TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-93-00375-CV
Kirk Wayne McBride, Appellant
v.
Crime Stoppers, City of New Braunfels, Rudy Rubio and Dennis Koepp, Appellees
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. C93-233C, HONORABLE CHARLES RAMSAY, JUDGE PRESIDING
PER CURIAM
Kirk Wayne McBride sued Crime Stoppers, the City of New Braunfels (the City), Parus Dudley, the City of Garden Ridge, Rudy Rubio, and Dennis Koepp on multiple causes of action. This appeal arises after a severance resulted in a final judgment that (1) granted a plea to the jurisdiction on behalf of the City and Crime Stoppers, and (2) granted a summary judgment on behalf of Rubio and Koepp. (1) We will affirm the trial court's judgment.
Appellant brings eight points of error, contending that the trial court erred in: (1) granting summary judgment for Rubio and Koepp after its order denying appellant's motion for summary judgment found disputed material fact issues existed; (2) granting the plea to the jurisdiction and special exceptions of the City and Crime Stoppers; (3) failing to act on appellant's formal bill of exceptions; (4) failing to act on appellant's "Motion for Submission/No Notice of Judgment"; (5) granting summary judgment for Rubio and Koepp because disputed material fact issues exist; (6) granting summary judgment on behalf of Rubio and Koepp on the defense of qualified immunity; (7) failing to find the City liable to appellant because of the City's use of tangible personal property; and (8) granting the supplemental summary judgment motions of Rubio and Koepp because of appellant's objections to improper notice.
Appellate Jurisdiction
The City brings a cross-point in which it contends that appellant failed to perfect his appeal because he did not timely file a perfecting instrument, depriving this Court of jurisdiction over the appeal. We will overrule the cross-point.
On March 22, 1993, the trial court granted the motion for summary judgment of defendants Rubio and Koepp, and severed appellant's claims against them from cause C90-98A into cause C93-233-C. Also on March 22, 1993, the court, previously having granted the plea to the jurisdiction of the City and Crime Stoppers, signed an order severing appellant's claims against the City and Crime Stoppers from cause C90-98A into cause C93-233-C. Apparently, appellant's causes of action against defendants Parus Dudley and the City of Garden Ridge remain as C90-98A, with his claims against the City, Crime Stoppers, Rubio, and Koepp severed from C90-98A, and consolidated into C93-233-C, on appeal, cause number 3-93-375-CV.
On March 24, 1993, appellant filed a "Motion for Rehearing, or in the Alternative a Motion to Arrest Judgment." This motion attacks the trial court's actions in granting the plea to the jurisdiction and in granting the summary judgment in favor of Rubio and Koepp. We must look to the substance of the motion, not its caption, and consider this document to be a motion for new trial. Under the ninety-day timetable for perfection based on the timely filing of a motion for new trial, appellant timely filed his perfecting instrument on June 1, 1993. Tex. R. App. P. 41(a)(1).
Having determined that we have jurisdiction, we overrule the City's cross-point and proceed to the merits of the appeal. We will consider the dispositive point of error with regard to Crime Stoppers and the City. We will then consider appellant's points of error as they relate to Rubio and Koepp.
Plea to the Jurisdiction
In point of error two, appellant contends that the trial court improperly granted the plea to the jurisdiction and special exceptions made by Crime Stoppers and the City. The plea to the jurisdiction was based on improper service on Crime Stoppers and the City. We agree that the trial court never acquired personal jurisdiction over Crime Stoppers and the City. We need not discuss appellant's argument under this point concerning the trial court's grant of special exceptions, because the service issue disposes of any claims against City and Crime Stoppers.
Crime Stoppers
Appellant contends he properly served Crime Stoppers by leaving citation at Crime Stoppers' business location, addressed to Burney Boeck, the New Braunfels Chief of Police. The record shows that Crime Stoppers is a non-profit corporation, not a City department. As such, service can be made on the president, any vice president, the registered agent, or, in the absence of a registered agent, on the Secretary of State. Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 1396-2.07(A) (West 1980) (Non-Profit Corporation Act); see also Tex. Bus. Corp. Act. art. 2.11 (West 1980). The record shows that Boeck is neither an officer of, nor registered agent for, Crime Stoppers. The record does not show any effort to effect service on Crime Stoppers through a correct recipient.
Further, appellant attempted to serve Crime Stoppers by leaving the citation at the location that he considered to be its principal place of business; i.e., appellant used substituted service. Under Rule 106, service is to be accomplished by delivering to the defendant in person a true copy of the citation or mailing it to the defendant by registered or certified mail. Tex. R. Civ. P. 106(a). Substituted service may be authorized on motion supported by affidavit detailing the specific facts showing that personal service has been unsuccessfully attempted. Tex. R. Civ. P. 106(b); Wilson v. Dunn, 800 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. 1990). No such motion or affidavit appears in the record. Therefore, service against Crime Stoppers was ineffective both because appellant served an unauthorized person and used an unauthorized method of service. The court correctly concluded that it never acquired personal jurisdiction over Crime Stoppers.
The City
Appellant also failed to serve the City properly. The Civil Practice and Remedies Code provision for service on political subdivisions states: "In a suit against an incorporated city, town, or village, citation may be served on the mayor, clerk, secretary, or treasurer." Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 17.024(b) (West 1986). This section is mandatory and designates the only persons who properly may be served. City of Mesquite v. Bellingar, 701 S.W.2d 335, 336 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1985, no writ) (city attorney not authorized agent for service). Appellant states that he served Veronica Sarkozi. According to the record, Veronica Sarkozi does not hold one of the positions authorized by statute to receive service. The City was therefore not properly served, and the trial court correctly concluded that it never acquired personal jurisdiction over the City.
We overrule point of error two. Because of our disposition of point two, we need not consider point of error seven concerning the possible applicability of the Tort Claims Act to the claims against the City.
Alleged Procedural Errors
"Motion for Submission/No Notice of Judgment" (2)
In point of error four, appellant contends that the trial court erred in failing to act on his "Motion for Submission/No Notice of Judgment." This motion, filed June 22, 1993, complains that he did not receive notice of the severance of cause C93-233C from C90-98A until June 21, 1993. On March 24, 1993, however, appellant already had filed his motion for rehearing attacking the judgment and on June 1, 1993, had already perfected his appeal. Appellant's complaint seems to be about the notice of the assignment of a new cause number, which happened after the severance, rather than to notice of the judgment or severance.
Appellant has perfected an appeal from the final judgment in the severed causes of action against the City, Crime Stoppers, Rubio, and Koepp. Error in the notification process concerning the cause number, if any, was harmless. Tex. R. App. P. 81(b). We overrule point of error four.
Bill of Exceptions
In point of error three, appellant complains that the trial court erred in failing to act on a formal bill of exceptions that he filed after the court granted summary judgment in favor of Rubio and Koepp. Appellant's "bill of exceptions" does not complain of the exclusion of evidence, but rather of miscellaneous trial court errors. See Aetna Casualty & Sur. Co. v. Marshall, 699 S.W.2d 896, 905 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1985), aff'd, 724 S.W.2d 770 (Tex 1987) (point of error regarding alleged omission of jury instruction not preserved when record contained no objection to omission and no bill of exceptions in record); Sinclair v. Sav. & Loan Comm'r of Tex., 696 S.W.2d 142, 150 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (point of error concerning failure to make additional findings was waived in the absence of a bill of exceptions). His "bill of exceptions," however, simply points out alleged trial court errors that this opinion addresses in other points of error, e.g., point eight addresses the issue of notice of the supplemental motions for summary judgment. Therefore, any possible error on the trial court's part in not acting on the bill was harmless. Tex. R. App. P. 81(b). We overrule point three.
"Order Specifying Facts"
In point of error one, appellant contends that the trial court erred in granting a summary judgment in favor of Rubio and Koepp after issuing an order stating that disputed material fact issues existed that prohibited summary judgment in appellant's favor on his motion for summary judgment. On March 31, 1992, the trial court signed an order denying appellant's motion for summary judgment. Appellant requested findings of fact and conclusions of law. (3) The order in question was issued on July 6, 1992, in response to that request. Appellees Rubio and Koepp later filed their motion for summary judgment on February 22, 1993.
The filing of motions for summary judgment by both plaintiff and defendant does not affect the burden of proof each must discharge. Each party's motion will be considered on its own merits, and the inadequacy of one motion does not establish the propriety of the opposing motion. See Cove Invest., Inc. v. Manges, 602 S.W.2d 512, 517 (Tex. 1980); 3 Texas Civil Practice § 18.9, at 467 (Diane M. Allen et al. eds., 1992 ed.). That appellant's summary judgment motion and proof were inadequate to entitle him to summary judgment does not mean that appellees' later summary judgment motion and proof were inadequate to entitle them to summary judgment. We overrule point of error one.
Notice of Supplemental Summary Judgment Motions
In point of error eight, appellant contends that the trial court erred in considering supplemental summary judgment motions filed by Rubio and Koepp because they were not filed twenty-one days before the hearing. Appellees answer that appellant waived any error.
A party who receives actual notice of the motion and appears at the hearing without filing a motion for continuance and affidavit under Rule 166a will be deemed to have waived the twenty-one days notice. White v. Wah, 789 S.W.2d 312, 319 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no writ); Brown v. Capital Bank, 703 S.W.2d 231, 234 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The record does not show that appellant ever moved for a continuance and therefore preserved error. White, 789 S.W.2d at 319.
Further, the court found that appellees had shown good cause for the late filing of the supplemental motion for summary judgment because it was in response to appellant's third amended petition that added a new cause of action. The court also found that appellant had adequate time to respond. Even if he had not waived the point, appellant has not shown an abuse of discretion in granting permission to file the supplemental motion. See Wilhite v. H.E. Butt Co., 812 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1991, no writ). We overrule point of error eight.
Summary Judgment on State Law & Section 1983 Claims
In point of error five, appellant contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for Rubio and Koepp on appellant's state-law claims for false arrest, false imprisonment, and malicious prosecution, and on appellant's federal claims for civil rights violations. Appellant also alleged a state-law claim for libel against only Rubio on which the court granted summary judgment in Rubio's favor. (4)
All of appellant's claims have the same factual nucleus. On April 20, 1989, Koepp approached appellant at his place of employment and asked him to accompany Koepp to the police station for questioning about the April 17, 1989, robbery of the Lone Star Ice House convenience store in Garden Ridge, Texas. On April 25, 1989, Rubio asked appellant to accompany him to the police station and participate in a lineup. On May 2, 1989, Rubio arrested appellant for the robbery of the store, which lead to appellant's confinement in the Comal County jail. The district attorney eventually dismissed the robbery charge.
The crucial issue in determining all of appellant's claims is whether his encounters with Rubio and Koepp on April 20 and 25 and his later arrest violated any of his rights under the Fourth Amendment. Not all encounters between police and citizens invoke the protection of the Fourth Amendment. Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 497-98 (1983); Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19 n.16 (1968); Mitchell v. State, 831 S.W.2d 829, 832 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref'd). Logically then, not every encounter between police and citizens violates a Fourth Amendment right. Police officers have just as much freedom as anyone to ask questions of others. Daniels v. State, 718 S.W.2d 702, 704 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986), overruled on other grounds, Juarez v. State, 758 S.W.2d 772, 780 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).
Law enforcement officers do not violate the Fourth Amendment merely by approaching an individual on the street or other public place, by asking him if he is willing to answer some questions, by putting questions to him if the person is willing to listen, or by offering in evidence in a criminal prosecution his voluntary answers to such questions. Royer, 460 U.S. at 497. A seizure for purposes of the Fourth Amendment does not occur simply because a police officer approaches an individual and asks questions. As long as a reasonable person would feel free to disregard the police and go about his business, California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 628 (1991), the encounter is consensual and no reasonable suspicion is required to justify it. Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434 (1991). Only when the police questioning of a citizen becomes a "detention" must reasonable suspicion exist. Terry, 392 U.S. at 19 n.16; Mitchell, 831 S.W.2d at 832.
That a police officer identifies himself as such, without more, does not convert an encounter into a "seizure." See United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 555 (1980); Terry, 392 U.S. at 32-33. A "seizure" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment occurs only when the officer by means of physical force or show of authority has in some way restricted a person's liberty. Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. at 434; Terry, 392 U.S. at 19 n.16. The test for the existence of a "show of authority" is objective: not whether the individual citizen perceives that he was being ordered to restrict his movement, but whether the officer's words and actions would have conveyed that to a reasonable person. Hodari D., 499 U.S. at 628.
As the non-movant on summary judgment, we take all of appellant's favorable evidence as true, and indulge every reasonable inference and resolve doubts in his favor. Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985). A summary judgment can be based on the testimony of an interested witness if that testimony is clear, positive and direct, otherwise credible and free from contradictions and inconsistencies, and could have been readily controverted. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Martin v. Cloth World of Texas, Inc., 692 S.W.2d 134, 136 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Additionally, there must be no circumstances in the evidence tending to discredit or impeach the testimony. Americana Motel, Inc. v. Johnson, 610 S.W.2d 143, 143 (Tex. 1980). The facts of the encounter as presented by Rubio and Koepp meet those requirements. Appellant, as one of the participants of the event, could have controverted the fact statements concerning the event. Once Rubio and Koepp went forward with evidence showing a detention did not occur, as they did, appellant had to produce enough evidence to raise a fact issue that a reasonable person would have perceived himself to be detained.
Appellant has presented little in the way of facts that can be evaluated objectively. Appellant speaks of being "accosted" and says that he did not consent to go with the officers, but he simultaneously speaks of the officers "requesting" that he go with them. That is the extent of the proof that appellant offered. Appellant asserts that he was so intimidated that he could not exercise his free will, but offers no evidence concerning any acts by the officers that a reasonable person would have interpreted as an order to restrict movement. For example, he does not say that when they "requested" that he accompany them, they did so in a threatening tone of voice or displayed weapons. See Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554. Appellant has failed to present evidence to raise a fact issue whether a reasonable person would have perceived himself to be detained. If appellant was never detained during the first two encounters, he could not have had his rights violated by those encounters.
False Imprisonment
The elements of a cause of action for false imprisonment are: (1) a willful detention of the person; (2) against the consent of the party detained; and (3) without the authority of law. Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Castillo, 693 S.W.2d 374, 375 (Tex. 1985); Martinez v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 651 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1983, no writ); Cronen v. Nix, 611 S.W.2d 651, 653 (Tex. Civ. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1980), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 833 (1981); Sanchez v. Garza, 581 S.W.2d 258, 259 (Tex. Civ. App.--Corpus Christi 1979, no writ).
We have previously discussed the encounters between appellant and Rubio and Koepp that occurred on April 20 and 25, 1989. We have determined that appellant was not detained on either occasion. The lack of a detention conclusively negates at least one element of a false imprisonment claim based on these two encounters.
Appellant was arrested and jailed in connection with the robbery on May 2, 1989. That arrest was made pursuant to a warrant issued by the municipal court of Garden Ridge, Texas, on the same date. Before appellant's arrest, probable cause existed in that the clerk working at the convenience store identified appellant in both a photographic array and in a physical line-up. The warrant was offered as part of the summary judgment proof, and appears valid. Appellant has not offered any evidence that the warrant was defective.
A cause of action for false imprisonment will not lie against a peace officer who has arrested an individual pursuant to an arrest warrant legally sufficient in form, and duly issued by a court of competent jurisdiction. Sanchez v. Garza, 581 S.W.2d at 259. If a warrant has issued for the arrest of an individual and the individual actually wanted under that warrant is arrested, the arresting officer has fulfilled his duty, and he will not be liable for false arrest or false imprisonment merely because the person arrested is later found to be innocent of the charges. Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137 (1979). Rubio and Koepp established their right to summary judgment on the false imprisonment claim.
False Arrest and Malicious Prosecution
The elements of a cause of action for false arrest are: (1) a wilful detention of the person; (2) without consent; and (3) without authority of law. Sanchez v. Garza, 581 S.W.2d at 259. It is a complete defense to a claim for false arrest that the arrest was executed by virtue of a process legally sufficient in form and duly issued by a court having jurisdiction to issue it. Id. Such is the case here. Rubio and Koepp negated at least one element of a false arrest claim.
The elements of a claim for malicious prosecution are: (1) the commencement of a criminal prosecution; (2) caused by the defendant through aid or cooperation; (3) which terminated in favor of the plaintiff; (4) who was not guilty of the charge; (5) that no probable cause existed for the filing of the charge, (6) that it was done with malice; and (7) the plaintiff was damaged.
As discussed above, appellant's arrest was made pursuant to a legally sufficient arrest warrant. The summary judgment evidence shows probable cause. This negates at least one element of appellant's claim for malicious prosecution.
Section 1983 Claims
Appellant also alleged civil rights claims. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (1988). The elements of a section 1983 claim are: (1) some person has deprived the plaintiff of a federal right; (2) acting under color of state law. Martin v. Thomas, 973 F.2d 449, 452-53 (5th Cir. 1992). As discussed above, appellant's Fourth Amendment rights were never violated. Therefore, a necessary element of his cause of action has been negated, and Rubio and Koepp are entitled to summary judgment.
Libel Claim
Appellant also sued Rubio for libel, (5) based on a story about the robbery published in the New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung. (6) Libel is a defamatory statement in written form, published to one or more third persons, that tends to injure a living person's reputation and as a result exposes that person to public hatred, contempt or financial injury. Tex. Civ. Prac, & Rem. Code Ann. § 73.001 (West 1986); Hill v. Herald-Post Pub. Co., Inc., 877 S.W.2d 774 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1994, writ requested). A defamation plaintiff does not have to be named explicitly so long as those who know and are acquainted with him understand that the defamatory publication referred to the plaintiff. Mitre v. Brooks Fashion Stores, Inc., 840 S.W.2d 612, 618 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1992, writ denied). Publication is a negligent or intentional act that communicates a defamatory matter to a person other than the person named. Id. at 617-18.
Rubio presented summary judgment evidence that his communication to the newspaper, the allegedly defamatory communication at issue in this cause, consisted of an account of the facts surrounding the arrest. He stated that he had referred to the "suspect" in the crime but did not refer to appellant by name or in any way indicate that appellant had committed the crime. (7) Rubio thus negated an element of appellants' cause, that of publication. McBride offered no contradictory evidence. There is no evidence that Rubio's communication to the newspaper was responsible for publishing appellant's name in connection with the defamatory facts in such a way that appellant could be identified as the robber. That appellant was arrested was true. That he was "the robber," evidently was not; however, Rubio's evidence shows that Rubio could not have said or implied that aspect of the communication. Rubio successfully defeated any cause of action for defamation that McBride had against him personally, as opposed to a cause of action against the newspaper.
We overrule point of error five. Because of our disposition of this point, we need not discuss point of error six concerning qualified immunity.
We affirm the trial court's judgment.
Before Justices Powers, Jones and B. A. Smith
Affirmed
Filed: February 8, 1995
Do Not Publish
1. 1 Appellant's claims against Parus Dudley, the Garden Ridge Police Chief, and the City of Garden Ridge were severed and are not part of this appeal. Rudy Rubio is a lieutenant and Dennis Koepp a sergeant in the Comal County Sheriff's Department.
2. 2 Although this point of error could apply to all appellees, due to our disposition of Crime Stoppers and the City, the discussion of this point of error applies only to Rubio and Koepp.
3. 3 Findings of fact and conclusions of law "have no place" in a summary judgment proceeding. Linwood v. NCNB Tex., 885 S.W.2d 102, 103 (Tex. 1994).
4. 4 The libel claim will be discussed separately and last because it has a different factual basis.
5. 5 McBride's cause of action against Rubio may technically be one for slander rather than libel. It is ambiguous whether Rubio's "statement" to the newspaper was oral or written. Slander is a defamatory statement orally published to a third party without justification or excuse. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc. v. Tucker, 806 S.W.2d 914, 921 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1991, writ dism'd w.o.j.).
6. 6 Appellant also sued the newspaper for libel. McBride v. New Braunfels Herald Zeitung, No. 3-93-00097-CV (Tex. App.--Austin Oct. 12, 1994, writ requested); and McBride v. New Braunfels Herald Zeitung, No. 3-91-083-CV (Tex. App.--Austin Mar. 11, 1992, no writ) (not designated for publication).
7. 7 The story itself is not part of the record in this cause. We note, however, that in cause 3-91-083CV, the text of the story was included as a footnote. The direct quote attributed to Rubio does not give appellant's name as the robber, which is consistent with Rubio's evidence.