Opinion issued June 17, 2010
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
NO. 01-09-00581-CV
VIRGIE MONTGOMERY, Appellant
V.
FORD MOTOR CREDIT COMPANY, Appellee
On Appeal from the 234th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2008-73671
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Virgie Montgomery, challenges the trial court’s rendition of summary judgment in favor of appellee, Ford Motor Credit Company (“Ford Credit”), in her suit against Ford Credit for “unconscionable conduct,” breach of contract, deceptive trade practices,[1] and conversion. In two issues, Montgomery contends that the trial court erred in calculating the date of the accrual of her claims and concluding that her claims were barred by limitations.
We affirm.
Background
In 2002, Montgomery and her husband purchased a new car, which they financed through Ford Credit for a period of sixty months. In the retail installment contract, Montgomery agreed to “buy the vehicle on credit under the agreements on the front and back of this contract” and to pay monthly to Ford Credit the installment amount and finance charge beginning March 28, 2002. The agreement gave Ford Credit a security interest in the car and the right to “require payment of [Montgomery’s] debt in full before the scheduled date.” The Application for Texas Certificate of Title and the title listed Ford Credit as the first lien holder.
After making fifty-two payments, Montgomery missed the July and August 2006 payments. On September 8, 2006, Ford Credit sent Montgomery a notice of default and intent to repossess in which it explained what she was required to do by September 18, 2006, to cure the default. Montgomery submitted one payment on or about September 18 that was credited to her account on September 22. Three days later, on September 25, 2006, Ford Credit repossessed Montgomery’s car.
Montgomery called Ford Credit to discuss the repossession. After seeing that the payment had been credited on September 22, Ford Credit offered Montgomery an opportunity to redeem her car. Montgomery asked for, and Ford Credit granted, permission for her, prior to reclaiming the car, to inspect it for damage caused during the repossession. Without another car, Montgomery could not immediately go to where the car was stored and inspect it. By the time that she had made it to the lot where the car had been stored, she was told that it had been removed for sale. Montgomery made no further inquiries to Ford Credit and no more payments on the loan.
With Montgomery in default on the August and September 2006 payments, Ford Credit, on October 13, 2006, sent to Montgomery a second notice of default and intent to repossess. On October 27, 2006, after Montgomery had not cured the default, Ford Credit sent to her a notice of its intent to sell the car at a private sale. Ford Credit then sold Montgomery’s car in November 2006, and, on December 14, 2006, sent her notice of the sale and the amount still owing under the note.
On December 12, 2008, Montgomery filed suit against Ford Credit alleging that the repossession of her car constituted “a breach of the cure provisions of the retail installment loan contract.” She further alleged that “after she had made interest and principal payments under the contract for over four and one-half years[, the repossession] constitute[d] a predatory lending practice and represent[ed] an extreme indifference to [her] rights and welfare”; the “acts and omissions complained of constitute[d] an unconscionable course of dealing” and “represent[ed] false, misleading or deceptive acts or practices”; and the repossession, sale, and transfer of her car constituted a wrongful conversion.
Ford Credit generally denied Montgomery’s claims, and it asserted a counterclaim against her for the amount of money owed on the car and its attorney’s fees. Ford Credit subsequently filed its summary judgment motion, in which it asserted that Montgomery’s DTPA and conversion claims were barred by limitations; Ford Credit had a contractual right to repossess the car; and Montgomery first breached the terms of the retail installment contract by failing to timely pay and to cure the default, thus relieving Ford Credit of any further duty to perform.
In her response, Montgomery asserted that a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether her DTPA claims accrued on September 25, 2006, when her car was repossessed, or on December 14, 2006, when she received notice of the sale of her car. She asserted that the “deceptive and unlawful conduct [of Ford Credit] . . . consisted of the wrongful seizure of the vehicle, the failure to return the vehicle to [her], and the eventual sale of the vehicle,” creating a “continuing trespass,” and she did not “discover her loss until after December 14, 2006.” Montgomery further asserted that Ford Credit’s “mistaken[]” repossession of the car constituted “wrongful assumption of dominion” of the car and that her being only “one month” in arrears created a genuine issue of material fact as to whether or not she had materially breached the contract.
The trial court granted Ford Credit’s motion, concluding that Montgomery’s “breach of contract [claim] fails as a matter of law because [Ford Credit] was within its contractual rights to repossess” the car; the limitations period for her DTPA claims began running on September 25, 2006, when Ford Credit repossessed the car; and her “causes of action for DTPA violations and [c]onversion are barred by the relevant statutes of limitations.”
Standard of Review
To prevail on a summary judgment motion, a movant has the burden of proving that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law and that there is no genuine issue of material fact. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995). When a defendant moves for summary judgment, it must either (1) disprove at least one essential element of the plaintiff’s cause of action or (2) plead and conclusively establish each essential element of its affirmative defense, thereby defeating the plaintiff’s cause of action. Cathey, 900 S.W.2d at 341; Yazdchi v. Bank One, Tex., N.A., 177 S.W.3d 399, 404 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). When deciding whether there is a disputed, material fact issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the non-movant will be taken as true. Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548–49 (Tex. 1985). Every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any doubts must be resolved in her favor. Id. at 549.
DTPA and Conversion Claims
In her first issue, Montgomery argues that her DTPA and conversion claims are not time-barred because they did not accrue “until after she received notice of the sale of her automobile.”
Montgomery’s DTPA and conversion claims are governed by the two-year statute of limitations. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 17.565 (Vernon 2002); Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.003(a) (Vernon Supp. 2009). When the parties do not dispute the facts, the question of when a cause of action accrued is a question of law. Houston Livestock Show & Rodeo, Inc. v. Hamrick, 125 S.W.3d 555, 570 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, no pet.); see Moreno v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 787 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. 1990). A plaintiff need not know the full extent of her injury before limitations begin to run. Murphy v. Campbell, 964 S.W.2d 265, 273 (Tex. 1997); J.M. Krupar Constr. Co. v. Rosenberg, 95 S.W.3d 322, 329 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.).
DTPA
A DTPA cause of action accrues on “the date on which the false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice occurred or within two years after the consumer discovered or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have discovered the occurrence of the false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice.” Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 17.565 (Vernon 2002) (emphasis added).
Montgomery asserted in her summary judgment response that the deceptive acts of Ford Credit consisted of the “wrongful seizure,” “failure to return,” and “eventual sale” of her car. The date that Ford Credit’s deceptive act occurred was September 25, 2006, when it repossessed Montgomery’s car. The “failure to return” and the sale of the car were not a continuing breach for purposes of limitations because the “date a consumer suffers damages” is not the accrual date for DTPA causes of action. See Holmes v. P.K. Pipe & Tubing, Inc., 856 S.W.2d 530, 537 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ). (“The statute does not provide that the limitations period begins to run when the consumer incurs, or learns that it will incur, damages as a result of the [offending conduct].”). It is undisputed that Montgomery was behind on her payments, and Ford Credit’s September 8, 2006 notice of default and intent to repossess informed her that if she did not cure the default, Ford Credit would repossess her car and then sell it. Thus, Montgomery was aware on September 25, 2006, of what injury she could suffer as a result of Ford Credit’s repossession of her car. That Montgomery’s injury was not complete until Ford Credit sold her car is immaterial; the limitations period began to run on September 25, 2006, when the alleged deceptive act of Ford Credit occurred. See Murphy, 964 S.W.2d at 273. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in concluding that the limitations period for Montgomery’s DTPA claims began to run on September 25, 2006, and her DTPA claims, filed more than two years after that date, were time-barred.
Conversion
Generally, the limitations period for a conversion claim begins to run at the time of the unlawful taking. Autry v. Dearman, 933 S.W.2d 182, 193 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, writ denied); Pierson v. GFH Fin. Servs. Corp., 829 S.W.2d 311, 314 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, no writ). To establish a claim for conversion, a plaintiff must prove that (1) she owned or had possession of the property or entitlement to possession; (2) the defendant unlawfully and without authorization assumed and exercised control over the property to the exclusion of, or inconsistent with, her rights as an owner; (3) she demanded return of the property; and (4) the defendant refused to return the property. Burns v. Rochon, 190 S.W.3d 263, 268 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.).
In her Original Petition, Montgomery alleged that “[a]t the time [Ford Credit] hauled away [her] automobile, [she] owned and had legal rights to the possession of her automobile.” In her response to Ford Credit’s summary judgment motion, Montgomery asserted that Ford Credit’s “seizure of the vehicle was an act against the possessory rights of plaintiff.” Ford Credit’s exercise of dominion or control over Montgomery’s car was inconsistent with her rights as owner when it repossessed her car on September 25, 2006. Because Montgomery asserted her conversion claim more than two years after this date, we hold that the trial court did not err in concluding that Montgomery’s conversion claim was time-barred.
We overrule Montgomery’s first issue.
Unconscionable Conduct Claim
In her second issue, Montgomery argues that the trial court erred in concluding that her “‘unconscionable conduct’ breach of contract” claim was barred under the DTPA statute of limitations because her claim was based in contract unconscionability, not DTPA unconscionability.
Montgomery asserts that her unconscionability claim is one of a “garden variety unconscionable act [that is] a long-tenured feature of basic contract law,” not a DTPA claim, and, thus, is subject to the four-year contract statute of limitations. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.051 (Vernon 2008). The Texas Business and Commerce Code provides, “If the court as a matter of law finds the contract or any clause of the contract to have been unconscionable at the time it was made the court may refuse to enforce the contract . . . .” Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 2.302 (Vernon 2009) (emphasis added). Whereas, unconscionability under the DTPA encompasses “an act or practice which, to a consumer’s detriment, takes advantage of the lack of knowledge, ability, experience, or capacity of the consumer to a grossly unfair degree.” Id. § 17.45(5) (Vernon Supp. 2009) (emphasis added); Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Morris, 981 S.W.2d 667, 677 (Tex. 1998). Montgomery does not assert that the retail installment contract itself was unconscionable or contained unconscionable provisions. She asserts that Ford Credit breached the contract by its “unconscionable” acts of repossession, failure to return, and sale of her car after she had made fifty-two of fifty-nine payments and was only one month in arrears. Additionally, in her Original Petition and her response to Ford Credit’s summary judgment motion, Montgomery argued unconscionability within the context of her DTPA claim. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in concluding that Montgomery’s unconscionability claim was a DTPA cause of action and was barred by the two-year statute of limitations.
We overrule Montgomery’s second issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Terry Jennings
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Hanks, and Bland.
[1] See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§ 17.46, 17.50(a)(3) (Vernon Supp. 2009) (Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DTPA”)).