W.2d 856, 857-58 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). A plea of guilty based on erroneous information conveyed to the defendant by his trial counsel is involuntary. Fimberg, 922 S.W.2d at 207 (citing Ex parte Griffin, 679 S.W.2d 15, 17 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984)). The court must first make a threshold determination that counsel erroneously and incompetently advised the appellant before the second factor concerning prejudice to the appellant is reached. Id. at 208. In assessing counsel's competence, we presume that counsel has knowledge of legal principles that are neither novel nor unsettled. Ex parte Welch, 981 S.W.2d 183, 185 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
The State contends that appellant's affidavit, which was attached to his motions to withdraw his guilty plea, is not evidence that we may properly consider because the affidavit was not entered into evidence. (10) The State cites to Bahlo v. State to support its claim that the affidavit is not evidence that we can consider in this appeal. 707 S.W.2d 249, 251 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, pet. ref'd). In Bahlo, this Court stated the general rule that "an affidavit attached to a motion for new trial is only a pleading that authorizes the introduction of evidence, it is not evidence itself; and it must be introduced as such at the hearing on the motion in order to constitute evidence on the motion." Id. The attorney in Bahlo referenced the affidavits, allowing the trial court time to review them, and argued the motion based on the contents of the affidavits. Id. at 251-52. We held that affidavits that were attached to a motion for new trial were evidence under circumstances that showed the parties and the trial court treated the affidavits as if they had been offered into evidence, despite the fact that "the appellant never used the words 'I offer these in evidence,' the affidavits were not marked, and the trial court never said that they were admitted." Id. at 251. This was, in part, because the State did not object to the trial court reviewing the affidavits. Id. Similarly, here, the State did not object to the trial court reviewing appellant's affidavit when it was "offered to the Court" as an attachment to his motions at the hearing on the motions. See id. Although the affidavit was not marked as evidence or formally admitted as evidence, the record shows that trial counsel offered it along with the motions, the State lodged no objection, and the trial court accepted the motions, with affidavit attached. We hold that the affidavit was effectively admitted into evidence by the trial court and that it is properly before us. See id.
However, by denying appellant's motion, the trial court implicitly found appellant's claims in the affidavit not credible. We must defer to the trial court's findings of credibility for affidavit evidence as we would for live testimony. See, e.g., Ex parte Wheeler, 203 S.W.3d 317, 325-26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) ("[R]eviewing courts defer to the trial court's implied factual findings that are supported by the record, even when . . . the evidence is submitted in written affidavits."). Appellant's affidavit testimony was contradicted by his testimony at his plea hearing, in which he affirmatively stated that he was pleading guilty because he was guilty and that he was doing so freely and voluntarily. Furthermore, a defendant's uncorroborated testimony that he was misinformed by counsel, without more, is not sufficient to show that his plea was involuntary. See Fimberg, 922 S.W.2d at 208.
Appellant averred in his affidavit that his trial counsel informed him that if he did not plead guilty, he would not be able to go to trial for six months. Appellant introduced a copy of the trial court's docket sheet along with both of his motions in support of his assertion that his court-appointed attorney erroneously advised him concerning the length of time he would have to wait in jail before having his case heard at trial. However, the docket sheet is dated September 21, 2005, over three weeks after appellant's attorney gave appellant the allegedly incorrect information. Therefore, the docket sheet does not accurately reflect the situation at the time in question, and using it as evidence that appellant's attorney supplied him with erroneous advice would be improper speculation upon information that cannot be affirmatively demonstrated by the record. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.
The only evidence of counsel's purported misrepresentation is appellant's affidavit testimony. Appellant's uncorroborated testimony that he was misinformed by counsel does not meet his burden to show that his plea was involuntary. See Fimberg, 922 S.W.2d at 208. Because appellant's own uncorroborated testimony is the only evidence that he was given erroneous advice by his attorney that led to his guilty plea, appellant has not shown his plea should be found to have been made involuntarily based on misinformation given him by appointed trial counsel.
Appellant also contends that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to adequately investigate the relevant law or facts. The record does not show what investigation was conducted by appellant's counsel. The record does not indicate what investigation was not done that would have been helpful for the appellant, or that the failure to conduct an investigation was necessarily prejudicial to him. Because the record is silent on the need to conduct further investigation in this case, we are not at liberty to speculate as to counsel's rationale for foregoing it. See Gamble, 916 S.W.2d at 93.
In all of the cases cited by appellant in which the courts found ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to investigate, the records were clear that at least some exculpatory evidence existed. In Butler v. State, for example, appellant's counsel was determined to have provided ineffective assistance in part because he failed to call certain identified witnesses who could have provided alibi testimony. Butler, 716 S.W.2d at 55. The Court of Criminal Appeals noted, however, that the failure to call these witnesses was only relevant because it was shown at the hearing on the motion for new trial that such witnesses were available and appellant would have benefitted from their testimony. Id. Here, however, no such showing has been made. Absent a compelling showing by the appellant, we must assume that appellant's attorney reasonably concluded that further investigation was unnecessary. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S. Ct. 2066.
Appellant also contends that trial counsel erroneously advised him regarding how long it would take before his case could be heard at a trial and pressured him into pleading guilty. (11) Here, appellant's counsel has not testified concerning his interactions with appellant, nor do any other sources in the record indicate that appellant was pressured into pleading guilty. On the contrary, the record shows that appellant asserted in open court that he was entering his plea freely and voluntarily, and that he had not been promised anything in return, threatened in any way, or forced into making the plea. The record does not affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness brought about by counsel's action. We cannot conclude that counsel's assistance was ineffective. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.
Based on our review of the record, we are unable to affirmatively say that, by a preponderance of the evidence, the performance of appellant's trial counsel fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. See id. at 812. As such, appellant has not overcome the strong presumption in favor of the reasonableness of counsel's professional assistance. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. Because appellant fails to establish the first prong of the Strickland test, we do not reach the second prong. See Fimberg, 922 S.W.2d at 208. Appellant failed to establish that his plea of guilty was involuntarily entered. We hold that appellant has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to allow him to withdraw the plea of guilty.
We overrule appellant's first issue.
Validity of Waiver of Investigation Period
In appellant's second issue, he contends that the required ten-day time period for appointed counsel to investigate a case was improperly waived. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.051(e) (Vernon 2005). (12) Specifically, appellant asserts that he was not put on notice of his right to ten days for investigation by the boilerplate admonishments he signed, and therefore the ten-day period could not be properly waived. Appellant further asserts that his counsel never waived his right to investigate on behalf of appellant.
To preserve error for appeal, a party is required to state "the grounds for the ruling that the complaining party sought from the trial court with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent from the context." Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); see also Tovar v. State, 221 S.W.3d 185, 189 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). Generally, a party's failure timely and specifically to object at the trial-court level waives error. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129, 131 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). An objection may be in phrased any manner that sufficiently apprises the trial court and opposing counsel of the nature of the complaint. Ex parte Little, 887 S.W.2d 62, 65 (Tex. Crim. App.1994).
Here, appellant did not raise the matter of his right to 10 days' investigation before the trial court. In his Motion to Withdraw Guilty Plea, he did not allude to any inadequacy in his waiver of the statutory ten-day period. Appellant made neither the trial court nor opposing counsel aware of this contention. He therefore has waived the complaint on appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); see also Tovar, 221 S.W.3d at 189.
We overrule appellant's second issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court's order deferring adjudication of guilt.
Elsa Alcala
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Taft, Jennings, and Alcala.
Publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
1. 2. 3. No motion entitled a motion for new trial was filed by appellant.
4. 5.
(a) that the indictment or information is subject to an exception on substantive grounds;
(b) that in relation to the indictment or information a verdict is substantively defective; or
(c) that the judgment is invalid for some other reason.
Tex. R. App. P. 22.2(a)-(c).
6. 7. 8. The right to a motion to withdraw guilty plea is not in the code of criminal procedure
or any other statute. The withdrawal of a guilty plea appears to stem from the
constitutional right to trial by jury. See Fairfield v. State, 610 S.W.2d 771, 776 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1981).
9. 10.
The Court: Are the parties ready to proceed in Cause No. 1038987, the State of Texas versus Basil Labib?
Mr. Jones: Defense is ready.
The Court: Anything we need to put on the record other than your motion, Mr. Jones?
Mr. Jones: Nothing, Your Honor, other than the Motion in Arrest of Judgment timely filed on December 27, 2005. It is now offered to the Court, and the attachments for which we would ask the Court to grant the motion.
The Court: Anything further from either side?
Mr. Warren: Nothing further, Judge.
Mr. Jones: Not on that motion, no.
The Court: That motion will be overruled.
11. Appellant contends that he was told on August 29, the day that he pleaded guilty, that
he would have to wait until March to have a trial.
12. Article 1.051(e) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides, in pertinent part:
An appointed counsel is entitled to 10 days to prepare for a proceeding but may waive the preparation time with the consent of the defendant in writing or on the record in open court.
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.051(e) (Vernon 2005).