TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-95-00285-CR
NO. 03-95-00286-CR
Timmy Pullen Toler, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TOM GREEN COUNTY, 51ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NOS. A-94-0404-S & A-94-0405-S, HONORABLE BARBARA WALTHER, JUDGE PRESIDING
A jury found appellant Timmy Pullen Toler guilty of aggravated assault on a police officer and possession of cocaine and assessed punishment at two years for aggravated assault and eleven years for possession of a controlled substance. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.02 (West 1994); (1) Controlled Substances Act, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 678, sec. 1, § 481.115, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 2230 (codified at Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.115, since amended). We will affirm the trial court's judgments of conviction.
BACKGROUND
On June 10, 1994, Officer Kevin Deaver of the San Angelo Police Department observed Antoine White at a pay phone in the parking lot of Lee's Superette Convenience Store. White was accompanied by two other men. Deaver had been informed in the past that White was involved in narcotics trafficking. Deaver approached White and began questioning him. White consented to Deaver's search of him. Deaver found that White had sixty dollars and some change in his pockets. Deaver testified that since crack cocaine is commonly sold in twenty dollar lots and there were three men together in the parking lot, he suspected that a drug deal was in progress. At this time, the pay phone rang, White answered, "I'll be there," and walked away with his two companions. Deaver followed the men in his car. From a distance, he saw White and the two other men on the porch of a residence at 114 West 18th Street occupied by Elma Franklin.
Deaver observed appellant arrive and hurriedly enter the house from his car. Deaver followed and Franklin let him in the house. While in the house, Deaver spotted appellant in the bathroom raising up from the commode which was filled with unflushed feces. Deaver testified that since it was common to dispose of drugs by flushing them down the commode, he thought the appellant had placed drugs into the commode's opaque contents. The water had been turned off to the house and the commode did not flush. Deaver approached appellant to detain him with handcuffs, but appellant resisted, striking out with both hands. The altercation continued and appellant violently resisted arrest. The skirmish damaged walls in the house and spilled out into the front yard. At that point, Officer Keeling arrived and subdued appellant.
By then, Deaver had discovered that appellant's right hand was wet. He also noted fecal debris on his person which could only have come from appellant. The officers dredged the commode and found a plastic baggie containing what appeared to be eight rocks of crack cocaine. A laboratory investigation subsequently confirmed this fact. When Detective Keeling of the narcotics division arrived, he searched appellant's car and found a pager and a cellular phone. The most recent number on the pager was 655-8667, the number of the pay phone White had answered at Lee's Superette. Appellant was arrested and charged by separate indictments with assaulting a police officer and possessing a controlled substance. He was tried for both offenses in one trial, and the jury found him guilty of both.
DISCUSSION
Legal Sufficiency of the Evidence
In point of error one, appellant alleges that the evidence was legally insufficient to prove that he knowingly possessed cocaine. This complaint refers only to the indictment charging appellant with possession of a controlled substance. The State had the burden to prove that appellant exercised care, custody, and control over the cocaine, knowing it was contraband. See Oaks v. State, 642 S.W.2d 174, 176 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).
Appellate review of the legal sufficiency of the evidence is limited to determining whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt the essential elements of the crime charged. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Villalon v. State, 791 S.W.2d 130, 132 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The standard of review is the same in both circumstantial and direct evidence cases. Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 161 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The jury is the trier of fact and the exclusive judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Tex. Code. Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.04 (West 1979). The jury is free to accept all or part of the evidence presented by either party. See Saxton v State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
It is not the reviewing court's duty to disregard, realign, or weigh the evidence. Moreno v. State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). The appellate court must consider all the evidence admitted. Nickerson v. State, 810 S.W.2d 398, 400 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). If there is evidence that establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and the trier of fact believes the evidence, an appellate court is not in a position to reverse the conviction due to legally insufficient evidence. Matson v. State, 819 S.W.2d 839, 846 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
Appellant argues that the only link between the confiscated cocaine and himself was that he was the only person in the bathroom. He points out that no fingerprints were taken, no evidence was presented that showed he was the only one to go into the bathroom, and the residence was not under appellant's exclusive control. Furthermore, appellant argues that he was not intoxicated by the substance, no paraphernalia of drug use was found on his person or in his car, and he did not live in the residence where the substance was found. Therefore, appellant argues that he was not affirmatively linked to the cocaine and the evidence is insufficient to prove he knowingly possessed the cocaine. See Humason v. State, 728 S.W.2d 363, 366 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (affirmative links between defendant and controlled substance must exclude every reasonable hypothesis except defendant's guilt).
We note, however, that the Court of Criminal Appeals has dispensed with the requirement that the State must disprove every reasonable hypothesis except the defendant's guilt, a test known as the "outstanding reasonable hypothesis standard." In Brown v. State, 911 S.W.2d 744 (Tex. Crim App. 1995), the Court of Criminal Appeals further clarified its position on affirmative links analysis, resolving a "disagreement among the courts of appeals concerning the current viability of case law requiring proof of an `affirmative link' in drug prosecution cases." Id. at 745. After reviewing the history of the affirmative link requirement, the court held:
Nevertheless, some of our precedents, including Humason, do invoke the "outstanding reasonable hypothesis" standard in connection with a search for evidence linking the accused to illegal drugs. Clearly, any aspects of those cases which rely on that standard no longer control. The ultimate consequence is that each defendant must still be affirmatively linked with the drugs he allegedly possessed, but this link need no longer be so strong that it excludes every other outstanding reasonable hypothesis except the defendant's guilt.
Id. at 747. Therefore, while the State must affirmatively link the defendant to the contraband in order to prove knowing possession, the link need not exclude every other reasonable hypothesis except the defendant's guilt.
In the instant cause, affirmative links connecting appellant to the controlled substance include: (1) the officers found crack cocaine in a baggie in the commode above which appellant was standing; (2) appellant's right hand was wet even though the water was turned off in the house; (3) after appellant grappled with the officers, Deaver found feces on his own hand; (4) appellant resisted arrest and attempted flight; (5) two confidential informants told Deaver that appellant was dealing cocaine; and (6) the pay phone number where the officer encountered White was the most recent number in appellant's pager. We conclude the evidence affirmatively linked appellant to the cocaine in the commode and that the evidence was legally sufficient to support the jury's finding of guilt. We overrule appellant's first point of error.
Improper Jury Argument
In his second point of error, appellant contends that the State proffered improper jury argument which could not be cured by a timely objection. Specifically, appellant claims that the prosecutor (1) injected facts into argument that were not in evidence, and (2) commented on appellant's failure to testify during the trial. We note at the outset that appellant argues two specific and unrelated instances of improper jury argument under the same point of error. Thus, the point of error could be overruled as multifarious. See Brooks v. State, 642 S.W.2d 791, 793 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (point of error is multifarious when it embraces more than one specific ground of error, or if it attacks several distinct and separate rulings of trial court). Even on the merits, appellant's arguments fail.
Arguing Facts not in Evidence
During final argument, the prosecutor said:
And ladies and gentleman -- excuse me, ladies, there is no reason -- the law observes no reason that an individual who's been put under detention or put under arrest by a peace officer can resist. You can't do it. It is illegal to hit a policeman in the United States of America and in the State of Texas, and I hope in the City of San Angelo and the County of Tom Green, because it ought to be. Because officers have a dangerous job and officers put up with enough without having to get beat up all the time . . . . And if that's not enough, ladies and gentleman, to set that man free, then find him guilty. (sic) And if these inconsistencies are important and as big as [defense counsel] says they are, and these officers are bad guys, then set this man free, find him not guilty, and drive down to Beauregard Street and tell Chief Smith about it. Because I've had enough lawyers coming in here and telling us that cops always lie and they never do their job . . . . Well, he didn't search those people there, ladies and gentleman, because he didn't have probable cause to. It would have been illegal for him to search those other people. He had no reason to. Had they done anything? No.
Appellant did not object to the prosecutor's argument.
Appellant contends on appeal that the prosecutor improperly injected facts outside the scope of the evidence into argument. Furthermore, appellant claims that his complaint raises fundamental error, an exception to the general rule requiring preservation of error. See Romo v. State, 631 S.W.2d 504, 505 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).
The permissible scope of jury argument consists of (1) summation of the evidence; (2) any reasonable deduction from the evidence; (3) a response to argument of opposing counsel; or (4) a plea for law enforcement. Whiting v. State, 797 S.W.2d 45, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Even if jury argument falls outside the permissible scope, in order to constitute reversible error, the jury argument must be extreme or manifestly improper, violate a mandatory statute, or inject new facts in evidence harmful to the accused. Jacobs v. State, 787 S.W.2d 397, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Moreover, an appellate court need not reverse a trial court judgment when, beyond a reasonable doubt, the error made no contribution to the conviction. See Tex. R. App. P. 81(b)(2); Orona v. State, 791 S.W.2d 125, 130 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).
The State responds that appellant failed to preserve his complaint for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 52(a); Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) ("[E]ven constitutional errors may be waived by failure to object at trial"); State v. Nolan, 808 S.W.2d 556, 559 (Tex. App.--Austin 1991, no pet.). We agree. Appellant failed to apprise the trial court of his complaint. Moreover, we conclude that the error, if any, was not fundamental because it did not cause such egregious harm as to undermine the basic fairness and impartiality of appellant's trial. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171-72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).
Comment on Appellant's Failure to Testify
During final argument, the prosecutor said, "But there is no evidence from the defense that disputes what Officer Deaver's [sic] told you; that while in the bathroom, he told Mr. Pullen, `I'm going to detain you.'" Appellant's counsel offered no objection to the State's argument.
Appellant argues on appeal that this statement is a direct comment on his failure to testify and is hence impermissible jury argument. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.08 (West 1995); Owen v. State, 656 S.W.2d 458, 459 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). Moreover, appellant further argues that the error was fundamental, an exception to the general rule requiring preservation of error. Owen, 656 S.W.2d at 459 (harm from comment on defendant's failure to testify is so egregious it cannot be cured by instruction to disregard).
The State responds that the prosecutor's comments were not directed at the defendant's failure to testify. Instead, the State contends the comments were directed at the defense witnesses who testified, yet failed to contradict Deaver's version of the events.
In Pollard v. State, 552 S.W.2d 475 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977), the court stated:
Before an argument of the prosecution will constitute a comment on the failure of the accused to testify, the language must be looked to from the standpoint of the jury, and the implication that the language used had reference to the accused must be a necessary one. It is not sufficient that the language might be construed as an implied or indirect allusion. . . . A statement that certain evidence is uncontroverted or unrefuted or uncontradicted does not constitute a comment on the accused's failure to testify where the record indicated that persons other than the accused could have offered contradictory testimony."
Id. at 477 (emphasis added).
In the instant case, several defense witnesses who were present in the house testified as to the events surrounding appellant's arrest. None of the witnesses contradicted Deaver's version of the events. The prosecutor simply argued that Deaver's testimony was uncontradicted by the defense witnesses who testified. According to Pollard, such an argument is not a comment on a defendant's failure to testify. We overrule appellant's second point of error.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled both of appellant's points of error, we affirm the judgments of conviction.
Marilyn Aboussie, Justice
Before Chief Justice Carroll, Justices Aboussie and Kidd
Affirmed
Filed: June 12, 1996
Do Not Publish
1. These offenses took place before September 1, 1994 and are governed by the law in effect at the time the offenses occurred. Because the code amendments effective September 1, 1994 have no substantive effect on the offenses, we cite the current code for convenience.
e; (3) a response to argument of opposing counsel; or (4) a plea for law enforcement. Whiting v. State, 797 S.W.2d 45, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Even if jury argument falls outside the permissible scope, in order to constitute reversible error, the jury argument must be extreme or manifestly improper, violate a mandatory statute, or inject new facts in evidence harmful to the accused. Jacobs v. State, 787 S.W.2d 397, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Moreover, an appellate court need not reverse a trial court judgment when, beyond a reasonable doubt, the error made no contribution to the conviction. See Tex. R. App. P. 81(b)(2); Orona v. State, 791 S.W.2d 125, 130 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).
The State responds that appellant failed to preserve his complaint for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 52(a); Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) ("[E]ven constitutional errors may be waived by failure to object at trial"); State v. Nolan, 808 S.W.2d 556, 559 (Tex. App.--Austin 1991, no pet.). We agree. Appellant failed to apprise the trial court of his complaint. Moreover, we conclude that the error, if any, was not fundamental because it did not cause such egregious harm as to undermine the basic fairness and impartiality of appellant's trial. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171-72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).