TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-97-00294-CR
Lupe Lopez, Jr., Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LAMPASAS COUNTY, 27TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 6540, HONORABLE JOE CARROLL, JUDGE PRESIDING
Appellant Lupe Lopez, Jr. was convicted by a jury of one count of burglary of a habitation and one count of deadly conduct. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 30.02(a)(1), 22.05(a) (West 1994). Following a punishment hearing, the court found both enhancement paragraphs in the indictment to be true and sentenced Lopez to 60 years' imprisonment. On appeal of the burglary conviction, Lopez presents six points of error. The first three points are based on Lopez's claim that the State's primary witness, Patricia Probst, was also an accomplice to the burglary; without additional corroborating evidence, Lopez argues, Probst's testimony is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction. In addition, Lopez contends the trial court erred: (1) in denying his request for a jury instruction regarding accomplice witnesses; (2) in denying his motion for mistrial claiming ineffective assistance of counsel and denial of confrontation of witnesses; and (3) by admitting improperly certified penitentiary packets into evidence. We will affirm Lopez's conviction.
BACKGROUND
On November 15, 1995, Lopez appeared at the home of an acquaintance, Patricia Probst, asking for a ride and offering her some money for gasoline. Probst testified that Lopez was carrying a small bottle of whiskey and a Coca-Cola. Probst drove Lopez to a convenience store where he purchased beer for himself and some snacks for Probst's two sons who were riding in the camper of her truck. Afterward, Lopez asked Probst to drive him to the home of Ben and Oliver Benoist. Probst testified that Lopez entered the residence without knocking, stayed inside approximately five minutes, and then returned to her vehicle carrying a shotgun. Lopez warned Probst that if she told the police, he would kill her and her two sons; he underscored his threat by pointing the gun in their direction. After driving Lopez to a trailer park, Probst left quickly and drove immediately to the Lampasas Police Department to report the incident.
While Probst was giving Officer Daron Parker a written statement, Officer Parker was called to a family disturbance involving Lopez, who was drinking tequila and appeared intoxicated. A shotgun was recovered at the scene, which Probst later identified as the one she had seen Lopez remove from the Benoist home.
At trial, Oliver Benoist, the owner of the shotgun, testified that he had known Lopez for a long time and had employed him in the past. Benoist told the jury that on the night of the offense, he was contacted by law enforcement officers who asked if he owned a shotgun and if he knew whether it was missing. He testified that he kept the shotgun loaded in the hallway by the front door, and he was able to positively identify the shotgun taken from the location of the family disturbance as his gun.
DISCUSSION
Legal and Factual Sufficiency of the Evidence and Necessity for Corroboration
Lopez's challenges to the factual and legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction are based on his argument that Patricia Probst was an accomplice witness whose testimony required corroboration because it was untrustworthy. The testimony of an accomplice witness, without more, is insufficient to support a defendant's conviction. See Walker v. State, 615 S.W.2d 728, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). An accomplice witness is defined as someone who has participated with the accused before, during, or after the commission of a crime. See Kunkle v. State, 771 S.W.2d 435, 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). If the witness cannot be prosecuted for the offense with which the accused is charged, then as a matter of law the witness is not an accomplice witness. Id. Additionally, a witness's presence at the scene of the offense does not cause the witness to automatically become an accomplice witness. Id. In order for a person to be an accomplice witness, there must be evidence of an affirmative act on her part to assist in the commission of the offense. Id. at 440.
There is nothing in the record to indicate that Probst affirmatively assisted Lopez in the commission of the burglary. The facts show that Probst and Lopez were acquainted and that Lopez asked Probst for a ride home, requesting that she make two stops on the way. Probst remained in her vehicle with her two sons while Lopez alone entered the Benoist residence and removed a shotgun. Probst testified that she no longer wanted to drive Lopez to his home, but feared he might harm her or her sons if she refused. The record contains no evidence that Probst was aware of Lopez's plans to commit the offense, or that she encouraged him in any way. Further, she immediately reported the incident at the earliest opportunity.
The critical inquiry on review of the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is whether the record evidence could reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See Ramos v. State, 923 S.W.2d 196, 197 (Tex. App.--Austin 1996, no pet.). This Court does not ask whether it believes that the evidence at trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. Instead, the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)); Griffin v. State, 614 S.W.2d 155, 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). In conducting a factual-sufficiency review, we view all of the evidence equally, including the testimony of defense witnesses and the existence of alternative hypotheses. The court does not view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution as it does in legal-sufficiency review. The court should set aside a jury's verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. See Stone v. State, 823 S.W.2d 375, 381 (Tex. App.--Austin 1992, pet. ref'd, untimely filed); Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986); In re King's Estate, 244 S.W.2d 660, 661 (Tex. 1951).
The State proved each required element of the charged offense through Probst's eyewitness testimony that she saw Lopez enter the Benoist residence and remove a shotgun. Furthermore, we cannot say that the jury's verdict was contrary, wrong, or unjust. The evidence is both factually and legally sufficient to support Lopez's conviction. Points of error one and two are overruled.
Lopez claims in his third point of error that Probst was an accomplice witness, and that without corroboration, her testimony was insufficient to support his conviction. However, the record does not show that Probst was an accomplice witness; therefore, no other corroborating evidence is required to support her testimony. We overrule Lopez's third point of error.
Request for Accomplice Witness Jury Instruction
Lopez's fourth point of error claims that the trial court erred in denying his request for an accomplice witness jury instruction. We agree with the State that there was no need for this instruction since Probst was not an accomplice witness as a matter of law. There is nothing in the record to show that Probst affirmatively assisted Lopez in committing the burglary; the facts merely show she provided an acquaintance with a ride. When the evidence affirmatively shows that a witness was not an accomplice, no charge need be given to the jury either that the witness is an accomplice, or that the jury is to decide whether the witness is an accomplice. See Harris v. State, 645 S.W.2d 447, 456 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). No evidence was presented at trial to indicate that Probst participated in the offense, and there is corroborated evidence that Probst immediately reported the burglary to the Lampasas Police Department. Lopez alleges that Probst lied under oath about important details of her story, but fails to state which details. The jury was properly instructed on reasonable doubt and Lopez was given an opportunity to address any inconsistencies in Probst's testimony during final arguments. Lopez's fourth point of error is overruled.
Motion for Mistrial based on Denial of Confrontation of Witnesses
The record indicates that Lopez moved for a mistrial based on his belief that his trial counsel failed to properly cross-examine the State's witnesses and failed to call witnesses on Lopez's behalf. Lopez specifically wanted his counsel to cross-examine Patricia Probst concerning her past criminal history. A hearing held out of the presence of the jury revealed that Probst had been convicted of misdemeanor possession of marihuana in 1983 and convicted of misdemeanor driving while intoxicated (DWI) in 1992. Because it was established that Probst had not been convicted of a felony or a crime of moral turpitude, the trial court refused to permit Lopez's counsel to cross-examine Probst regarding these convictions for the purposes of impeachment.
The Texas Rules of Evidence allow impeachment of a witness by evidence of a felony conviction or conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude. See Tex. R. Evid. 609(a). Additionally, Rule 609 places a ten-year limit on the use of these convictions for impeachment purposes. See Tex. R. Evid. 609(b). However, neither possession of marihuana nor driving while intoxicated is a crime involving moral turpitude under Texas law. See Bell v. State, 620 S.W.2d 116, 126 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976) (misdemeanor possession of marihuana does not involve moral turpitude); see also Ladner v. State, 868 S.W.2d 417, 426 (Tex. App.--Tyler 1993, pet. ref'd) (misdemeanor DWI not a crime involving moral turpitude). Thus, Probst's prior convictions were not impeachable convictions under Rule 609. The trial court did not err in refusing Lopez's request for cross-examination in this area for the purpose of impeachment.
We construe Lopez's fifth point of error as arguing that the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial based on his alleged inability to cross-examine the State's witnesses. Aside from not being able to cross-examine Probst regarding her prior misdemeanor convictions, the record does not reflect that Lopez was denied an opportunity to cross-examine any witnesses. Therefore, the trial court did not err.
In his appellate brief, Lopez also vaguely alleges that the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial based on ineffective assistance of counsel. Although Lopez has not properly briefed this issue, see Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h), we will address it in the interest of justice. The standard for reviewing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is set forth in McFarland v. State, 928 S.W.2d 482 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1169 (1996). McFarland employs the two-part test for showing ineffective assistance of counsel announced by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). In Strickland, the Court stated that a claimant must prove that counsel's representation so undermined the "proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on having a just result." Id. at 686. An appellant must prove: (1) that his counsel's representation was deficient, and (2) that the deficient performance was so serious that it prejudiced his defense. Id. at 687. This means an appellant must be able to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that his counsel's representation fell below the standard of prevailing professional norms, and that there is a reasonable probability that but for counsel's deficiency the result of the trial would have been different. See McFarland, 928 S.W.2d at 500.
From our review of the record, Lopez has failed to demonstrate that his counsel provided him ineffective assistance. As noted above, the trial court properly refused to allow Lopez to cross-examine Probst regarding her misdemeanor convictions. The record reflects that Lopez's trial attorney did cross-examine Probst regarding the details of her testimony and cross-examined the State's other witnesses. The record also shows that Lopez's attorney contacted one of the potential witnesses Lopez wanted to testify, but did not feel this person had valuable information to offer. The attorney was unable to locate, after six attempts, another person suggested by Lopez as a defense witness. On these facts, we cannot say that Lopez was denied effective assistance of counsel. Lopez has not shown that his right to confront witnesses against him was violated, or that the trial court erred in refusing to grant a mistrial. Point of error five is overruled.
Admission of Penitentiary Packets
In his final point of error, Lopez claims the trial court erred in allowing two Texas Department of Criminal Justice "pen packets" into evidence. Lopez argues the packets were not properly certified because the records clerk's stamped facsimile signature is not a "genuine" signature as required by the Texas Rules of Evidence. See Tex. R. Evid. 902(2). However, the Court of Criminal Appeals has upheld the use of a stamped facsimile of an original signature in signing legal documents, specifically documents from the Texas Department of Corrections. See Estes v. State, 484 S.W.2d 711, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972); see also Benavides v. State, 763 S.W.2d 587, 590 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1988, pet. ref'd). Lopez's sixth point of error is overruled.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled each of Lopez's six points of error, we affirm the judgment of conviction.
Bea Ann Smith, Justice
Before Justices Powers, Kidd and B. A. Smith
Affirmed
Filed: October 15, 1998
Do Not Publish
cross-examine the State's witnesses. Aside from not being able to cross-examine Probst regarding her prior misdemeanor convictions, the record does not reflect that Lopez was denied an opportunity to cross-examine any witnesses. Therefore, the trial court did not err.
In his appellate brief, Lopez also vaguely alleges that the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial based on ineffective assistance of counsel. Although Lopez has not properly briefed this issue, see Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h), we will address it in the interest of justice. The standard for reviewing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is set forth in McFarland v. State, 928 S.W.2d 482 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1169 (1996). McFarland employs the two-part test for showing ineffective assistance of counsel announced by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). In Strickland, the Court stated that a claimant must prove that counsel's representation so undermined the "proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on having a just result." I