Kim Hackler, Individually and as Next Friend for C.H., a Minor, and Steve Hackler, Individually and as Next Friend for C.H., a Minor v. N.D., Ingrid DePinto, Joe DePinto, T.W., Kelly Wheeler, Steve Wheeler, A.M., Jane McBride, Paul McBride, L.G., Kathy Glenn, and Bill Glenn

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH

NO. 2-08-397-CV

KIM HACKLER, INDIVIDUALLY AND APPELLANTS
AS NEXT FRIEND FOR C.H., A MINOR,
AND STEVE HACKLER, INDIVIDUALLY
AND AS NEXT FRIEND FOR C.H., A MINOR

V.

N.D., INGRID DEPINTO, JOE DEPINTO, APPELLEES
T.W., KELLY WHEELER, STEVE WHEELER,
A.M., JANE MCBRIDE, PAUL MCBRIDE,
L.G., KATHY GLENN, AND BILL GLENN

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FROM THE 141ST DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

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MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

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I. INTRODUCTION AND B ACKGROUND

This is a summary judgment appeal. Seventh- and eighth-grade students

in a middle-school journalism class made verbal and written statements to their

1
… See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
journalism teacher, to other school officials, and to on-campus police following

a classroom incident involving a fellow classmate, C.H. In the statements, the

students accused C.H. of making threats to them.2 As a result of the

statements, Appellants, who are the parents of C.H., sued Appellees, who are

students from the journalism class and those students’ parents,3 alleging causes

of action for libel, slander, negligence, gross negligence, and asserting that the

Appellee parents were vicariously liable for any torts of their children. The

DePinto Appellees, Wheeler Appellees, McBride Appellees, and Glenn Appellees

filed separate motions for summary judgment, which the trial court granted

without specifying the grounds for doing so. Appellants perfected this appeal,

raising four issues challenging the trial court’s summary judgment and

complaining of a cost bond that the trial court required them to post. We will

affirm.

II. S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

A defendant who conclusively negates at least one essential element of

a cause of action is entitled to summary judgment on that claim. IHS Cedars

2
… The Tarrant County District Attorney’s office brought criminal charges
for terroristic threats against C.H. but later dismissed the charges on the
condition that C.H. would perform twenty-four hours of community service.
3
… Appellants also sued various school administrators, but they are not
involved in this appeal as appellees or otherwise.

2
Treatment Ctr. of DeSoto, Tex., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex.

2004); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(b), (c). When reviewing a summary judgment,

we take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and we indulge every

reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. IHS

Cedars Treatment Ctr., 143 S.W.3d at 798.

A defendant is entitled to summary judgment on an affirmative defense

if the defendant conclusively proves all the elements of the affirmative defense.

Rhone-Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 223 (Tex. 1999). To

accomplish this, the defendant-movant must present summary judgment

evidence that establishes each element of the affirmative defense as a matter

of law. Ryland Group, Inc. v. Hood, 924 S.W.2d 120, 121 (Tex. 1996).

III. A PPELLANTS’ S TRICT L IABILITY P LEADING
D OES N OT S TATE A N INDEPENDENT C AUSE OF A CTION

In their first issue, Appellants argue that the trial court erred by granting

a final summary judgment because Appellees’ motions for summary judgment

failed to address Appellants’ strict liability claim. Appellants contend that they

included this strict liability claim in their fourth amended original petition, which

was filed after Appellees filed their motions for summary judgment and before

the summary judgment hearing. Appellants’ fourth amended original petition

provides, in pertinent part,

3
 COUNT 3-STRICT LIABILITY
Because on all occasions alleged herein, in paragraph IV, 4,
Defendants [DePinto, Wheeler, McBride, and Glenn] were private
parties and published false and defamatory statements regarding
[C.H.], also a private party, regarding matters that were private, not
public, matters, Defendants are strictly liable to Plaintiffs for the
false and defamatory oral and written statements, which
proximately caused harm to Plaintiffs.

This paragraph of Appellants’ pleading, however, does not state an

independent, stand-alone cause of action. It simply pleads a defamation cause

of action and claims a particular standard of proof is applicable to damages in

a defamation action when a private plaintiff sues a non-media defendant.4 See

generally 4 J. Hadley Edgar, Jr. & James B. Sales, Texas Torts and Remedies

§§ 52.01, 52.09 (2008); see also WFAA-TV, Inc. v. McLemore, 978 S.W.2d

568, 571 (Tex. 1998) (stating that to maintain a defamation cause of action,

the plaintiff must prove that the defendant (1) published a statement; (2) that

was defamatory concerning the plaintiff; (3) while acting with either actual

malice, if the plaintiff was a public official or public figure, or negligence, if the

plaintiff was a private individual, regarding the truth of the statement), cert.

denied, 526 U.S. 1051 (1999); Abdel-Hafiz v. ABC, Inc., 240 S.W.3d 492,

505 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet. denied) (same). Because Appellants’

4
… At oral argument, Appellants’ attorney conceded that strict liability in
the defamation context was a standard of proof that may be applied in a
defamation suit, i.e., to damages.

4
allegations in Count 3 of their fourth amended original petition attempt to plead

a defamation cause of action, not an independent cause of action that would

deprive the trial court’s summary judgment of finality for failure to dispose of

all causes of action,5 we hold that the trial court’s order granting Appellees’

motions for summary judgment properly disposed of all causes of action

pending against Appellees.6 Accord generally Science Spectrum, Inc. v.

Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 912 (Tex. 1997) (holding that “[a] motion for

summary judgment must itself expressly present the grounds upon which it is

5
… Appellants point out that at the hearing on Appellees’ motions for
summary judgment the trial court stated as follows:

[APPELLANTS’ ATTORNEY]: But, Your Honor, we have the
strict liability pleading, and there is nothing in their motions for
summary judgment that addresses that.

THE COURT: Yeah, I understand that. And if they want to
file a summary judgment motion as to your new pleading at a later
time, then we will deal with that at a later time.

But the trial court subsequently signed a final summary judgment. The trial
court’s judgment prevails and controls over any on-the-record comments made
by the trial court. See, e.g., Nine Greenway Ltd. v. Heard, Goggan, Blair &
Williams, 875 S.W.2d 784, 787 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ
denied) (stating that written judgment controls over the trial court’s oral
pronouncements).
6
… After signing the summary judgment, the trial court signed an order
severing out Appellants’ claims against the school administrators. Appellants’
complaint in their first issue is that the summary judgment for Appellees is not
final because it failed to dispose of Appellants’ purported strict liability claim
asserted against Appellees, not that it failed to dispose of all parties.

5
made, and must stand or fall on these grounds alone”); Cherokee Water Co. v.

Ross, 698 S.W.2d 363, 365 (Tex. 1985) (orig. proceeding) (holding that a

summary judgment that does not dispose of all issues and parties is

interlocutory and may not be appealed absent statutory authority permitting an

interlocutory appeal). We overrule Appellants’ first issue.

IV. D EP INTO A PPELLEES’ N O-E VIDENCE
M OTION FOR S UMMARY J UDGMENT IS S UFFICIENTLY S PECIFIC

In their second issue, Appellants argue that the trial court erred by

granting the no-evidence motion for summary judgment filed by the DePinto

Appellees. Appellants do not challenge the merits of the trial court’s ruling but

instead argue only that the DePinto Appellees’ no-evidence motion failed to

identify the elements of the claims on which the DePinto Appellees claimed no

evidence existed.7

A no-evidence motion must state the elements as to which there is no

evidence and must be specific in challenging the evidentiary support for a claim

or defense; rule 166a(i) does not authorize conclusory motions or general no-

evidence challenges to an opponent’s case. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i) & cmt. A

no-evidence challenge that only generally challenges the sufficiency of the

7
… Within their second issue, Appellants also argue that the DePinto
Appellees failed to address Appellants’ “claim” for strict liability, but we have
disposed of this argument above.

6
nonmovant’s case and fails to state specific elements is fundamentally

defective and insufficient to support summary judgment as a matter of law.

Mott v. Red’s Safe & Lock Servs., Inc., 249 S.W.3d 90, 98 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). But a specific attack on the

evidentiary components that might prove a certain element is unnecessary, as

long as the element itself is specifically challenged. See Timothy Patton,

Summary Judgment in Texas, Practice, Procedure and Review § 5.03[2][b] (3d

ed. 2006).

The DePinto Appellees’ no-evidence summary judgment motion set forth

specifically fifteen elements on which they claimed that no evidence existed.

This list includes the allegations that there was no evidence: (1) that they had

breached a duty of care to Appellants; (2) that Appellants’ alleged special or

general damages were reasonably foreseeable to the DePinto Appellees; (3) that

Appellants’ reputation in the community had been damaged; (4) that Appellants

had been exposed to public hatred, ridicule, or financial injury; (5) that

Appellants’ alleged special or general damages were proximately caused by the

DePinto Appellees’ alleged negligence or intentional conduct; and (6) that

Appellants’ alleged special damages were reasonable, necessary, or causally

connected to the DePinto Appellees’ alleged acts and omissions or intentional

conduct. These no-evidence challenges include challenges to at least one

7
element of every claim asserted by Appellants and are sufficiently specific to

pass rule 166a(i) muster. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i) & cmt.; Fieldtech

Avionics & Instruments, Inc. v. Component Control.com, Inc., 262 S.W.3d

813, 824 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.) (holding that statements that

“there is no evidence that Fieldtech did not receive the Software it leased or

that the Software did not perform” and “there is simply no evidence of any

misrepresentation or unconscionable act by Component Control” were

sufficiently specific to pass rule 166a(i) muster).

We overrule Appellants’ second issue.

V. A FFIRMATIVE D EFENSES N OT C HALLENGED ON A PPEAL

In their third issue, Appellants argue that the trial court erred by granting

summary judgment for the Wheeler, Glenn, and McBride Appellees. The Glenn

Appellees and the McBride Appellees pleaded the affirmative defense of

substantial truth and moved for summary judgment on the ground that they had

conclusively established this affirmative defense. In their brief in this court,

Appellants do not challenge the trial court’s summary judgment on the ground

that Appellees failed to conclusively establish every element of the affirmative

defense of substantial truth. In fact, after Appellees brought to our attention

that Appellants had failed to challenge on appeal every possible basis for the

8
trial court’s summary judgment, Appellants’ asserted in their reply brief that

they were not required to address the affirmative defense of substantial truth. 8

When a trial court does not specify the grounds upon which summary

judgment is based, an appellant must specifically challenge every possible

ground for rendition of summary judgment. See Malooly Bros., Inc. v. Napier,

461 S.W.2d 119, 121 (Tex. 1970); Jones v. Hyman, 107 S.W.3d 830, 832

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.). An appellant must attack all independent

bases that support a trial court’s ruling. Hong Kong Dev., Inc. v. Nguyen, 229

S.W.3d 415, 456 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). If an

appellant does not challenge an independent ground supporting the trial court’s

judgment, we must accept the validity of the ground and affirm on that basis.

See id.; see also Wilson v. Andrews, No. 02-06-00429-CV, 2007 WL

2460356, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 31, 2007, pet. denied) (mem.

op.) (affirming summary judgment on affirmative defenses not challenged by

appellants); Bracy v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 02-06-00223-CV, 2007 WL

1228642, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 26, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(same).

8
… To alleviate the possibility that a mistaken statement had been placed
in Appellants’ reply brief, Appellants’ counsel was asked, and confirmed, during
oral argument that it was her position that Appellants had no duty to discuss
or to refute on appeal Appellees’ affirmative defense of substantial truth.

9
 Here, Appellants do not argue that it was error for the trial court to grant

summary judgment for the Glenn and McBride Appellees on their affirmative

defense of substantial truth. Because summary judgment may have been

granted, properly or improperly, on this affirmative defense—a ground that

Appellants do not challenge—we must affirm the summary judgment granted

in favor of the Glenn and McBride Appellees. See, e.g., Malooly Bros., Inc.,

461 S.W.2d at 121. We overrule Appellants’ third issue as it relates to the

Glenn Appellees and the McBride Appellees.

The Wheeler Appellees pleaded and moved for summary judgment on the

affirmative defense of qualified privilege. Appellants do not challenge on appeal

this basis for the trial court’s summary judgment for the W heeler Appellees.

Because summary judgment may have been granted, properly or improperly, on

this affirmative defense—a ground that Appellants do not challenge—we must

affirm the summary judgment granted in favor of the Wheeler Appellees. See,

e.g., Malooly Bros., Inc., 461 S.W.2d at 121. We overrule the remainder of

Appellants’ third issue relating to the Wheeler Appellees.9

9
… Because the trial court’s summary judgment can be affirmed for the
Wheeler, Glenn, and McBride Appellees on their affirmative defenses, we need
not address the other complaints Appellants raise in issue three concerning the
summary judgment granted for the Wheeler, Glenn, and McBride Appellees.
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

10
 VI. A PPROPRIATE C OST B OND

During discovery in the underlying litigation, the DePinto Appellees

noticed C.H.’s deposition; they twice agreed to reschedule it and renoticed the

deposition. As the third scheduled date for C.H.’s deposition approached,

Appellants notified the DePinto Appellees’ attorney that C.H. was suffering

from medical conditions and, based on the advice of his healthcare providers,

would be unable to return to Tarrant County for his deposition. The DePinto

Appellees filed a motion for sanctions. The trial court heard the DePinto

Appellees’ motion and later signed an order stating that it was “of the opinion

that defendants’ motion is well taken and should be granted” and that

Appellants “shall give security for court costs pursuant to the provisions of

TRCP 143.” The trial court’s order does not set an amount for anticipated

future costs, but orders only that Appellants give security “for costs,” i.e.,

accrued costs.

In their fourth issue, Appellants argue that the trial court erred by

requiring them to file a cost bond as a discovery sanction and assert that the

bond is open-ended so it could not possibly bear a direct relationship to their

offensive conduct, if any, in this case.

Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 143 states that

11
 [a] party seeking affirmative relief may be ruled to give security for
costs at any time before final judgment, upon motion of any party,
or any officer of the court interested in the costs accruing in such
suit, or by the court upon its own motion. If such rule be entered
against any party and he failed to comply therewith on or before
twenty (20) days after notice that such rule has been entered, the
claim for affirmative relief of such party shall be dismissed.

Tex. R. Civ. P. 143. Rule 143 generally allows the trial court to require a party

to post security for costs that have already accrued but not to fix a specific

amount for anticipated future costs of the case. TransAm. Natural Gas Corp.

v. Mancias, 877 S.W.2d 840, 844 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1994, orig.

proceeding) (conditionally granting writ when trial court ordered each party to

deposit $10,000 as a retainer for master’s costs); see also Johnson v. Smith,

857 S.W.2d 612, 615 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, orig. proceeding);

Mosher v. Tunnell, 400 S.W.2d 402, 405 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston 1966, writ

ref’d n.r.e.). An order improperly requiring a fixed amount of security for costs

entered prior to final judgment, moreover, is an abuse of discretion subject to

being set aside by mandamus. See TransAm. Natural Gas Corp., 877 S.W.2d

at 844; Johnson, 857 S.W.2d at 615–16.

Here, Appellants take issue with the essence of rule 143—that is, they

complain that the rule is in effect an open bond to secure payment of whatever

costs might accrue. See Mosher, 400 S.W.2d at 404. But our job as a

reviewing court is not to change the rule but to make sure that the trial court

12
did not abuse its discretion in invoking this rule. Analyzing the trial court’s

order in light of the rule, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion

when it ordered Appellants to “give security for court costs pursuant to the

provisions of TRCP 143.” Moreover, because the rule allows the trial court to

assess such costs on the court’s own motion and because Appellants do not

contest the fact that they failed to produce their son, C.H., for the deposition,

we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ordering, in response

to the DePinto Appellees’ motion for sanctions, that Appellants give security for

costs pursuant to the provisions of rule 143. Cf. Adetunji v. W. Waste Indus.,

Inc., No. 01-98-00305-CV, 2000 WL 210408, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] Feb. 24, 2000, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (affirming

trial court’s judgment dismissing plaintiffs’ claims for failure to post security for

accrued costs, which the trial court had ordered as a result of defendants’

motion for sanctions). We therefore overrule Appellants’ fourth issue.

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 VII. C ONCLUSION

Having overruled Appellants’ four issues, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment granting summary judgment in favor of Appellees.

SUE WALKER
JUSTICE

PANEL: CAYCE, C.J.; LIVINGSTON and WALKER, JJ.

DELIVERED: July 16, 2009

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