AT AUSTIN
NO. 3-92-132-CR
ANDREW MORRIS MILLIGAN, III,
APPELLANT
vs.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BASTROP COUNTY, 21ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 7610, HONORABLE JOHN L. PLACKE, JUDGE PRESIDING
Trial was before the court on appellant's plea of guilty to the offense of burglary of a habitation. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 30.02 (West 1989). Punishment, enhanced by two prior felony convictions, was assessed at confinement for sixty years. Appellant asserts three points of error, contending the trial court erred by: (1) admitting hearsay testimony of an absent witness; (2) finding appellant guilty when there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction; and (3) permitting the State to elicit testimony concerning the terms and refusal of a proposed plea bargain. We will overrule appellant's points of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
In his second point of error, appellant contends that there was nothing other than inadmissible evidence of fingerprints found inside the burglarized house that could arguably support a conviction. Upon entering a plea of guilty before the court it "shall be necessary for the State to introduce evidence into the record showing the guilt of the defendant and said evidence shall be accepted by the court as the basis for its judgment and in no event shall a person be convicted upon his plea without sufficient evidence to support the same." Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.15 (West 1977). In Dinnery v. State, 592 S.W.2d 343, 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980), the court held that appellant's testimony that he had read the indictment and that it was true and correct was tantamount to a statement that all the allegations of the indictment were true and correct and was a judicial confession that he was a guilty participant in the offense charged. The rule requiring corroboration of extrajudicial confessions does not apply to a judicial confession made in the course of a judicial proceeding while testifying as a witness. Id. Prior to being sworn as a witness, appellant stated to the court that he had plenty of time to talk to his lawyer and that he understood what he was charged with. In response to the court's question, defense counsel stated he had spent "much time" discussing the evidence and options to appellant, and that appellant understood what he was doing. Appellant took the witness stand, and after being sworn, the following occurred under examination by the prosecutor:
MR. PENICK [prosecutor]: Okay. Are you the same Andrew Milligan that on or about the 9th day of September, 1991, in Bastrop County, Texas intentionally without the effective consent of David Outon, the owner of a habitation, enter that habitation with the intent to commit theft?
MR. MILLIGAN [appellant]: Yes, sir.
We find the above testimony sufficient to constitute a judicial confession that appellant committed the offense. We hold that appellant's judicial confession was sufficient to sustain the conviction. Appellant's second point of error is overruled.
In his first point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence offered by the State that a fingerprint expert would, if she were present, testify that appellant's fingerprints were found in the burglarized house. Appellant asserts that he did not agree to such a stipulation. In his third point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in allowing the prosecutor to elicit testimony from appellant about the State's proposed plea bargain that he had rejected.
Unlike Gipson v. State, 844 S.W.2d 738 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), the trial court did not specifically state that its judgment was based on either the proffered stipulation regarding the fingerprints or the proposed plea bargain. However, the Gipson court held that the presumption that the trial court disregards incompetent evidence in bench trials where it is not shown that the judgment was based on inadmissible evidence was no longer a viable rule since the advent of Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 81(b)(2). Rule 81(b)(2) states:
If the appellate record in a criminal case reveals error in the proceedings below, the appellate court shall reverse the judgment under review, unless the appellate court determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error made no contribution to the conviction or to the punishment.
Appellant's judicial confession required no corroboration. We find beyond a reasonable doubt that any error in the admission of the proffered stipulation about appellant's fingerprints being found in the burglarized house was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
No objection was voiced to testimony elicited from appellant that his counsel had recommended that he accept the State's plea bargain offer of fifty years. Since appellant made no objection to the complained-of evidence, nothing is preserved for review. See Tex. R. App. P. 121. It appears to be appellant's position that there was no necessity to object since there had been no showing that appellant had waived the "lawyer-client privilege." See Tex. R. Crim. Evid. 503. Assuming, arguendo, that an objection was not necessary, we hold that error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt in light of appellant's plea of true to two prior convictions for burglary of a building. Appellant's first and third points of error are overruled.
The judgment is affirmed.
Tom G. Davis, Justice
Before Justices Powers, B. A. Smith and Davis*
Affirmed
Filed: March 2, 1994
Do Not Publish
* Before Tom G. Davis, Judge (retired), Court of Criminal Appeals, sitting by assignment. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (West 1988).