13‐2844
Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
3 August Term, 2014
4 (Argued: May 28, 2015 Decided: September 3, 2015)
5 Docket No. 13‐2844
6
7 Esteban Gonzalez,
8 Plaintiff–Appellant,
9 v.
10 Dennis W. Hasty, James Sherman, Salvatore LoPresti, Ortiz, Inspector Barrere,
11 C.O. White, #8413,
12 Defendants–Appellees.
13
14 Before: SACK, LYNCH, and CHIN, Circuit Judges.
15 The plaintiff, Esteban Gonzalez, appeals from a July 22, 2013, judgment of
16 the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Brian M.
17 Cogan, Judge) dismissing his First, Fifth, and Eighth Amendment claims brought
18 pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403
19 U.S. 388 (1971), on the ground that he failed to institute his action within the time
20 limit set by the applicable three‐year statute of limitations. His claims arose in
21 connection with his confinement in the Special Housing Unit of the Metropolitan
The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the official caption to conform to the caption
above.
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1 Correctional Center in Manhattan, and then the Special Housing Unit of the
2 Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn, for an extended period of time,
3 allegedly without procedural protections, and in retaliation for protected speech.
4 We conclude that the district court correctly applied the three‐year statute of
5 limitations to Gonzalezʹs First Amendment claim, but that it erred in holding that
6 his Fifth and Eighth Amendment claims are time‐barred in their entirety.
7 We therefore AFFIRM in part, and VACATE and REMAND to the district
8 court in part for further proceedings.
9 AMEER BENNO, Benno & Associates, P.C.,
10 New York, NY, (Michael A. Young, New
11 York, NY, on the brief), for Plaintiff–
12 Appellant.
13 RACHEL BALABAN, Assistant United
14 States Attorney (Varuni Nelson, Assistant
15 United States Attorney, on the brief), for
16 Kelly T. Currie, Acting United States
17 Attorney for the Eastern District of New
18 York, Brooklyn, NY, for Defendants–
19 Appellees Dennis W. Hasty, James Sherman,
20 Ortiz, Inspector Barrere, C.O. White, # 8413.
21
22 SACK, Circuit Judge:
23 This is an appeal from a July 22, 2013, judgment of the United States
24 District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Brian M. Cogan, Judge),
2
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1 granting the defendantsʹ motion to dismiss1 plaintiff Esteban Gonzalezʹs First,
2 Fifth, and Eighth Amendment claims, brought pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown
3 Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), relating to his
4 confinement in the Special Housing Units in two federal prison facilities, both
5 located within the City of New York. The district court concluded that the
6 plaintiff failed to file his complaint within the three‐year statute of limitations
7 applicable to Bivens claims. The result was premised principally on a
8 determination that the continuing violation doctrine did not apply to any of
9 Gonzalezʹs claims. We conclude that the continuing violation doctrine does
10 apply to Gonzalezʹs Eighth Amendment claim, but that it does not apply to his
11 First or Fifth Amendment claims. Certain aspects of his Fifth Amendment claim
12 may nevertheless be timely.
The defendants filed a motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary
1
judgment. The district courtʹs decision states at the outset that ʺ[t]he case is before [it]
on defendantsʹ motion for summary judgment,ʺ Gonzalez v. Hasty, 12‐cv‐5013, 2013 WL
3816587, at *1, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102215, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. July 22, 2013), but concludes
by granting the ʺ[d]efendantsʹ motion to dismiss,ʺ id., 2013 WL 3816587, at *5, 2013 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 102215, at *13. Despite the district courtʹs reference to summary judgment,
we read its decision as a grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). See, e.g.,
Gonzalez v. Hasty, Judgment, 12‐cv‐5013 Dkt. No. 122 (July 22, 2013) (Supp. Appʹx 285)
(ʺORDERED and ADJUDGED that Defendantsʹ motion to dismiss is granted; and that
judgment is hereby entered in favor of Defendants, dismissing the Amended
Complaint.ʺ); see also Gonzalez v. Hasty, Minute Entry, 12‐cv‐5013 (Mar. 11, 2013) (Pl.ʹs
Appʹx 30) (ordering defendants to ʺlimit their reply to plaintiffʹs opposition to
defendantsʹ motion to dismiss, not to plaintiffʹs 56.1 response or those portions of his
response that address summary judgmentʺ).
3
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1 BACKGROUND
2 Facts
3 On February 28, 1999, Gonzalez stabbed a fellow inmate at the
4 Metropolitan Correctional Center in Manhattan (the ʺMCCʺ), with a ʺknife‐likeʺ
5 object.2 Gonzalez was placed under administrative detention in the Special
6 Housing Unit (the ʺSHUʺ) later that day, and remained confined therein for more
7 than two years, until July 24, 2001.
8 On July 24, 2001, Gonzalez was transferred from the MCC to the
9 Metropolitan Detention Center (the ʺMDCʺ)3 in Brooklyn, New York. When he
10 arrived, he was immediately placed in the MDC SHU. He remained there for
11 more than nine additional months, until on or about May 11, 2002. 4 Gonzalez
12 alleges that the MCC warden, defendant Dennis Hasty, ordered Gonzalezʹs
13 transfer to the MDC prior to his reassignment to the post of MDC warden so that
14 Hasty could continue to supervise Gonzalez. An MCC corrections officer told
Because we are reviewing the grant of a motion to dismiss, for the purposes of this
2
appeal, we accept as true the factual allegations in Gonzalezʹs complaint. Vietnam Assʹn
for Victims of Agent Orange v. Dow Chem. Co., 517 F.3d 104, 115 (2d Cir. 2008).
3 Although we thus provide definitions for the MCC in Manhattan and the MDC in
Brooklyn, because of the similarities of the initials, names, and functions of the
institutions, in an effort to assist the reader, we will from time to time refer to them as
ʺMCC (Manhattan)ʺ and ʺMDC (Brooklyn).ʺ
4 The government claims that Gonzalez was released on April 15, 2002. At this stage of
the proceedings, however, we accept the date pled in the complaint.
4
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1 Gonzalez, ʺ[y]ouʹre going to MDC to be with your friend Warden Hasty.ʺ
2 Compl. ¶ 41 (Pl.ʹs Appʹx 72). Defendant Salvatore LoPresti, captain of security at
3 the MDC (Brooklyn), ʺaccepted that transfer with the knowledge that it was
4 being made to enable [Hasty] to continue to exercise control over and abuse
5 Plaintiff Gonzalez.ʺ Id.
6 Hasty made it known that ʺhe had a personal vendetta against [] Gonzalez,
7 [and] that [Hasty] would not release [] Gonzalez from [the] SHU under any
8 circumstances . . . .ʺ Compl. ¶ 29 (Pl.ʹs Appʹx 68). Gonzalez contends that this
9 vendetta was motivated by racial animus, as evidenced by the fact that the
10 Federal Bureau of Prisons (ʺBOPʺ) previously had ordered Hasty to remove a
11 Confederate flag from his office.
12 While in the SHU, Gonzalez was not afforded all of the procedural
13 protections to which he asserts he was entitled under 28 C.F.R. § 541.22(c)(1).5
14 This rule required that within three work days of an inmateʹs confinement in the
15 SHU, a Segregation Review Officer (ʺSROʺ) review the administrative detention.
16 The SRO was further required to review the case outside of the inmateʹs presence
17 for every week of confinement, and hold a formal hearing and review with the
The relevant code provision, which addresses prisoner detention in special housing
5
units, was amended in 2011. All references here, however, are to the version in effect at
the time of Gonzalezʹs detention.
5
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1 inmate present every 30 days. 28 C.F.R. § 541.22(c)(1). The BOP was also
2 required to conduct a psychological assessment every 30 days to determine, inter
3 alia, whether the inmate posed an ongoing threat to himself or others. Id.
4 Instead of complying with these regulations, the defendants falsified forms
5 to make it appear as though they were in compliance, ʺheld unauthorized weekly
6 meetings to determine which inmates were to be released from [the] SHU and
7 returned to general population,ʺ Compl. ¶ 27 (Pl.ʹs Appʹx 68), and ignored
8 psychological assessments suggesting that Gonzalez ʺwas not in need of further
9 SHU confinement,ʺ Compl. ¶ 38 (Pl.ʹs Appʹx 71). In sum, Gonzalez alleges that
10 the defendants ʺagreed, confederated and conspired with Defendant Hasty
11 throughout the period of [] Gonzalezʹs confinement in [the] SHU to keep []
12 Gonzalez unlawfully confined to [the] SHU under harsh conditions . . . .ʺ Compl.
13 ¶ 30 (Pl.ʹs Appʹx 69) (capitalization altered).
14 While at the MCC (Manhattan) SHU, Gonzalez filed at least twenty‐nine
15 administrative complaints. Six of them, the first of which was filed on May 2,
16 2000, related to his SHU confinement. He exhausted his MCC SHU‐related
17 administrative remedies on November 15, 2000, when the BOP denied his last
18 appeal.
6
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1 While confined in the MDC (Brooklyn) SHU, Gonzalez filed at least forty‐
2 two administrative complaints, three of which related to his MDC SHU
3 confinement. He filed his first MDC SHU‐related request on February 14, 2002.
4 The BOP denied this request on July 2, 2002. He administratively exhausted all
5 of his MDC SHU‐related remedies on August 8, 2002, when the BOP denied his
6 last request.
7 As noted, Gonzalez was released from the MDC SHU on May 11, 2002,
8 which was shortly after Hasty retired. The district court accordingly concluded
9 that the statute of limitations should be tolled for as few as 116 or as many as 174
10 days, representing the period during which Gonzalez was exhausting his
11 administrative remedies.6 Gonzalez v. Hasty, No. 12‐cv‐5013, 2013 WL 3816587, at
12 *4, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102215, at *12‐13 (E.D.N.Y. July 22, 2013).
The district court did not explain how it arrived at these numbers. The defendantsʹ
6
brief suggests that ʺ[t]he 174‐day period calculated by the court represents the period
from when Gonzalez submitted his first MDC‐SHU administrative remedy request
(February 14, 2002) until the last denial of a final appeal in any of his three
administrative remedy requests (August 8, 2002 denial of February 22, 2002 request).ʺ
The 116‐day period ʺappears to be the period from when Gonzalez submitted his last
MDC‐SHU administrative remedy request (February 24, 2002) until the denial of his
final appeal of that specific request (June 20, 2002).ʺ Def.sʹ Br. at 24 n.9. We note also
that the defendants calculated that the upper limit of the tolling period is 175 days, not
174.
7
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Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 Gonzalez commenced this Bivens action on May 31, 2005, in the United
2 States District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging that his
3 confinement in the MCC and MDC SHUs violated his First, Fifth, and Eighth
4 Amendment rights. As a result, his suit was timely under the applicable three‐
5 year statute of limitations insofar as it relates to claims dating back to on or about
6 February 4, 2002 (assuming a 116‐day tolling period) or December 8, 2001
7 (assuming a 174‐day tolling period). Because the parties do not discuss which, if
8 either, of these dates represents the correct tolling period, and such a
9 determination is not necessary to the analysis that follows, we leave it to the
10 district court on remand to determine the date by which any timely claims must
11 have accrued. We hereinafter refer to that date as the ʺcutoff date.ʺ
12 A summary of key dates is as follows:
February 28, 1999 Gonzalez was placed in the MCC (Manhattan)
SHU
May 2, 2000 Gonzalez lodged his first administrative
complaint alleging that his MCC SHU
detention was improper
November 15, 2000 All of Gonzalezʹs MCC SHU‐related
administrative complaints were exhausted
July 24, 2001 Gonzalez was transferred from the MCC SHU
to the MDC (Brooklyn) SHU
February 14, 2002 Gonzalez made his first MDC SHU‐related
request for administrative remedy
May 11, 2002 Gonzalez was released from the MDC SHU
8
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Gonzalez v. Hasty
July 2, 2002 The BOP denied Gonzalezʹs first MDC SHU‐
related administrative complaint
August 8, 2002 All of Gonzalezʹs MDC SHU‐related
administrative requests were exhausted
May 31, 2005 Gonzalez commenced a Bivens action in the
Southern District of New York
1 Procedural History
2 On May 31, 2005, Gonzalez brought suit against Hasty, in his capacity as
3 warden of both the MCC (Manhattan) and MDC (Brooklyn), and various other
4 personnel from both facilities, in the United States District Court for the Southern
5 District of New York. On March 27, 2007, the district court (Richard M. Berman,
6 Judge) dismissed Gonzalezʹs MCC claims as time‐barred. Gonzalez v. Hasty, No.
7 05‐cv‐6076, 2007 WL 914238, at *3, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21668, at *8‐9 (S.D.N.Y.
8 Mar. 27, 2007), vacated, 651 F.3d 318 (2d Cir. 2011). It concluded that the
9 applicable three‐year statute of limitations had run because Gonzalezʹs claims
10 ripened when he was transferred out of the MCC, on July 24, 2001. Id. The
11 district court dismissed Gonzalezʹs MDC claims for improper venue, explaining
12 that none of the events underlying those claims had occurred in the Southern
13 District.7 Id., 2007 WL 914238, at *3, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21668, at *11.
The MCC is located in the Southern District of New York; the MDC is located in the
7
Eastern District of New York.
9
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1 Gonzalez appealed. We decided that the district court erred in failing to
2 apply tolling to the statute of limitations during the time in which Gonzalez was
3 exhausting his administrative remedies. Gonzalez v. Hasty, 651 F.3d 318, 323‐24
4 (2d Cir. 2011). Because it was not clear from the record when Gonzalez first
5 initiated his administrative claim, thereby commencing the tolling period, we
6 vacated the dismissal and remanded the case to the district court. Id. at 324. We
7 also directed the district court to transfer Gonzalezʹs MDC claims to the Eastern
8 District of New York if it once again determined that venue did not lie in the
9 Southern District. Id. at 325. We expressly ʺdecline[d] to decide on th[e] record
10 [before us] whether the continuing violation doctrine allows the two
11 confinements to be aggregated in order to preserve MCC claims that might
12 otherwise have been lost absent prolonged tolling, and to lengthen the period of
13 confinement in [the] SHU.ʺ Id. at 320 n.1.
14 On remand, the district court granted the defendantsʹ motion for partial
15 summary judgment, concluding that Gonzalezʹs claims against all of the MCC
16 defendants except for Hasty were time‐barred.8 Gonzalez v. Hasty, 05‐cv‐6076,
17 2012 WL 4473689, at *7‐9, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 141251, at *22‐27 (S.D.N.Y. Sept.
18 28, 2012). The court rejected Gonzalezʹs argument that the continuing violation
8 Gonzalez does not appeal this decision.
10
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1 doctrine, described at some length in the Discussion section of this opinion
2 below, applied to delay the start of the limitations period as to the MCC claims,
3 reasoning that the Second Circuit has never applied the doctrine to a Bivens
4 action, and even if the doctrine did apply to Bivens claims, Gonzalez failed to
5 allege that the MCC defendants committed any wrongful acts within the
6 limitations period. Id., 2012 WL 4473689, at *8, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 141251, at
7 *24‐26. Because the parties acknowledged that at least some of Gonzalezʹs claims
8 against Hasty and the MDC defendants might be timely, the court transferred
9 the case to the Eastern District pursuant to the Second Circuitʹs instruction. 9 Id.,
10 2012 WL 4473689, at *10, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 141251, at *32.
11 After the case was transferred, the remaining defendants moved to dismiss
12 or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. Gonzalez v. Hasty, Motion, 12‐cv‐
13 5013, Dkt. No. 106 (Feb. 13, 2013). Gonzalez argued that the continuing violation
14 doctrine should apply to his Bivens claims to delay the start of the limitations
15 period until the date of his release from the MDC SHU. Doing so, he argued,
16 would render his claims timely after taking into account administrative tolling.
17 The district court rejected this argument and granted the defendantsʹ motion to
The district court stated that it did not need to decide ʺwhether the continuing
9
violation doctrine applie[d] to Warden Hasty,ʺ since he remained a defendant in the
case. Id., 2012 WL 4473689, at *9, U.S. Dist. LEXIS 141251, at *27.
11
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1 dismiss, concluding that even if the continuing violation doctrine could apply in
2 some Bivens actions, it would not apply in this case. Gonzalez, 2013 WL 3816587,
3 at *3, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102215, at *7.
4 The district court observed that a claim typically accrues when a plaintiff
5 has full knowledge of the material facts that give rise to it. Id., 2013 WL 3816587,
6 at *2, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102215, at *6. The court further reasoned that
7 Gonzalez had complained that his lengthy SHU confinement at the MCC
8 (Manhattan) was improper, and if that were so, he was thereby demonstrating
9 knowledge that his placement in the MDC (Brooklyn) SHU similarly was
10 improper. Id., 2013 WL 3816587, at *3, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102215, at *7. But
11 Gonzalez did not commence the MDC action until May 31, 2005, which was
12 more than three years after he entered the MDC SHU, taking into account
13 administrative tolling. Id., 2013 WL 3816587, at *4, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102215,
14 at *12‐13. The court also failed to rule on Gonzalezʹs request for discovery.
15 Gonzalez appeals from the district courtʹs dismissal, arguing that the
16 continuing violation doctrine applies to his claims against Hasty, which relate to
17 his confinement at both the MCC and MDC, and his claims against the other
18 MDC defendants: James Sherman, Salvatore LoPresti, ʺOrtiz,ʺ Inspector Barrere,
12
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1 and ʺC.O. White, #8413,ʺ which involve only his incarceration in the MDC. He
2 also appeals from the district courtʹs implicit denial of his discovery request and
3 requests reassignment of his case to another judge on remand.
4 DISCUSSION
5 I. Standard of Review
6 We review the district courtʹs grant of the defendantsʹ motion to dismiss
7 under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo, accepting the allegations in the complaint as true and
8 drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the non‐moving party. Vietnam
9 Assʹn for Victims of Agent Orange v. Dow Chem. Co., 517 F.3d 104, 115 (2d Cir.
10 2008).
11 II. Statute of Limitations
12 A. The Nature and Scope of the Continuing Violation Doctrine
13 The statute of limitations for Bivens claims is governed by the statute of
14 limitations applicable to New York state law ʺpersonal injury claims not
15 sounding in intentional tort.ʺ Chin v. Bowen, 833 F.2d 21, 23‐24 (2d Cir. 1987).
16 New York Civil Practice Law and Rules section 214(5) provides a three‐year
17 statute of limitations for such claims. Federal law, however, governs the
18 determination of when the statute of limitations begins to run. Kronisch v. United
19 States, 150 F.3d 112, 123 (2d Cir. 1998). A Bivens claim accrues under federal law
13
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1 for statute of limitations purposes when a plaintiff either has knowledge of his or
2 her claim or has enough information that a reasonable person would investigate
3 and discover the existence of a claim. See id. at 123‐24.
4 The continuing violation doctrine, where applicable, provides an
5 ʺexception to the normal knew‐or‐should‐have‐known accrual date.ʺ Harris v.
6 City of New York, 186 F.3d 243, 248 (2d Cir. 1999). It applies to claims ʺcomposed
7 of a series of separate acts that collectively constitute one unlawful [] practice.ʺ
8 Washington v. Cty. of Rockland, 373 F.3d 310, 318 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Natʹl R.R.
9 Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 111 (2002)). The continuing violation
10 doctrine thus applies not to discrete unlawful acts, even where those discrete acts
11 are part of a ʺserial violation[],ʺ but to claims that by their nature accrue only
12 after the plaintiff has been subjected to some threshold amount of mistreatment.
13 Morgan, 536 U.S. at 114‐15.
14 Accordingly, where the continuing violation doctrine applies, the
15 limitations period begins to run when the defendant has ʺengaged in enough
16 activity to make out an actionable . . . claim.ʺ Id. at 117. A claim will be timely,
17 however, only if the plaintiff ʺallege[s] . . . some non‐time‐barred actsʺ
18 contributing to the alleged violation. Harris, 186 F.3d at 250.
14
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1 The continuing violation doctrine typically arises in the context of a
2 complaint of unlawful workplace discrimination challenged under Title VII of
3 the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. ʺ[U]nder the continuing
4 violation exception to the Title VII limitations period, if a Title VII plaintiff files
5 an [Equal Employment Opportunity Commission] charge that is timely as to any
6 incident of discrimination in furtherance of an ongoing policy of discrimination,
7 all claims of acts of discrimination under that policy will be timely even if they
8 would be untimely standing alone.ʺ Chin v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 685 F.3d
9 135, 155‐56 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).
10 To prevail, a plaintiff alleging a hostile work environment claim under
11 Title VII, for example, must show that under the totality of the circumstances, the
12 alleged conduct was so ʺsevere or pervasive as to create an objectively hostile or
13 abusive work environment.ʺ Patterson v. Cty. of Oneida, 375 F.3d 206, 227 (2d Cir.
14 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). The alleged conduct in many hostile
15 work environment cases must be repeated or ongoing before it is adequately
16 severe or pervasive to constitute a violation. Alfano v. Costello, 294 F.3d 365, 374
17 (2d Cir. 2002) (ʺAs a general rule, incidents must be more than episodic; they
15
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Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 must be sufficiently continuous and concerted in order to be deemed pervasive.ʺ
2 (internal quotation marks omitted)).
3 While the doctrineʹs use is most often encountered in connection with
4 actions asserting Title VII violations, its application is by no means limited to that
5 context. We have, for example, applied it to an Eighth Amendment claim of
6 deliberate indifference to serious medical needs brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
7 where the ʺprisoner challenge[d] a series of acts that together comprise[d]ʺ his
8 claim. Shomo v. City of New York, 579 F.3d 176, 182 (2d Cir. 2009). We have also
9 applied it to an unlawful takings claim under section 1983. Sherman v. Town of
10 Chester, 752 F.3d 554, 566‐67 (2d Cir. 2014). Other circuits also have invoked the
11 doctrine more broadly. See, e.g., Turley v. Rednour, 729 F.3d 645, 651 (7th Cir.
12 2013) (applying the continuing violation doctrine to an Eighth Amendment claim
13 concerning ʺthe cumulative impact of numerous imposed lockdownsʺ on the
14 plaintiff).
15 We see no reason why the doctrine thus applied from time to time to
16 Eighth Amendment claims against state actors brought under section 1983 would
17 not in a proper case be applicable to an Eighth Amendment claim against federal
18 officials brought under Bivens. Cf. Chin v. Bowen, 833 F.2d at 24 (ʺBoth Bivens and
16
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1 section 1983 actions are designed to provide redress for constitutional violations.
2 Though the two actions are not precisely parallel, there is a general trend in the
3 appellate courts to incorporate § 1983 law into Bivens suits.ʺ (internal quotation
4 marks and footnote omitted)). The controlling feature of the doctrine is not the
5 source of the right of action, but rather the characteristics of the claim.
6 In an attempt to rebut the plaintiffʹs position that the continuing violation
7 doctrine can apply in a Bivens action, the defendants rely on our decision in Mix
8 v. Delaware & Hudson Railway Co., 345 F.3d 82 (2d Cir. 2003). There we concluded
9 that the continuing violation doctrine did not apply to a claim for injury under
10 the Federal Employersʹ Liability Act (ʺFELAʺ). Id. at 89. The plaintiff had argued
11 that Morgan supported the continuing violation doctrineʹs application to his
12 claim for hearing loss, which he sustained gradually during his employment at
13 various railway yards. Id. at 84‐85, 89. We rejected that argument, drawing a
14 distinction between Title VIIʹs ʺoccurrence‐based trigger for the statute of
15 limitations,ʺ by which the statute of limitations begins to run when the ʺunlawful
16 employment practice has occurred,ʺ and FELAʹs ʺdiscovery‐based trigger,ʺ by
17 which the statute of limitations begins to run when the plaintiff discovers or has
17
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Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 enough information from which he or she should have discovered the injury and
2 its cause. Id. at 89 (internal quotation marks omitted).
3 Bivens and section 1983 claims, like those under FELA, typically are subject
4 to a ʺdiscovery‐based trigger.ʺ But we do not read Mix as recognizing a
5 categorical bar to the continuing violation doctrineʹs application to claims that
6 otherwise would be subject to the discovery rule. Doing so would cast serious
7 doubt on our decision to apply the continuing violation doctrine to a claim
8 otherwise subject to the discovery rule, as we did in Shomo, and would render
9 our prior characterization of the continuing violation doctrine as an ʺexceptionʺ
10 to the discovery rule senseless. See Harris, 186 F.3d at 248. We therefore do not
11 read Mix as a barrier to the application of the doctrine to Gonzalezʹs
12 constitutional claims.
13 B. The Continuing Violation Doctrineʹs Application to Gonzalezʹs Claims
14 The defendants argue that the district court was correct to conclude that
15 Gonzalezʹs MDC‐related claims accrued on July 24, 2001, when he was
16 transferred from the MCC (Manhattan) SHU to the MDC (Brooklyn) SHU,
17 because he ʺknew of his alleged injuryʺ on that date.ʺ Def.sʹ Br. 30. They also
18 contend that even if the continuing violation doctrine can apply to some Bivens
18
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1 actions, it does not apply to this one, at least in part because Gonzalez complains
2 of discrete acts. The defendants argue in the alternative that we should affirm
3 because Gonzalez has not exhausted his administrative remedies with respect to
4 any claims he may have for acts taken after the cutoff date and because Gonzalez
5 purportedly has failed to adequately allege that his claims are timely as to each
6 individual defendant. See Eagleston v. Guido, 41 F.3d 865, 872 (2d Cir. 1994) (A
7 court must ʺconsider[] specifically as to each defendant at what point [the
8 plaintiff] ha[s] a compensable claim . . . .ʺ).
9 We agree that the continuing violation doctrine does not apply to
10 Gonzalezʹs First and Fifth Amendment claims, which are based on discrete acts
11 by the defendants, each of which would start the running of the statute of
12 limitations for that act. Some of those discrete acts, however, appear to have
13 occurred after the cutoff date and therefore may provide a basis for a timely
14 claim even absent application of the doctrine, although damages would only be
15 available for acts within the limitations period. Moreover, for the reasons that
16 follow, we conclude that the continuing violation doctrine may apply to
17 Gonzalezʹs Eighth Amendment claim. We leave it to the district court to evaluate
18 in the first instance the defendantsʹ alternative arguments for dismissal, premised
19
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1 on exhaustion and the timeliness of Gonzalezʹs claims as to each individual
2 defendant.
3 1. First Amendment Retaliation
4 The continuing violation doctrine does not apply to Gonzalezʹs First
5 Amendment claim. 10 In order to state a claim for retaliation in violation of the
6 First Amendment, a plaintiff must allege ʺ(1) that the speech or conduct at issue
7 was protected, (2) that the defendant took adverse action against the plaintiff,
8 and (3) that there was a causal connection between the protected speech and the
9 adverse action.ʺ Garcia v. SUNY Health Scis. Ctr., 280 F.3d 98, 106‐07 (2d Cir. 2001)
10 (internal quotation marks omitted). Gonzalezʹs claim, as it is pled, is premised
11 on the discrete act of placing him in the SHU for 1163 days ʺin retaliation for
12 statements which he had made concerning [] Hasty.ʺ Compl. ¶ 56 (Pl. Appʹx 75).
13 Hastyʹs decision to confine Gonzalez to the MCC (Manhattan) SHU was a
14 discrete act that occurred on or about February 28, 1999. His decision to confine
15 Gonzalez to the MDC (Brooklyn) SHU similarly was a discrete act that occurred
16 on or about July 24, 2001. Any claim that Gonzalez may have had for those acts
17 accrued on the dates on which they occurred, both of which were more than
We assume without deciding that a First Amendment claim is cognizable under
10
Bivens. Cf. Zherka v. Ryan, 52 F. Supp. 3d 571, 579 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (ʺ[T]he Second Circuit
has not recognized a Bivens action sounding in the First Amendment.ʺ).
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Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 three years before the cutoff date. As this Court previously has explained in a
2 non‐precedential summary order, ʺ[t]he mere fact that the effects of retaliation
3 are continuing does not make the retaliatory act itself a continuing one.ʺ Deters v.
4 City of Poughkeepsie, 150 F. Appʹx 10, 12 (2d Cir. 2005) (summary order).
5 Gonzalez might have had a timely First Amendment claim against Hasty
6 and the other defendants to the extent that they made periodic retaliatory
7 decisions to maintain Gonzalez in the SHU after the cutoff date.11 But he does
8 not allege that Hasty or any of the other defendantsʹ periodic decisions not to
9 release him from the SHU were motivated by such retaliation. See, e.g., Compl. ¶
10 56 (Pl. Appʹx 75) (alleging that his ʺconfinement in [the] SHU . . . for 1163 days in
11 retaliation for statements which he had made concerning Defendant HASTY
12 violated his rights to free speech under the First Amendmentʺ).
13 We therefore conclude that Gonzalezʹs First Amendment claim is
14 untimely.
15 2. Fifth Amendment Due Process
16 Gonzalez alleges that the defendants deprived him of due process in
17 violation of the Fifth Amendment by failing to provide him with ʺrequired
The district court might consider allowing Gonzalez to replead this claim, should he
11
request leave to do so, in light of our opinion clarifying the law in this area.
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No. 13‐2844
Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 notices, hearings and other procedural protections and [] required disclosure of
2 documentary evidenceʺ while he was confined in the SHU. Compl. ¶ 54 (Pl.ʹs
3 Appʹx 75). The continuing violation doctrine does not apply to this claim.
4 In determining whether an inmateʹs confinement effects a violation of
5 procedural due process, we consider ʺwhether the plaintiff had a protected
6 liberty interest in not being confined . . . and, if so, [] whether the deprivation of
7 that liberty interest occurred without due process of law.ʺ Tellier v. Fields, 280
8 F.3d 69, 79‐80 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted; ellipsis in
9 original). ʺA prisonerʹs liberty interest is implicated by prison discipline, such as
10 SHU confinement, only if the discipline imposes [an] atypical and significant
11 hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life . . . .ʺ
12 Palmer v. Richards, 364 F.3d 60, 64 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks
13 omitted). Determining whether the hardship imposed is ʺatypical and
14 significantʺ requires consideration of ʺ[b]oth the conditions and their duration.ʺ
15 Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). A period of confinement under typical
16 SHU conditions lasting longer than 305 days, for example, triggers a protected
17 liberty interest, whereas a period of confinement lasting between 101 and 305
22
No. 13‐2844
Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 days may trigger a protected liberty interest, depending on the specific
2 conditions of confinement. Id. at 64‐65.
3 Failure to provide an inmate with the procedural protections afforded
4 under 28 C.F.R. § 541.22 after a protected liberty interest attaches may constitute
5 a violation of the inmateʹs right to procedural due process. See Tellier, 280 F.3d at
6 79‐83; cf. Palmer, 364 F.3d at 64 (ʺ[The inmate] had no right to due process at his
7 hearing unless a liberty interest was infringed as a result.ʺ (alterations, emphasis,
8 and internal quotation marks omitted)). As a result, a discrete claim may accrue
9 under the Fifth Amendment each time that a defendant fails to provide an
10 inmate with the notice, hearing, or evaluation to which he is entitled after a
11 liberty interest attaches. These denials or failures are discrete acts, which may
12 combine to form a ʺserial violation.ʺ But Morgan forecloses the continuing
13 violation doctrineʹs application to claims of this nature. Morgan, 536 U.S. at 114‐
14 15.
15 Gonzalez may have a timely claim, however, for a violation of his right to
16 procedural due process notwithstanding the inapplicability of the continuing
17 violation doctrine. He alleges, inter alia, that the defendants failed to hold
18 required weekly and monthly reviews to assess the need for his continued SHU
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No. 13‐2844
Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 confinement. See Compl. ¶ 24 (Pl.ʹs Appʹx 67). At least some of those regular
2 meetings and hearings should have occurred during the final months of
3 Gonzalezʹs confinement, some portion of which was after the cutoff date. The
4 district courtʹs view that Gonzalezʹs claims alleging discrete acts are untimely
5 because he knew or should have known that he had a claim premised on his
6 SHU confinement seems to us mistaken in light of the nature of the claims.
7 Where, as here, a plaintiff complains of a discrete act or series of discrete acts,
8 each of which violates the law, the plaintiff has a separate claim for each act, and
9 each act carries its own limitations period. Cf. Morgan, 536 U.S. at 113 (ʺEach
10 discrete discriminatory act starts a new clock for filing charges alleging that
11 act.ʺ).
12 We leave it to the district court to determine in the first instance at what
13 point, if any, a protected liberty interest attached under the facts of this case, and
14 what portion, if any, of Gonzalezʹs Fifth Amendment claims accrued after the
15 cutoff date.
16 3. Eighth Amendment Cruel and Unusual Punishment
17 Finally, Gonzalez claims that the length and conditions of his confinement
18 in the SHU ʺviolated his rights under the Eighth Amendmentʹs prohibition
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No. 13‐2844
Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 against cruel and unusual punishment.ʺ Compl. ¶ 55 (Pl. Appʹx 75). This claim
2 is subject to the continuing violation doctrine.
3 ʺConfinement in a prison or in an isolation cell is a form of punishment
4 subject to scrutiny under Eighth Amendment standards.ʺ Hutto v. Finney, 437
5 U.S. 678, 685 (1978). In order to establish an Eighth Amendment violation, an
6 inmate must show ʺ(1) a deprivation that is objectively, sufficiently serious that
7 he was denied the minimal civilized measure of lifeʹs necessities, and (2) a
8 sufficiently culpable state of mind on the part of the defendant official . . . .ʺ
9 Gaston v. Coughlin, 249 F.3d 156, 164 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks
10 omitted). Although ʺ[i]t is perfectly obvious that every decision to remove a
11 particular inmate from the general prison population for an indeterminate period
12 could not be characterized as cruel and unusual[,] . . . [i]t is equally plain [] that
13 the length of confinement cannot be ignored in deciding whether the [overall
14 conditions of] confinement meet[] constitutional standards.ʺ Hutto, 437 U.S. at
15 686. In other words, whether incarceration in the SHU violates the Eighth
16 Amendment, like the liberty interest inquiry discussed above, depends on the
17 duration and conditions of the confinement.
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No. 13‐2844
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1 An Eighth Amendment claim predicated on SHU confinement therefore
2 typically accrues only after an inmate has been confined in the SHU for a
3 prolonged period of time. This is properly analogous to the Eighth Amendment
4 deliberate indifference claim in Shomo, in which the plaintiff ʺchallenge[d] a
5 series of acts that together comprise[d]ʺ his Eighth Amendment claim, 579 F.3d at
6 182, and Morgan, in which the hostile work environment claim accrued only after
7 the plaintiff had been subjected to some threshold amount of workplace abuse,
8 536 U.S. at 114‐15. It follows that the continuing violation doctrine should be
9 applied to an Eighth Amendment claim of this nature.
10 Gonzalezʹs claim as he has pled it, assuming it otherwise is viable, accrued
11 only after the defendants had confined him in the SHU for some threshold
12 period of time. This renders the continuing violation doctrine applicable. At
13 what point Gonzalezʹs claim accrued, though, is a question of fact determinable
14 only by a close assessment of the conditions to which Gonzalez was subjected as
15 a function of the length of that confinement. But, assuming his claim accrued
16 some months or years before the cutoff date, Morgan stands for the proposition
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No. 13‐2844
Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 that his entire Eighth Amendment claim will be timely as long as the violation of
2 rights continued past the cutoff date. Morgan, 536 U.S. at 117.12
3 III. Discovery
4 The district court did not rule on or otherwise address Gonzalezʹs
5 discovery request for ʺ[a]ll documents, requests, communications, approvals and
6 orders pertaining to plaintiff Gonzalezʹs transfer from [the] MCC to [the] MDC
7 on or about July 24, 2001 and the names and titles of all staff who were in any
8 way involved with said documents.ʺ Pl.ʹs Appʹx 58‐59. Gonzalez appeals from
9 the courtʹs implicit denial of his request. Taking into account Gonzalezʹs failure
10 to move to compel discovery under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d), the
11 district courtʹs failure to explicitly respond to his letter request that the court
12 direct discovery, and the fact that we now remand in part, we decline to decide
13 whether the district courtʹs implicit denial was proper. Gonzalez may renew any
14 discovery requests to the district court on remand.
15 IV. Reassignment on Remand
16 Gonzalez contends that the case should be reassigned to a different judge
17 on remand because the district court displayed ʺprejudice[]ʺ and ʺanimosityʺ
The district court should, in the first instance, determine whether the continuing
12
violation doctrineʹs application renders Gonzalezʹs MCC SHU‐related Eighth
Amendment claim against Hasty timely.
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No. 13‐2844
Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 towards him. Pl.ʹs Br. 45, 48. He further contends that the district court
2 improperly coached the defendantsʹ attorneys with respect to the timing of their
3 motions to dismiss and for summary judgment to facilitate their avoidance of
4 discovery. We reject the request.
5 Reassignment is granted only in ʺunusual circumstances.ʺ United States v.
6 Robin, 553 F.2d 8, 9‐10 (2d Cir. 1977) (en banc) (per curiam); see also United States
7 v. City of New York, 717 F.3d 72, 99 (2d Cir. 2013) (ʺ[Reassignment] is an extreme
8 remedy, rarely imposed . . . .ʺ). We consider three factors in determining
9 whether reassignment is warranted:
10 (1) whether the original judge would reasonably be expected upon
11 remand to have substantial difficulty in putting out of his or her
12 mind previously‐expressed views or findings determined to be
13 erroneous or based on evidence that must be rejected, (2) whether
14 reassignment is advisable to preserve the appearance of justice, and
15 (3) whether reassignment would entail waste and duplication out of
16 proportion to any gain in preserving the appearance of fairness.
17 Martens v. Thomann, 273 F.3d 159, 174 (2d Cir. 2001) (quoting Mackler Prods., Inc.
18 v. Cohen, 225 F.3d 136, 146‐47 (2d Cir. 2000)).
19 We find nothing in the record that would serve as a basis for a conclusion
20 that the district judge would have difficulty putting aside any of his previous
21 views of the case that are contrary to those of this Court expressed or implied in
28
No. 13‐2844
Gonzalez v. Hasty
1 this opinion, or that reassignment is necessary to preserve ʺthe appearance of
2 justice.ʺ13 Id.
3 CONCLUSION
4 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED
5 in part and VACATED and REMANDED in part for further proceedings in the
6 district court.
To the extent that the district court suggested that the defendants proceed on a
13
motion to dismiss before engaging in discovery and moving for summary judgment,
this appears to us, under the circumstances of this case, to be nothing more than
reasonable case management.
29