TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-97-00716-CV
Elaine Badouh Hale and Scott Edward Parker, Appellants
v.
Edward Badouh, Jr., Individually and As Next Friend of Edward Badouh, III,
a Minor, and Charles B. Gorham, Appellees
NO. 96-PC 234-A, HONORABLE FRED CLARK, JUDGE PRESIDING
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 1990, Rubylien Barber Badouh executed her will, and in 1991 she executed the first codicil to her will (together, the "Will"). The Will specifically bequeathed to her daughter, Elaine Badouh Hale, Rubylien Badouh's home in New Braunfels (the "Property").
In 1992, Edward Badouh, Jr. ("EBJ") and the guardianship estate of Rubylien Badouh obtained a final judgment against Hale in excess of $150,000. The judgment was abstracted and recorded in the official public records of Comal County. In 1994, attorney Charles Gorham performed some legal services for Hale for which he was not paid. On April 27, 1994, Hale executed a deed of trust and a real estate lien note for $100,000 in favor of Gorham on Hale's interest in the Property. The deed of trust stated:
For value received and to secure payment of the note, Grantor conveys all of her present and future rights, title and interest in the property, including her expectancy of ownership of the property by reason of inheritance from Rubylien Barber Badouh, to Trustee in trust. Grantor warrants and agrees to defend the title to the property. If Grantor performs all of the covenants and pays the note according to its terms, this deed of trust shall have no further effect, and Beneficiary shall release it at Grantor's expense.
On August 18, 1996, Rubylien Badouh died, survived by Edward Badouh, Jr. and his son, Edward Badouh, III, and by Hale and Hale's two sons, Scott Edward Parker and Kenneth Dorsey Parker. The Will was filed for probate on August 23, 1996 and on January 30, 1997, a dependent administration was established for Rubylien Badouh's estate ("Estate").
On January 23, 1997, EBJ filed an application for a turnover order to enforce his judgment against Hale's interest in Estate assets. On January 28, 1997, Hale filed a disclaimer in her entire interest in Estate assets. Gorham filed a plea in intervention to assert his claim against Hale's interest in the Property.
On February 24, 1997, the Estate filed a petition for declaratory judgment as to the validity of Hale's disclaimer and how to properly distribute Estate assets. Hale and Parker filed separate motions for summary judgment as did EBJ, the Estate, and Gorham. On August 4, 1997, the trial court issued an order granting partial summary judgment and severance. The judgment declared that Hale's disclaimer was invalid and ineffective because, before filing the disclaimer, Hale had exercised dominion and control over the Property by executing the deed of trust and note in favor of Gorham. The order also declared that EBJ's pleadings for turnover relief did not violate the no-contest clause in the Will.
DISCUSSION
In their first point of error, appellants challenge the trial court's declaratory relief on the issue of Hale's disclaimer. The standards of review for summary judgment are well established: (1) the movant for summary judgment has the burden of showing that no issue of material fact exists and that she is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; (2) in deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be taken as true; and (3) every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the nonmovant and any doubts resolved in her favor. Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985). If the judgment specifies the basis for granting summary judgment, the appellate court is not required to affirm on a ground that, although asserted in the motion, was not set forth in the judgment. Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 625-26 (Tex. 1996); State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. S.S., 858 S.W.2d 374, 380-81 (Tex. 1993). In the present case, the trial court granted declaratory relief that the disclaimer was invalid on the sole ground that Hale had exercised dominion and control over the Property by executing the deed of trust and real estate lien note before Rubylien Badouh's death.
A conveyance or assignment of an expectancy interest is generally enforceable. See Hale v. Hollon, 39 S.W. 287, 291-92 (Tex. 1897) (though viewed with great suspicion, assignments of expectancy interest are enforceable in equity if assignee demonstrates that whole of circumstances shows fair and just transaction); Estate of York, 934 S.W.2d 848, 850 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1996, writ denied); Rivers v. Rivers, 346 S.W.2d 376, 378 (Tex. Civ. App.--Eastland 1961, writ ref'd n.r.e.). An expectancy may, of course, be altered or extinguished by a number of possible events such as a testator's changing her will, or the holder of the expectancy predeceasing the person from whom the gift is expected. See Joyner v. Christian, 113 S.W.2d 1229, 1231 (Tex. 1938) (expectancy lapses if potential recipient predeceases holder of antecedent estate); Ingram v. Medford, 440 S.W.2d 391, 392 (Tex. Civ. App.--Texarkana 1969, no writ) (assignor of expectancy interest predeceases testator, assignee receives nothing).
This court recently discussed disclaimers in Parks v. Parker, 957 S.W.2d 666 (Tex. App.--Austin 1997, no pet.):
Section 37 of the Probate Code provides that when a person dies, leaving a lawful will, the devised property vests immediately in the devisees. Tex. Prob. Code Ann. § 37 (West Supp. 1998); see also Johnson v. McLaughlin, 840 S.W.2d 668, 671 (Tex. App.--Austin 1992, no writ). Section 37A, however, states that "any person" may disclaim any property he is entitled to receive from a decedent's estate and that such a disclaimer "shall be effective as of the death of the decedent and shall relate back for all purposes to the death of the decedent and is not subject to the claims of any creditor of the disclaimant." Tex. Prob. Code Ann. § 37A (West Supp. 1998). The disclaimer is irrevocable. Id. § 37A(d). To be effective, the disclaimer must be in writing, notarized, and filed within nine months of the death of the decedent. Id. § 37A(a). A person may not disclaim property that he or she has taken possession of or exercised dominion or control over. Id. § 37A(g).
Parks, 957 S.W.2d at 669.
In Parks, we concluded that the disclaimer involved was legally effective and could defeat the general creditor's attempt to reach property bequeathed to the debtor even though the disclaimer was executed after the turnover order had been served. Id. at 670; see also Dyers v. Eckols, 808 S.W.2d 531, 534 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ dism'd by agr.) (disclaimer could not be fraudulent transfer because Probate Code treats property as if person disclaiming never possessed it). While the present case involves the question of whether a specific assignment or conveyance of an expectancy may be defeated by disclaimer, (1) based on the reasoning stated by the trial court here, we will affirm the summary judgment only if Hale's pledging her expectancy interest in the Property before her mother's death was an exercise of dominion and control over the Property.
The Probate Code states that "[n]o disclaimer shall be effective after the acceptance of the property by the beneficiary. For the purpose of this section, acceptance shall occur only if the person making such disclaimer has previously taken possession or exercised dominion and control of such property in the capacity of beneficiary." Tex. Prob. Code Ann. § 37A(g) (West Supp. 1998) (emphasis added). A beneficiary is "a person who would have been entitled, if the person had not made a disclaimer, to receive property as a result of the death of another person." Id. § 37(A). Because one cannot be "entitled" to receive such property until the decedent's death, one may not be a beneficiary before the decedent's death. It follows logically that one may not act in the capacity of beneficiary until after the death. Thus, Hale's actions taken before her mother's death cannot invalidate the disclaimer under section 37A(g) because Hale was not acting in the capacity as beneficiary. (2) We sustain point one.
In their third point of error, appellants contend the trial court erred in failing to grant their own motion for summary judgment because the disclaimer executed by Hale was valid and effective as a matter of law. When both parties move for summary judgment and one motion is granted and the other is denied, all questions presented to the trial court may be presented for consideration on appeal, including whether the losing party's motion should have been granted. Jones v. Strauss, 745 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. 1988). Accordingly, we will consider appellants' complaint that the trial court erred in overruling their motion for summary judgment.
In its response to appellants' motion for summary judgment, EBJ raised two grounds to rebut Hale's motion (in addition to the argument we rejected in our discussion of point of error one). (3) Essentially conceding the technical validity of the disclaimer, EBJ contended that Hale's actions in staying at the Property during the funeral and in dismissing potential buyers from the Property constituted the exercise of dominion and control over the property. However, in its order granting partial summary judgment, the trial court found "as a matter of fact and law" that these actions did not constitute dominion and control, and this finding is not challenged on appeal.
EBJ also contends that because the lien on the Property was present in the county land records at the time of and at all times following the mother's death, the lien's continuing nature constituted an exercise of dominion and control over the Property after the death and at which time Hale actually was a beneficiary. We decline to hold that the continuing nature of the lien on Hale's expectancy interest constituted an exercise of dominion and control by Hale over the Property, particularly in light of the fact that the continuity required no affirmative maintenance by Hale. In so deciding, we do not address whether the continuing nature of a disclaimant's act, especially one that requires continued reaffirming action, could constitute an exercise of dominion and control over property where it was begun before the decedent's death.
In Gorham's response to appellants' motion for summary judgment, he contended equity required that Hale be estopped from disclaiming her interest. Because genuine issues of material fact exist concerning such estoppel, appellants have not demonstrated as a matter of law that Hale's disclaimer should be given effect under these circumstances. Consequently, we overrule point of error three.
In their second and fourth points of error, appellants contend the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of appellees on the issue of whether the no-contest clause in the Will has been violated. The Will stated:
If any beneficiary under this Will directly or indirectly challenges or contests this Will or any of its provisions, or attempts in any way to oppose or set aside the probate of this will or impair or invalidate any of its provisions, any legacy or other provision I have made with respect to that person under this Will is revoked and shall be disposed of as if that contesting beneficiary had predeceased me without issue.
The codicil stated:
If EDWARD BADOUH, JR. directly or indirectly challenges or contests this Will or any of its provisions, or attempts in any way to oppose or set aside the probate of this Will or impair or invalidate any of its provisions, any legacy or other provision I have made with respect to his son, EDWARD BADOUH, III, under this Will is revoked, and that legacy shall be divided equally between my grandsons, KENNETH DORSEY PARKER AND SCOTT EDWARD PARKER.
On January 22, 1997, EBJ applied for a turnover order, requesting that "all rights of Elaine Badouh Hale to receive any property and proceeds from the Estate pursuant to the Will and Codicil be assigned and applied to the benefit of applicant, to be applied to the satisfaction of the Judgment, up to the outstanding amount owed on the Judgment" and that "the administrator of the Estate be ordered and enjoined from distributing any property or proceeds from the Estate to Elaine Badouh Hale pursuant to the Will and Codicil until such property and proceeds have been applied in full satisfaction of the Judgment as ordered by the Court."
No-contest clauses are construed strictly, and forfeiture is to be avoided by the courts except where the acts in question come strictly within the terms of the clause. In re Estate of Hamill, 866 S.W.2d 339, 342 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1993, no writ) (mere filing of will contest that was later dismissed not sufficient to invoke forfeiture where clause in question did not provide that mere filing of will contest was sufficient to invoke clause); McLendon v. McLendon, 862 S.W.2d 662, 678 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1993, writ denied) (suit alleging executor breached fiduciary duties does not invoke forfeiture); Sheffield v. Scott, 662 S.W.2d 674, 676-77 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1983, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
In the present case, the turnover order sought would not have set aside the Will or invalidated its provisions. EBJ does not seek to invalidate Hale's right to receive property under the Will, but rather asserts that, based on Hale's right to certain property, the judgment creditor has a derivative right to that property. EBJ simply seeks to assert a judgment creditor's right to assets Hale may receive under the will. Indeed, in attempting to receive satisfaction of the judgment in question, EBJ must rely on the validity of the Will and its provisions granting property to Hale. The no-contest clause here does not prohibit a judgment creditor from asserting his rights against property Hale receives under the Will. See Estate of Hodges, 725 S.W.2d 265, 268 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (action to construe rather than contest the will did not violate no-contest clause); Estate of Minnick, 653 S.W.2d 503, 507-08 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1983, no writ) (action against executors seeking final accounting, partition, distribution and closing of estate was not contest of will under no-contest clause).
We conclude the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment declaring that EBJ had not violated the no-contest clause. Consequently, the trial court did not err in denying appellants' motion for summary judgment asserting that EBJ had violated the no-contest clause. Points of error two and four are overruled.
CONCLUSION
Having sustained appellants' first point of error and overruled their third point of error, we reverse the portion of the summary judgment declaring that Hale's disclaimer was invalid and ineffective due to Hale's exercise of dominion and control over the Property; we remand the cause for further proceedings, including consideration of the issue of whether Hale's disclaimer should be given effect under the particular circumstances of this case. Having overruled appellants' second and fourth points of error, we affirm the summary judgment in remaining part.
J. Woodfin Jones, Justice
Before Chief Justice Yeakel, Justices Aboussie and Jones
Reversed and Remanded in Part; Affirmed in Part
Filed: August 31, 1998
Publish
1. In general, a debtor "is not under any legal obligation, however strong the moral obligation may be, to acquire property as a gift that would benefit his creditors." Dyers, 808 S.W.2d at 535 (quoting Lynch v. Lynch, 21 S.E.2d 569 (S.C. 1942)).
2. In asserting that Hale's assignment of the lien was an exercise of dominion and control, appellees present an example from a Treasury Regulation promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code in which the party's disclaimer was invalid because the party had pledged the property received pursuant to a will for security on a loan prior to disclaimer. See Treas. Reg. § 25.2518-2(d)(4). However, we find this example inapposite here because, unlike the pledge in the example, Hale's pledge was made before the mother's death and before Hale became a beneficiary.
3. Although the movant for summary judgment has the burden of establishing her right to summary judgment, the nonmovant must expressly present to the trial court those issues that would defeat the movant's right to summary judgment and, failing to do so, may not later assign them as error. City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678-79 (Tex. 1970).
proceeds from the Estate to Elaine Badouh Hale pursuant to the Will and Codicil until such property and proceeds have been applied in full satisfaction of the Judgment as ordered by the Court."
No-contest clauses are construed strictly, and forfeiture is to be avoided by the courts except where the acts in question come strictly within the terms of the clause. In re Estate of Hamill, 866 S.W.2d 339, 342 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1993, no writ) (mere filing of will contest that was later dismissed not sufficient to invoke forfeiture where clause in question did not provide that mere filing of will contest was sufficient to invoke clause); McLendon v. McLendon, 862 S.W.2d 662, 678 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1993, writ denied) (suit alleging executor breached fiduciary duties does not invoke forfeiture); Sheffield v. Scott, 662 S.W.2d 674, 676-77 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1983, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
In the present case, the turnover order sought would not have set aside the Will or invalidated its provisions. EBJ does not seek to invalidate Hale's right to receive property under the Will, but rather asserts that, based on Hale's right to certain property, the judgment creditor has a derivative right to that property. EBJ simply seeks to assert a judgment creditor's right to assets Hale may receive under the will. Indeed, in attempting to receive satisfaction of the judgment in question, EBJ must rely on the validity of the Will and its provisions granting property to Hale. The no-contest clause here does not prohibit a judgment creditor from asserting his rights against property Hale receives under the Will. See Estate of Hodges, 725 S.W.2d 265, 268 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (action to construe rather than contest the will did not violate no-contest clause); Estate of Minnick, 653 S.W.2d 503, 507-08 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1983, no writ) (action against executors seeking final accounting, partition, distribution and closing of estate was not contest of will under no-contest clause).
We conclude the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment declaring that EBJ had not violated the no-contest clause. Consequently, the trial court did not err in denying appellants' motion for summary judgment asserting that EBJ had violated the no-contest clause. Points of error two and four are overruled.
CONCLUSION
Having sustained appellants' first point of error and overruled their third point of error, we reverse the portion of the summary judgment declaring that Hale's disclaimer was invalid and ineffective due to Hale's exercise of dominion and control over the Property; we remand the cause for further proceedings, including consideration of the issue of whether Hale's disclaimer should be given effect under the particular circumstances of this case. Having overruled appellants' second and fourth points of error, we affirm the summary judgment in remaining part.
J. Woodfin Jones, Justice
Before Chief Justice Yeakel, Justices Aboussie and Jones
Reversed and Remanded in Part; Affirmed in Part
Filed: August 31, 1998
Publish
1. In general, a debtor "is not under any legal obligation, however strong the moral obligation may be, to acquire property as a gift that would benefit his creditors." Dyers, 808 S.W.