AT AUSTIN
NO. 3-94-010-CR
GREG NOLAN PRATER,
APPELLANT
vs.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW OF COMAL COUNTY
NO. 93CR-541, HONORABLE FRED A. CLARK, JUDGE PRESIDING
A jury convicted appellant of the offense of unlawfully carrying on or about his person a club. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 46.02(a) (West 1994). (1) The jury assessed punishment at thirty days in jail and a fine of $2250.00. On appeal, appellant raises issues concerning the sufficiency of the evidence and urges that the trial court erred in admitting in evidence his oral admissions and in refusing to submit a requested jury instruction on parties. We will affirm the judgment.
The State's only witness was Tim Kolbe who at the time of trial was a vocational instructor for the Comal Independent School District. At the time of the alleged offense, Kolbe was a certified peace officer and a Comal County deputy sheriff. He had a Bachelor of Science degree in criminal justice and had attended various schools and training courses for law enforcement officers.
On November 29, 1992, the Comal County sheriff's office received a report that some individuals with a red Mustang car in the Canyon Lake area were burning a fire, drinking, and using loud and obscene language. Officer Kolbe responded to the dispatch, but he did not find the car or anyone at the reported scene. Sometime later that day, Kolbe was notified that a red Mustang had been seen at the Rimmlers Crossing area of the Guadalupe River on Rebecca Creek Road in Comal County.
Officer Kolbe went to that area and saw a red Mustang car parked at the side of the road. As Kolbe proceeded to investigate, he confronted some individuals who came up from the river to a blue car parked nearby. Appellant walked up the road toward Kolbe and as he did so he ducked behind some brush several times. Appellant at first would not come near Kolbe. When he did, he appeared very nervous and Kolbe could smell an alcoholic beverage on appellant's breath. It was beginning to get dark. In answer to Kolbe's question, appellant said the red Mustang belonged to him. Kolbe asked appellant for identification. Appellant replied that his driver's license was in his car which was about ten yards away. When appellant went to the car, Kolbe testified that he followed him for his own safety. Appellant started to rummage around in some clothing behind the front seat. Kolbe saw in plain view within inches of appellant's fingers, the club which appellant was later charged with carrying. Kolbe told appellant to move away from the car. Kolbe asked appellant about the club and appellant said it was his. Officer Kolbe then arrested and handcuffed appellant.
Appellant did not testify, but his father testified that the red Mustang belonged to the father who had placed the club, which belonged to him, in the car. The father said he did not give appellant permission to drive the car.
In his first point of error, appellant asserts that the instrument he was charged with carrying was not a "club" as defined by statute, therefore as a matter of law, the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction. A "club" means an instrument that is specially designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of inflicting serious bodily injury or death by striking a person with that instrument. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 46.01(1) (West 1994). (2)
In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, the relevant question is whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the criminal offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Moreno v. State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). When the State relies on circumstantial evidence, an appellate court no longer applies the reasonable hypothesis analytical construct. Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
Appellant cites and relies on Meza v. State, 652 S.W.2d 399 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983) and Alexander v. State, 617 S.W.2d 629 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). In Meza, the court said there was no evidence that the alleged "club" was an instrument specifically designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of inflicting serious bodily injury or death. Meza, 652 S.W.2d at 399. In Alexander, the court found there was absolutely no evidence that the appellant carried about his person an instrument specifically designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of inflicting serious bodily injury or death. Alexander, 617 S.W.2d at 629; see also Coleman v. State, 790 S.W.2d 369 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1990, no pet.); Heerema v. State, 786 S.W.2d 532 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1990, no pet.).
In contrast, in this case, Officer Kolbe testified without objection on direct examination:
Q: Deputy, have you ever in your experience as a police officer, have you ever seen anything like State's Exhibit Number 1?
A: Yes, I have.
Q: And in your opinion, based on your training and based on your experience, is State's Exhibit Number 1 a type of club that is specifically designed, made or adapted for the purpose of inflicting serious bodily injury on or death on another person by striking them?
A: Yes, sir, it is.
And thereafter on cross-examination by defense counsel:
Q: The State asked you, did they not -- the State asked you if that instrument right there, which juror number two is holding in her hand, is specially made, designed, or adapted for the purpose of inflicting serious bodily injury or death, did they not? And you said yes?
* * * * *
Q: (By Defense Counsel) All right. Is this instrument right here, then, is this instrument specially made, designed or adapted for the purpose of inflicting serious bodily injury or death?
THE COURT: You want an opinion on that?
Q: (By Defense Counsel) At least in your opinion?
A: In my opinion, yes.
Officer Kolbe testified that he believed the instrument alleged to be a club had been modified by boring a hole in the handle for a lanyard and by placing a plastic grip on the handle. The alleged club was placed in evidence and examined by the jury. A rational trier of fact could find from the evidence in this case that the instrument carried by appellant was an instrument specially designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of inflicting serious bodily injury or death by striking a person with the instrument. It was a "club" as defined by law. Appellant's first point of error is overruled.
In his second and third points of error, appellant argues that his oral admissions that the club and the car in which it was found belonged to him were obtained by custodial interrogation in violation of article 38.22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and therefore were erroneously admitted in evidence. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 3 (West Supp. 1994). The State argues that appellant was not in custody when he made these admissions.
Appellant assumes without discussion that he "was under custodial interrogation by Officer Tim Kolbe" when he made the admissions. However, the issue is whether appellant was in custody when he made the admissions. If appellant were not in custody, neither Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), nor article 38.22 would render his admissions inadmissible. The Supreme Court has recently clarified custody holding that the uncommunicated subjective intent or belief of an officer is not a proper consideration in determining custody for Miranda purposes. Stansbury v. California, 114 S. Ct. 1526 (1994). In determining whether an individual was in custody, a court must examine all of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation, but the ultimate inquiry is simply whether there was a formal arrest or restraint of freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest. Id.; California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983).
When appellant came up from the river he was acting in a suspicious manner. He kept ducking behind brush, he did not want to come close to Officer Kolbe, and his breath smelled of an alcoholic beverage. Appellant admitted to owning the red Mustang. In completing his investigation, Kolbe asked appellant for some identification. Appellant said he had a driver's license in the car and he voluntarily went over to the car. Officer Kolbe, for his own protection, followed appellant to the car. Appellant started to rummage through clothes behind the driver's seat searching for his driver's license and Kolbe saw the club in open view within inches of appellant's fingers. When he saw the club Officer Kolbe asked appellant to back away from the car. Kolbe seized the club and appellant admitted he owned the club. It was only after this that Officer Kolbe formally arrested appellant for carrying a club and for being intoxicated in a public place.
In view of the record, we hold that when appellant made the admissions that the car and the club belonged to him, he had not been formally arrested or restrained of his freedom of movement to the degree associated with a formal arrest. See Shiflet v. State, 732 S.W.2d 622, 624 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). Moreover, whether appellant owned the car or the club is not necessarily relevant to determining whether appellant was carrying on or about his person a club. Appellant's second and third points of error are overruled.
In his fourth point of error, appellant contends that: "The evidence was insufficient to show appellant had both knowledge of the weapon and exercised control over it." He argues that there is no evidence he exclusively controlled, used, or even had knowledge of the club. Appellant's father testified that both the club and the red Mustang belonged to him and that he put the club in the red Mustang. Based on this evidence, appellant urges that it was necessary for the State to show he "possessed" the club, as "possession" is defined in the Penal Code. "Possession" means actual care, custody, control, or management. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(1)(39) (West 1994) (3). Appellant cites and relies on cases applying the term possession to controlled substances cases.
Appellant makes the same argument made in Christian v. State, 686 S.W.2d 930 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). In that case, the Court of Criminal Appeals fully discussed the matter and declined to equate the element of "carrying on or about the person" as defined and used in section 46.02 with the element of "possession" defined in section 1.07(1)(28) and used in possessory offenses found in the Controlled Substances Act and other possessory offenses found in the Penal Code.
The club was in plain view only inches from the appellant's fingers when he was searching for his driver's license. The jury could infer that appellant had knowledge of the club and that he was carrying it on or about his person. Courts have recognized that "on or about [the] person" includes the interior of an automobile. Christian, 686 S.W.2d at 933; Contreras v. State, 853 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no pet.). Appellant's fourth point of error is overruled.
In his fifth point of error, appellant insists that the trial court erred in refusing to submit his requested charge on parties that "mere presence alone will not constitute one a party to a crime." Appellant argues that the requested charge was appropriate in light of appellant's father's testimony that the car and the club belonged to him and that he put the club in the car. Appellant also incorporates in this argument that the State must show appellant "possessed" the club. This argument has already been discussed.
Appellant's argument that he was entitled to a charge on parties would require that his father or someone else was guilty of carrying on or about his person a club. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 7.21 and 7.22 (West 1994). There is no such evidence. Appellant's father was not on the scene and could not be guilty of the offense of carrying the club on or about his person. The trial court did not err in refusing to submit appellant's requested instruction on parties. Appellant's fifth point of error is overruled.
The judgment is affirmed.
Carl E. F. Dally, Justice
Before Justices Powers, Kidd and Dally*
Affirmed
Filed: January 11, 1995
Do Not Publish
* Before Carl E. F. Dally, Judge (retired), Court of Criminal Appeals, sitting by assignment. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (West 1988).
1. The 1994 amendments to section 46.02(a) are not relevant to this cause and the current code is cited for convenience.
2. The 1994 amendments to section 46.01(1) are not relevant to this cause and the current code is cited for convenience.
3. The current code is cited for convenience. The same definition of "possession" before the 1994 amendments was § 1.07(1)(28).