TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-98-00707-CV
Richard Martinez and Rachel Perez, Appellants
v.
Melanie Vela, Individually and as Next Friend of Tiffany Michelle Cortez
and Jessica Kaye Riojas, Minors, Appellees
NO. A-97-0791-C, HONORABLE DICK ALCALA, JUDGE PRESIDING
Factual Background
It was undisputed that while Richard Martinez was driving Rachel Perez's car, he rear-ended Melanie Vela's car. Vela and her two daughters, Tiffany Cortez and Jessica Riojas who were passengers in the car, sustained injuries. At the time of the collision, Martinez was driving with a suspended driver's license. Vela sued Martinez and Perez, individually and on behalf of her daughters, for physical pain, mental anguish, physical impairment and cost of medical care. Appellees alleged Martinez negligently caused the accident and that Perez negligently entrusted her car to Martinez. Because Perez knew of Martinez's suspended license and poor driving record before loaning her car to him, appellees also sought exemplary damages against Perez. The jury awarded Vela $95,546.49; Riojas $224.25 and Cortez $346.00; and assessed $5,000 in exemplary damages against Perez. Appellants raise four issues on appeal.
Discussion
Appellants first challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the element of causation. Appellants argue that because appellees did not present expert medical testimony that the car accident caused appellees' injuries, the trial court erred in submitting questions regarding medical expenses. We disagree.
Lay testimony is adequate to prove causation if general experience and common sense will enable a lay person to determine, with reasonable probability, the causal relationship between the event and the condition. Morgan v. Compugraphic Corp., 675 S.W.2d 729, 733 (Tex. 1984). Generally, lay testimony establishing a sequence of events which provides a strong, logically traceable connection between the event and the condition is sufficient proof of causation. Id. In such cases, lay testimony can provide both legally and factually sufficient evidence to prove the causal relationship. Blankenship v. Mirick, 984 S.W.2d 771, 775 (Tex. App.--Waco 1999, pet. denied).
In reviewing a legal sufficiency challenge, we consider only the evidence and inferences tending to support the jury's fact finding, and disregard all contrary evidence and inferences. Leitch v. Hornsby, 935 S.W.2d 114, 118 (Tex. 1996). If there is any evidence of probative force to support the finding, we overrule the point and uphold the jury's finding. Id. If there is more than a scintilla of probative evidence to support the finding, the no evidence challenge fails. Id. The evidence supporting a finding is more than a scintilla if reasonable minds could arrive at the finding given the facts. Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1995). In reviewing a factual sufficiency point, we consider and weigh all the evidence and set aside the judgment only if it is so factually weak or so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. ONI, Inc. v. Swift, 990 S.W.2d 500, 502 (Tex. App.--Austin 1999, no pet.) (citing Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986)).
According to Vela, Martinez rear-ended her car as she was slowing to a stop at an intersection. The impact pushed Vela's car into the car in front of her, and that car into the car in front of it. Emergency personnel pulled Vela from her car through the passenger door because the driver's side door would not open after the collision. Vela and her children were taken to the hospital by ambulance. Martinez admitted that he turned his head toward his backseat passenger moments before impact with Vela's car. He testified that his first sight of Vela's car was when he hit her. Although he claimed he "barely" hit her, both he and his front-seat passenger were injured, and Perez's car sustained $3100 in damage.
Vela's children sustained only minor injuries (1) and the majority of the medical expenses were Vela's. As a result of the collision, Vela suffered injuries to her neck, back, leg and hip. Vela had to undergo neck surgery and continued to suffer from severe back pain even at the time of trial. In addition, she testified that prior to the accident she had not injured her neck or back and did not suffer from the types of pain that she experienced after the accident. Appellees submitted as evidence all medical records and bills as a result of their medical treatment. In addition, Vela testified about her neck surgery, recovery and physical limitations as a result of her injuries.
We hold that under these facts, expert testimony was not required to prove that the car accident caused appellees' injuries. Vela's testimony describing the accident and her pre-accident health and post-accident injuries and medical treatment establish facts from which the trier of fact may properly infer that the car accident caused appellees' injuries. Having reviewed the record, we conclude that the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the jury's damage awards. We overrule appellants' first issue.
In their second issue, appellants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence of appellees' medical treatment and expenses. They contend that because appellees failed to present expert testimony that their medical treatment, expenses and conditions were "based upon reasonable medical probability," the trial court erred in submitting jury questions on medical expenses.
Appellees submitted their medical expense evidence by affidavit as permitted by section 18.001 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, rather than by live expert witnesses. Section 18.001 provides:
(b) Unless a controverting affidavit is filed as provided by this section, an affidavit that the amount a person charged for a service was reasonable at the time and place that the service was provided and that the service was necessary is sufficient evidence to support a finding of fact by judge or jury that the amount charged was reasonable or that the service was necessary.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 18.001(b) (West 1997). Section 18.001 is an exception to the general rule that the reasonableness of and necessity for medical expenses must be proved by expert testimony. Castillo v. American Garment Finishers Corp., 965 S.W.2d 646, 654 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1998, no pet.). If a party intends to controvert a claim reflected in a section 18.001 affidavit, that party "must file a counteraffidavit." Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 18.001(e). Section 18.002 provides a form which conspicuously does not require that the affidavit contain "reasonable medical probability" language. See id. § 18.002(b). If the elements of section 18.001 are met, the uncontroverted affidavit that medical expenses are reasonable and necessary is sufficient to support a finding that the amount charged was reasonable or that the service was necessary. Id. § 18.001(b).
Appellees submitted affidavits which generally track the language of the form in section 18.002. Appellants did not file counteraffidavits. We conclude that appellees' use of affidavits in compliance with section 18.002 supports the reasonableness of and necessity for their medical expenses. Having reviewed the record, we further conclude that the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the jury's damage awards in this regard. We overrule appellants' second issue.
Appellants contend in their third issue that the trial court erred in refusing to allow them to impeach Vela with her interrogatory answers. Appellants propounded an interrogatory inquiring about Vela's receipt of "accident insurance benefits, workers compensation benefits, disability benefits or pensions, or accident compensation payments." Vela responded "no" to the interrogatory, and testified during a bill of exception that she was covered by Medicaid. Appellees contend that they should have been allowed to impeach Vela's credibility using the interrogatory answer as a prior inconsistent statement.
The admission or exclusion of evidence is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court. City of Brownsville v. Alvarado, 897 S.W.2d 750, 753 (Tex. 1995) (citing Gee v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 765 S.W.2d 394, 396 (Tex. 1989)). An error in the admission or exclusion of evidence can only result in a reversal if the appellant can show the error probably resulted in an improper judgment. City of Brownsville, 897 S.W.2d at 753. A successful evidentiary ruling requires the complainant to show the judgment turned on the evidence in question. GT & MC, Inc. v. Texas City Ref., Inc., 822 S.W.2d 252, 257 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, writ denied).
Vela's Medicaid coverage constitutes a collateral source. The collateral source rule prohibits evidence generally of collateral payments from other sources, such as insurance, pension or retirement funds, employee benefits accounts or social security. Traders & Gen. Ins. Co. v. Reed, 376 S.W.2d 591, 593 (Tex. Civ. App.--Corpus Christi 1964, writ ref'd n.r.e.); see also Oil Country Haulers, Inc. v. Griffin, 668 S.W.2d 903, 904 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, no writ) (gratuitous medical services provided to plaintiff may still be recovered from the tortfeasor). The theory behind the collateral source rule is that a wrongdoer should not have the benefit of insurance independently procured by the injured party and to which the wrongdoer was not privy. Brown v. American Transfer & Storage Co., 601 S.W.2d 931, 934 (Tex. 1980). Medical insurance, disability insurance and other forms of protection purchased by the plaintiff, as well as gifts the plaintiff receives, are independent sources of income subject to the collateral source rule. Lee-Wright, Inc. v. Hall, 840 S.W.2d 572, 582 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ).
Because the information on which appellants sought to impeach Vela constituted a collateral source and because Vela did not open the door, (2) her Medicaid coverage would not be admissible. Furthermore, her receipt of Medicaid benefits is not inconsistent with her negative answer to the interrogatory in question. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in prohibiting appellants from using the information for impeachment purposes. We overrule appellants' third issue.
Appellants contend in their fourth issue that the trial court erred in refusing to allow them to introduce evidence of Vela's medical history of mental illness and long history of "emotionally traumatic life experiences."
Seeking mental anguish damages does not raise the issue of a party's mental condition unless the plaintiff alleges a permanent mental injury or some deep emotional disturbance or psychiatric problem. See Coates v. Whittington, 758 S.W.2d 749, 752 (Tex. 1988). Vela did not claim the accident caused a permanent mental condition or enhanced an existing one. According to the record, Vela did not seek treatment for any mental conditions and did not offer medical evidence to prove her mental anguish. Vela's mental anguish claim is the emotional pain, torment and suffering that a plaintiff who has been in a car accident with her children would in all reasonable probability experience. See Coates, 758 S.W.2d at 752. The admission or exclusion of evidence is committed to the trial court's discretion and because the evidence appellants sought to admit is not admissible, we conclude the trial court did not abuse his discretion in excluding the evidence of a prior mental condition. We overrule appellants' fourth issue.
Conclusion
Having overruled all of appellants' issues, we affirm the trial-court judgment.
Mack Kidd, Justice
Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices Kidd and Patterson
Filed: January 6, 2000
Affirmed
Do Not Publish
1. Appellants complain that because Vela's minor children, ages nine and seven at the time of
trial, did not testify there is no evidence or insufficient evidence that appellees' injuries were
proximately caused by the car accident. We disagree. Vela's description of the accident is
evidence of causation sufficient to support that element for the other passengers in her car.
2.
nied).
Vela's Medicaid coverage constitutes a collateral source. The collateral source rule prohibits evidence generally of collateral payments from other sources, such as insurance, pension or retirement funds, employee benefits accounts or social security. Traders & Gen. Ins. Co. v. Reed, 376 S.W.2d 591, 593 (Tex. Civ. App.--Corpus Christi 1964, writ ref'd n.r.e.); see also Oil Country Haulers, Inc. v. Griffin, 668 S.W.2d 903, 904 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, no writ) (gratuitous medical services provided to plaintiff may still be recovered from the tortfeasor). The theory behind the collateral source rule is that a wrongdoer should not have the benefit of insurance independently procured by the injured party and to which the wrongdoer was not privy. Brown v. American Transfer & Storage Co., 601 S.W.2d 931, 934 (Tex. 1980). Medical insurance, disability insurance and other forms of protection purchased by the plaintiff, as well as gifts the plaintiff receives, are independent sources of income subject to the collateral source rule. Lee-Wright, Inc. v. Hall, 840 S.W.2d 572, 582 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ).
Because the information on which appellants sought to impeach Vela constituted a collateral source and because Vela did not open the door, (2) her Medicaid coverage would not be admissible. Furthermore, her receipt of Medicaid benefits is not inconsistent with her negative answer to the interrogatory in question. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in prohibiting appellants from using the information for impeachment purposes. We overrule appellants' third issue.
Appellants contend in their fourth issue that the trial court erred in refusing to allow them to introduce evidence of Vela's medical history of mental illness and long history of "emotionally traumatic life experiences."
Seeking mental anguish damages does not raise the issue of a party's mental condition unless the plaintiff alleges a permanent mental injury or some deep emotional disturbance or psychiatric problem. See Coates v. Whittington, 758 S.W.2d 749, 752 (Tex. 1988). Vela did not claim the accident caused a permanent mental condition or enhanced an existing one. According to the record, Vela did not seek treatment for any mental conditions and did not offer medical evidence to prove her mental anguish. Vela's mental anguish claim is the emotional pain, torment and suffering that a plaintiff who has been in a car accident with her children would in all reasonable probability experience. See Coates, 758 S.W.2d at 752. The admission or exclusion of evidence is committed to the trial court's discretion and because the evidence appellants sought to admit is not admissible, we conclude the trial court did not abuse his discretion in excluding the evidence of a prior mental condition. We overrule appellants' fourth issue.
Conclusion
Having overruled all of appellants' issues, we affirm the trial-court judgment.