TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
Mary A. Bryan, Individually and as next friend of Stacey Arlene Bryan
and Jay Russell Bryan, Minors, Appellants
v.
Zenith Insurance Company, Appellee
NO. 99-02417, HONORABLE ORLINDA NARANJO, JUDGE PRESIDING
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND At the time of his heart attack, James Bryan ("Bryan") worked as a cable locator for Colcom. His job was to inspect sites for buried cable lines. He would then use spray paint or chalk to mark on the ground the location of any lines that might be subject to damage by construction on the site. To protect against liability for damaged lines, Colcom employees were instructed to record on video the markings they had made. On December 5, 1996, Bryan went to the Ritchie construction site ("Ritchie site") and inspected it for lines. At the site, he located lines that could be damaged by construction and marked them. While driving to his next inspection site, Bryan suffered a fatal heart attack.
After Bryan's death, a Colcom employee collected the company equipment that was in Bryan's vehicle. Included were two videotapes, one of which was found in the camera assigned to Bryan. The tapes were delivered to Johnny Robinson, Colcom's general manager. After review, Robinson determined that the tape in the camera contained recordings of work Bryan had performed before the day of his heart attack, and the other tape contained recordings of Bryan's work performed the previous September.
Lanell Kipp, a dispatcher at Colcom, testified that a few days after Bryan's death she was working at her desk when she heard "very heavy breathing" coming from Robinson's office, which was next door. She entered the office and saw LaShawna McCoy watching a videotape, which McCoy identified as Bryan's "last tape." Approximately a year later, the Bryans learned through other Colcom employees of the tape McCoy and Kipp viewed. They then filed their benefits claim with the TWCC and requested a copy of the videotape from Colcom. Colcom responded by informing the Bryans that Colcom would provide them with the tape only when ordered by subpoena. After filing this suit, the Bryans subpoenaed the videotape, and Colcom copied the tape taken from Bryan's car and provided the copy to the Bryans. The Bryans contend that the copy given to them was either edited or was the incorrect tape because it did not include the heavy breathing described by Kipp. Zenith claimed that the tape given to the Bryans was "a true copy of the tape" found in the camera in Bryan's truck.
The Bryans filed a claim with the TWCC seeking survivor's benefits, arguing that Bryan's heart attack was a compensable injury under section 408.008 of the labor code. See Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 408.008 (West 1996). The Bryans sought a benefit review conference. See id. § 410.021 (benefit review conference is nonadversarial proceeding designed to resolve worker's compensation disputes). The benefit review officer held that Bryan's heart attack was not compensable under section 408.008 of the code. See id. § 408.008. The Bryans then requested a contested case hearing. See id. § 410.151 (permitting decision of benefit review officer to be reviewed by contested case hearing officer). Their claim was again denied, and they appealed to an appeals panel. See id. §§ 410.169-.203 (allowing claimant to appeal decision of contested case hearing to panel of three hearing officers). The appeals panel remanded the case, finding that there was an abuse of discretion by the contested case hearing officer in denying a motion for continuance to allow time for proper discovery. On remand, the contested case hearing officer again found that Bryan's heart attack was not a compensable injury. The Bryans again appealed, but this time the appeals panel affirmed the decision. The Bryans then brought this suit for judicial review in the district court. See id. § 410.251 (allowing aggrieved claimant to seek judicial review of final decision of appeals panel).
The Bryans sought to introduce Kipp's testimony regarding the videotape allegedly made by Bryan on the day of his death and argue that the actual videotape had been destroyed because it was never produced by Colcom or Zenith. In a pretrial hearing, Zenith moved that Kipp's testimony concerning the videotape, as well as evidence of the spoliation of the videotape, be excluded from trial, and the motion was granted. The district court rendered judgment for Zenith, finding that Bryan's heart attack was not compensable under the labor code. The Bryans appeal by
three issues.
DISCUSSION
Exclusion of Evidence
By their first two issues, the Bryans argue that exclusion of Kipp's testimony and evidence of the spoliation of the videotape made by Bryan constitute harmful error. (1) The exclusion of evidence is left to the sound discretion of the trial court; therefore, the trial court's decision to exclude such evidence is reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard. City of Brownsville v. Alvarado, 897 S.W.2d 750, 753 (Tex. 1995); Waldrep v. Texas Employers Ins. Ass'n, 21 S.W.3d 692, 703 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, pet. denied). A court abuses its discretion only when it acts in an unreasonable and arbitrary manner or when it acts without reference to any guiding principles. Beaumont Bank, N.A. v. Buller, 806 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 1991). One such guiding principle is that all relevant evidence is admissible unless its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury. See Tex. R. Evid. 402, 403. Evidence is relevant if it has "any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." Id. 401. If a party objects to evidence on the grounds that it is unfairly prejudicial, the trial court must conduct a balancing test, weighing the dangers of prejudice against the probative value of the evidence. Waldrep, 21 S.W.3d at 703; see McLellan v. Benson, 877 S.W.2d 454, 457 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, no writ). Even if the trial court's decision to exclude evidence constitutes error, "[t]he exclusion of the evidence ordinarily does not constitute reversible error unless the complaining party can demonstrate that the whole case turns on the excluded evidence." Porter v. Nemir, 900 S.W.2d 376, 381 (Tex. App.--Austin 1995, no writ).
A. Kipp's testimony
The Bryans first assert that the district court erred in excluding Kipp's testimony. In a deposition, Kipp stated that a few days after Bryan's heart attack she heard heavy breathing on a videotape being played by McCoy, another Colcom employee. The Bryans sought to introduce Kipp's testimony of Bryan's heavy breathing on the tape as evidence that his physical exertion on the Ritchie site was a substantial cause of his heart attack.
However, Kipp admitted that she did not know the day on which the tape was made. Furthermore, no person testified to the existence of a December 5, 1996 tape. In fact, McCoy testified that she later matched Bryan's work records with the videotape from Bryan's camera and determined that the recordings were from days prior to the day of Bryan's death. Thus, the district court could have reasonably determined that Kipp's testimony concerning whether the tape was in fact Bryan's last tape could have confused the trier of fact, misleading it to believe that the "last tape" referred to by Kipp was made on the day of Bryan's death when in fact the evidence indicates otherwise.
In addition, although Kipp stated that there was heavy breathing on the tape, McCoy, who viewed locator tapes regularly, concluded that the breathing was "no more labored than all the other tapes" that she watched of other locators videotaping their work. Two other Colcom employees likewise testified that the breathing on the tape was not abnormal. We therefore hold that the district court did not abuse her discretion in determining that the danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighed the probative value of the testimony of Kipp. See Tex. R. Evid. 403.
B. Spoliation of the Evidence
The Bryans also contend that the district court erred in excluding evidence of the spoliation of a videotape made by Bryan before his death. Spoliation is the improper destruction of evidence. Whiteside v. Watson, 12 S.W.3d 614, 621, (Tex. App.--Eastland 2000, pet. denied.). If we accept as true the Bryans' allegations of spoliation, we must assume that Bryan's work at the Ritchie site on December 5 was recorded on the videotape. See Watson v. Brazos Elec. Power Coop., 918 S.W.2d 639, 643 (Tex. App.--Waco 1996, writ denied). However, we held that the Bryans have failed to prove that Bryan's December 5 activities were videotaped. Furthermore, without evidence in the record to indicate what happened to a December 5 videotape, we would also have to assume that because Colcom was in possession of the tape, a Colcom employee somehow destroyed, edited, or hid the tape and replaced it with an earlier tape made by Bryan. See Lively v. Blackwell, No. 12-00-00004-CV, slip op. at 14 (Tex. App.--Tyler Jan. 31, 2001, pet. filed). These assumptions would require this Court to make a lengthy chain of inferences, which we are unwilling to do without some actual proof of spoliation. See Hight v. Dublin Veterinary Clinic, 22 S.W.3d 614, 619 (Tex. App.--Eastland 2000, pet. denied). (2)
Zenith, on the other hand, has provided a reasonable explanation for why the employees at Colcom might have mistakenly believed that a December 5 videotape by Bryan existed. A videotape was removed from the camera in Bryan's truck after his death, and one could reasonably assume that it may have contained a recording of Bryan's work from that day. The Ritchie site was indeed marked, and Colcom policy requires cable locators to videotape their markings. However, after matching the work records with the tape, Colcom concluded that the tape was actually a recording of work done on prior days and that Bryan had not recorded his work on the day of his heart attack.
Allegations that a party destroyed evidence can have a negative and highly prejudicial affect on that party in the course of the trial. Lively, No. 12-00-00004-CV, slip op. at 14. Where the basis for an accusation of spoliation is supported by evidence in the record, the trial court may use its discretion to determine whether or not a presumption of spoliation is justified. See Miller v. Stout, 706 S.W.2d 785, 787-88 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1986, no writ). However, when the only basis for the accusation is speculation, and where a reasonable explanation can be given for the missing evidence, the accusation of spoliation can severely tarnish the accused party's credibility in court. Lively, No. 12-00-00004-CV, slip op. at 14; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Middleton, 982 S.W.2d 468, 471 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1998, pet. denied). In such circumstances, it is proper to exclude evidence of alleged spoliation so as not to unfairly prejudice a party to the suit. Id. at 14; see Tex. R. Evid. 403. We therefore conclude that the district court did not abuse her discretion in excluding evidence of spoliation. The Bryans' second issue is overruled.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
By their third issue, the Bryans argue that the judgment of the district court that Bryan's heart attack is not a compensable injury under section 408.008 of the labor code is contrary to the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. See Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 410.303.
When reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding on which the appellant had the burden of proof at trial, we must consider and weigh all the evidence and should set aside the judgment only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986); Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Warren, 33 S.W.3d 428, 434 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied). Determining the credibility of the witnesses and how much weight to give the evidence is within the sole discretion of the trial court, and this Court will not interfere with how the trial court weighed the evidence presented. PGP Gas Prods., Inc. v. Reserve Equip., Inc., 667 S.W.2d 604, 608 (Tex. App.--Austin 1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Even when the evidence presented at trial is conflicting, we generally defer to the judgment of the trier of fact on such evidence. Schneider v. Schneider, 5 S.W.3d 925, 931 (Tex. App.--Austin 1999, no pet.).
After reviewing the record, we hold that there was sufficient evidence to support the district court's finding that Bryan's heart attack is not a compensable injury under section 408.008 of the labor code. The record indicates that Bryan had a significantly enlarged heart and a history of heart disease before his heart attack. He had a ninety-percent blockage in one artery. He regularly smoked at least a pack of cigarettes a day and had done so for the better part of twenty-seven years. However, pre-existing conditions like diseased arteries or a long history of high blood pressure do not inherently preclude workers' compensation benefits in a heart-attack case. Mueller v. Charter Oak Fire Ins. Co., 533 S.W.2d 123, 125 (Tex. Civ. App.--Tyler 1976, writ ref'd n.r.e.); see also Pacific Employers Ins. Co. v. Solomon, 488 S.W.2d 189, 191 (Tex. Civ. App.--Texarkana 1972, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
In order for the heart attack to be a compensable injury, the Bryans must prove that "the preponderance of the medical evidence regarding the attack indicates that the employee's work rather than the natural progression of a preexisting heart condition or disease was a substantial contributing factor of the attack." Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 408.008. It is undisputed that Bryan was engaged in locating cables on the Ritchie site on the morning of his death. Another Colcom cable locator testified that the site had a number of cable conflicts that Bryan marked, from which it can be inferred that he did a significant amount of walking on the property. However, the Bryans had no further evidence to prove that he was indeed over-exerting himself or was under strain while performing the cable locations.
Medical experts testifying for the Bryans and Zenith disagreed as to whether the heart attack was caused by Bryan's work on the Ritchie site or by the naturally progressing heart condition. The Bryans' expert witness testified that "death in this case was more a consequence of a blockage and activity, rather than the natural progression of the disease." Zenith's expert witness testified that Bryan's progression of heart disease "predisposed him to sudden death," which could have occurred "without precipitating stress factors" like strenuous physical activity. However, both expert witnesses agreed that the heart disease was a "major factor" in the heart attack. Because the testimony is in conflict, we will defer to the district court's judgment in weighing the credibility of each expert witness and making a decision accordingly. See PGP Gas Prods. Inc., 667 S.W.2d at 608.
After a thorough review of the record, we determine that the district court could have reasonably concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to prove that Bryan's employment caused the heart attack. See Monks v. Universal Underwriters Ins. Co., 425 S.W.2d 431, 434 (Tex. Civ. App.--Tyler 1968, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The Bryans' third issue is therefore overruled.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled all of the Bryans' issues, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
Lee Yeakel, Justice
Before Justices Yeakel, Patterson and Powers.*
Affirmed
Filed: June 7, 2001
Do Not Publish
* Before John E. Powers, Senior Justice (retired), Third Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment.
See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (West 1998).
1. Zenith argues that the Bryans waived the asserted error because they did not make timely
offers of proof. We will assume that the Bryans did not waive such error and consider the Bryans'
argument.
2. We do not address whether spoliation of evidence by Colcom, if proved, could properly be
introduced against Zenith in support of the Bryans' worker's compensation claim.
ne so for the better part of twenty-seven years. However, pre-existing conditions like diseased arteries or a long history of high blood pressure do not inherently preclude workers' compensation benefits in a heart-attack case. Mueller v. Charter Oak Fire Ins. Co., 533 S.W.2d 123, 125 (Tex. Civ. App.--Tyler 1976, writ ref'd n.r.e.); see also Pacific Employers Ins. Co. v. Solomon, 488 S.W.2d 189, 191 (Tex. Civ. App.--Texarkana 1972, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
In order for the heart attack to be a compensable injury, the Bryans must prove that "the preponderance of the medical evidence regarding the attack indicates that the employee's work rather than the natural progression of a preexisting heart condition or disease was a substantial contributing factor of the attack." Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 408.008. It is undisputed that Bryan was engaged in locating cables on the Ritchie site on the morning of his death. Another Colcom cable locator testified that the site had a number of cable conflicts that Bryan marked, from which it can be inferred that he did a significant amount of walking on the property. However, the Bryans had no further evidence to prove that he was indeed over-exerting himself or was under strain while performing the cable locations.
Medical experts testifying for the Bryans and Zenith disagreed as to whether the heart attack was caused by Bryan's work on the Ritchie site or by the naturally progressing heart condition. The Bryans' expert witness testified that "death in this case was more a consequence of a blockage and activity, rather than the natural progression of the disease." Zenith's expert witness testified that Bryan's progression of heart disease "predisposed him to sudden death," which could have occurred "without precipitating stress factors" like strenuous physical activity. However, both expert witnesses agreed that the heart disease was a "major factor" in the heart attack. Because the testimony is in conflict, we will defer to the district court's judgment in weighing the credibility of each expert witness and making a decision accordingly. See PGP Gas Prods. Inc., 667 S.W.2d at 608.
After a thorough review of the record, we determine that the district court could have reasonably concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to prove that Bryan's employment caused the heart attack. See Monks v. Universal Underwriters Ins. Co., 425 S.W.2d 431, 434 (Tex. Civ. App.--Tyler 1968, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The Bryans' third issue is therefore overruled.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled all of the Bryans' issues, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
Lee Yeakel, Justice
Before Justices Yeakel, Patterson and Powers.*
Affirmed
Filed: June 7, 2001
Do Not Publish
* Before John E. Powers, Senior Justice (retired), Third Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment.
See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (West 1998).
1. Zenith argues that the Bryans waived the asserted error because they did not make timely
offers of proof. We will assume that the Bryans did not waive such error and consider the Bryans'
argument.
2. We do not address whether spoliation of evidence by Colcom, if proved, could properly be
introduced against Zenith in support of the Bryans' worker's compensation claim.
ne so for the better part of twenty-seven years. However, pre-existing conditions like diseased arteries or a long history of high blood pressure do not inherently preclude workers' compensation benefits in a heart-attack case. Mueller v. Charter Oak Fire Ins. Co., 533 S.W.2d 123, 125 (Tex. Civ. App.--Tyler 1976, writ ref'd n.r.e.); see also Pacific Employers Ins. Co. v. Solomon, 488 S.W.2d 189, 191 (Tex. Civ. App.--Texarkana 1972, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
In order for the heart attack to be a compensable injury, the Bryans must prove that "the preponderance of the medical evidence regarding the attack indicates that the employee's work rather than the natural progression of a preexisting heart condition or disease was a substantial contributing factor of the attack." Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 408.008. It is undisputed that Bryan was engaged in locating cables on the Ritchie site on the morning of his death. Another Colcom cable locator testified that the site had a number of cable conflicts that Bryan marked, from which it can be inferred that he did a significant amount of walking on the property. However, the Bryans had no further evidence to prove that he was indeed over-exerting himself or was under strain while performing the cable locations.
Medical experts testifying for the Bryans and Zenith disagreed