TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-01-00136-CV
William Duvall, Appellant
v.
Texas Department of Human Services, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 98TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 98-08609, HONORABLE PAUL DAVIS, JUDGE PRESIDING
William Duvall sued the Texas Department of Human Services (“Department”)
pursuant to the Whistleblower Act (“Act”) and appeals a summary judgment the trial court granted
in favor of the Department. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 554.001-.010 (West 1994 & Supp. 2002).
We will affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Duvall joined the Department in 1988 as a systems analyst in the Management
Information Systems division (“MIS”). In 1994, Duvall received the first in a series of subpar
performance evaluations that ended with his termination in 1998.1 During this period, he had varying
job assignments, working under several different supervisors within the Department. At the time his
whistleblower claim arose, Duvall was working as a cooperative performance standards compliance
1
The evaluations primarily cite a lack of cooperation, failure to follow instructions, and poor
communication skills. Duvall does not dispute the accuracy of the evaluations.
analyst. In this position, Duvall’s primary task was to compile data for the Customer Service
Response Time Report, also referred to as the 95th Percentile Report.2 The parties dispute the
significance of the report. The Department claims the report was simply an internal measurement tool
developed by MIS to identify trends and improve the response time of requests for information that
go through the computer network. According to the Department, the reports provide MIS with an
estimate of how long it takes for certain data retrieval transactions to occur, an example being a
request for information concerning welfare benefits. Duvall claims that the report was not only for
internal use, but was also sent to outside agencies.
In the spring of 1997, Duvall became concerned about what he believed were
inaccuracies in the statistical methods used by one of the Department’s divisions to compile the
response time report. Duvall alleges that the division was “throwing out” response times that fell
outside an expected, acceptable range. The Department contends that Duvall’s real complaint is
essentially that the response time figures were being reported to one decimal place instead of two,
an insignificant difference given the internal nature of the report and its use as simply a general gauge
of network performance. Duvall first noted his concerns with the response times to his supervisor
David Larsen in the spring of 1997. In September 1997, Duvall was transferred to a new supervisor,
Joyce English. Shortly after the transfer, Duvall received a written reprimand from English for
violating departmental work rules.3 On October 8, Duvall met with English to discuss his
2
According to the department of human services, “95th percentile” refers to its goal of
completing ninety-five percent of computer network data transactions within a certain time frame.
3
The reprimand states that Duvall failed to follow English’s instructions to stop sending
weekly status reports to the director of telecommunications support services. It also reprimands him
for an apparent breach of security in revealing to English the password for an application used to
compile the service level agreements.
2
performance. At the meeting, Duvall conveyed his belief that the response times were not being
accurately calculated. After English instructed him to stop pursuing the issue, Duvall accused her of
trying to cover up “illegal activity” by the Department. In November, Duvall was placed on probation
and, in January 1998, he was dismissed. He subsequently initiated grievance procedures, and in June
1998, an administrative law judge ruled in favor of the Department.
Duvall then filed his whistleblower action alleging that the Department had retaliated
against him for reporting inaccuracies in the response times. The Department claims it fired Duvall
based on his poor job performance. Duvall argues that the fact that the Department did not take
corrective action against him earlier shows that the Department’s demotion and subsequent firing of
him were in retaliation for reporting a violation of law to English. In his first amended petition,
Duvall identified section 37.10 of the Texas Penal Code, which creates a criminal offense for
tampering with a governmental record, as the law he believes the Department violated.4
In response, the Department filed a plea to the jurisdiction that Duvall failed to timely
invoke the Department’s grievance procedures as required by the Act. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann.
4
Section 37.10 of the Texas Penal Code provides in relevant part:
(a) A person commits an offense if he:
(1) knowingly makes a false entry in, or false alteration of, a governmental
record;
***
(3) intentionally destroys, conceals, removes, or otherwise impairs the verity,
legibility, or availability of a governmental record;
***
Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 37.10 (West 1994 & Supp. 2002).
3
§ 554.006. The district court denied the plea after a hearing in which Duvall judicially admitted that
the only report of an alleged violation of law he would rely on was his October 8, 1997 report. The
Department then moved for summary judgment on both traditional and no-evidence grounds that
Duvall failed to prove the elements of a whistleblower claim. The court granted the Department’s
motion without specifying the grounds in its order.
On appeal, Duvall asserts that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to
the Department because (1) he made a good faith report; (2) he reported a violation of law; (3) he
reported to an appropriate law enforcement authority; (4) he timely initiated grievance procedures
in accordance with the Act; and (5) he prevailed on causation because the Department failed to rebut
the statutory presumption that its actions were retaliatory.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Department moved for summary judgment on both traditional and no-evidence
grounds. The standards for reviewing a traditional summary judgment motion are well established:
(1) the movant must show there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law; (2) in deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue precluding summary
judgement, evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be taken as true; and (3) every reasonable
inference must be indulged in favor of the nonmovant and any doubts resolved in its favor. Nixon v.
Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985). A defendant who moves for summary
judgment must disprove at least one essential element of the plaintiff’s causes of action. Domizio v.
Progressive County Mut. Ins. Co., 54 S.W.3d 867 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, pet. denied).
4
A party may also move for a “no-evidence” summary judgment. Tex. R. Civ. P.
166a(i). Such a motion asserts that there is no evidence of one or more essential elements of claims
upon which the opposing party would have the burden of proof at trial. Id.; McCombs v. Children’s
Med. Ctr., 1 S.W.3d 256, 258 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, pet. denied). Unlike a movant for
traditional summary judgment, a movant for a no-evidence summary judgment does not bear the
burden of establishing a right to judgment by proving each claim or defense. McCombs, 1 S.W.3d
at 258. A no-evidence summary judgment is properly granted if the nonmovant fails to produce more
than a scintilla of probative evidence raising a genuine issue of fact as to an essential element of a
claim on which the nonmovant would have the burden of proof at trial. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i);
Flameout Design v. Pennzoil Caspian, 994 S.W.2d 830, 834 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist]. 1999,
no pet.); Jackson v. Fiesta Mart, 979 S.W.2d 68, 70-71 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, no pet.).
Evidence is more than a scintilla when it “rises to the level that would enable reasonable and fair-
minded people to differ in their conclusions.” Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706,
711 (Tex. 1997). “Less than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence is ‘so weak as to do no
more than create a mere surmise or suspicion’ of a fact.” Fiesta Mart, 979 S.W.2d at 71 (quoting
Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983)). As with a traditional summary
judgment motion, we must construe the evidence in favor of the nonmovant and indulge every
reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Id. at 70. In the present case,
we find the Department’s no-evidence summary judgment motion dispositive of Duvall’s
whistleblower claim.
5
DISCUSSION
Texas Whistleblower Act
The purpose of the Texas Whistleblower Act is twofold: (1) to enhance open
government by protecting public employees from retaliation by their employer when an employee
reports a violation of the law in good faith; and (2) to secure lawful conduct by those who “direct and
conduct the affairs of government.” See City of San Antonio v. Heim, 932 S.W.2d 287, 290 (Tex
App.—Austin 1996, writ denied). The Act is remedial in nature and must be liberally construed.
Stinnett v. Williamson County Sheriff’s Dep’t, 858 S.W.2d 573 (Tex. App.—Austin 1993, writ
denied).
To prevail on his whistleblower claim, Duvall must allege that: (1) he is a public
employee; (2) he acted in good faith in making a report; (3) the report involved a violation of law by
the agency or a public employee; (4) the report was made to an appropriate law enforcement
authority; and (5) he suffered retaliation for making the report. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 554.002
(West 1994 & Supp. 2002);5 Heim, 932 S.W.2d at 290.
5
Section 554.002 provides:
(a) A state or local governmental entity may not suspend or terminate the
employment of, or take other adverse personnel action against, a public
employee who in good faith reports a violation of law by the employing
governmental entity or another public employee to an appropriate law
enforcement authority.
(b) In this section, a report is made to an appropriate law enforcement authority
if the authority is part of a state or local governmental entity or of the federal
government that the employee in good faith believes is authorized to
6
Appropriate Law Enforcement Authority
In his fourth issue, Duvall argues that his report of a violation of law was made to an
appropriate law enforcement authority, relying primarily on the October 8 report he made to his
supervisor, English. We agree with the Department that Duvall has produced no evidence he
reported to an appropriate law enforcement authority as currently defined by the Act.6
Duvall relies on pre-1995 case law for a broad definition of “appropriate law
enforcement authority.” See Castaneda v. Texas Dep’t of Agriculture, 831 S.W.2d 501, 504
(Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1992, writ denied) (defining “appropriate law enforcement authority” as
“any entity with the capacity through legal processes or otherwise to take remedial action”); Travis
County v. Colunga, 753 S.W.2d 716, 719-20 (Tex. App.—Austin 1988, writ denied) (defining
“appropriate law enforcement authority” to include “at a minimum any public authority having the
power and duty of inquiring into the lawfulness of the questioned activity and causing its cessation”);
see also City of Dallas v. Moreau, 697 S.W.2d 472, 474 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1985, no writ).
(1) regulate under or enforce the law alleged to be violated in the report; or
(2) investigate or prosecute a violation of the criminal law.
Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 554.002 (West Supp. 2002).
6
Both parties focus their arguments on the individual to whom the report was made
(English), not the entity (the Department). In Robertson County v. Wymola, we held that the proper
inquiry is whether the entity is an appropriate law enforcement authority. 17 S.W.3d 334, 340-41
(Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied). However, because we must indulge inferences in Duvall’s
favor on summary judgment, we will construe the evidence in terms of whether the Department was
an appropriate law enforcement authority. See infra. p. 12.
7
When these cases were decided the Act did not define “appropriate law enforcement
authority.” However, in 1995 the Legislature amended section 554.002 of the Act by adding
subsection (b) to narrow what constitutes an appropriate law enforcement authority. See Act of May
25, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 721, § 2, sec. 554.002, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 3812, 3812.7 The
current statute defines “appropriate law enforcement authority” as being part of a governmental entity
that an “employee in good faith believes is authorized to regulate under or enforce the law alleged
to be violated in the report or to investigate or prosecute a violation of the criminal law.”8 Tex. Gov’t
Code Ann. § 554.002(b) (emphasis added). Duvall’s claim falls under the amended version of the
Act.
Section 554.002(b) clearly delineates an appropriate law enforcement authority as a
governmental entity that is authorized “to regulate under or enforce the law alleged to be violated or
to investigate or prosecute a violation of criminal law.” Id. However, subsection (b) requires only
that an employee have a good faith belief that the entity reported to is an appropriate law enforcement
authority, not that the report actually be made to such an entity. Id. Thus, correctly interpreting
subsection (b) hinges on the meaning of “good faith.” The Act does not define “good faith.” Tex.
Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 554.001-010. “Good faith” is a distinctly legal term that has been construed
7
Before the 1995 amendments, section 554.002 read:
A state agency or local government may not suspend or terminate the employment
of or discriminate against a public employee who in good faith reports a violation
of law to an appropriate law enforcement authority.
Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 554.002 (West 1994).
8
The Act has not been amended since 1995. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 554.001-.010
(West Supp. 2002).
8
differently by the courts. See Wichita County v. Hart, 917 S.W.2d 779, 784 (Tex. 1996). The Texas
Supreme Court has defined “good faith” in the context of the Act. See Hart, 917 S.W.2d at 784.
In Hart, the court construed “good faith” as it applies in subsection (a) of section 554.002 to contain
both a subjective and objective component:
Good faith means that (1) the employee believed that the conduct reported was a
violation of law and (2) the employee’s belief was reasonable in light of employee’s
training and experience. The first part of the definition . . . ensures that employees
seeking a remedy under the Whistleblower Act must have believed that they were
reporting an actual violation of the law. The second part of the definition ensures
that, even if the reporting employee honestly believed that the reported act was a
violation of law, an employer that takes prohibited action against the employee
violates the Whistleblower Act only if a reasonably prudent employee in similar
circumstances would have believed that the facts as reported were a violation of law.
Id. The court observed that this definition strikes the appropriate balance between public and private
concerns in the whistleblower context, noting that while the Act protects public employees who
report illegal activity, public employers must also be able to “preserve their right to discipline
employees who make either intentionally false or objectively unreasonable reports.” Id.
Where the Legislature has not defined a term, it is within the province of the courts
to construe its meaning. Freels v. Walker, 26 S.W.2d 627, 629 (Tex. 1930). Absent language
indicating a contrary intent, a word or phrase used in different parts of a statute is presumed to have
the same meaning throughout. Dallas v. Watkins, 651 S.W.2d 923, 925 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1983,
no writ) (holding that “disability” as used in different sections of the police and fire pension fund
statute should have the same definition); L & M-Surco Mfg., Inc. v. Winn Tile Co., 580 S.W.2d 920,
926 (Tex. Civ. App.—Tyler 1979, writ dism’d) (holding that “consumer goods” in venue statute
9
should be defined according to the definition of “consumer goods” in the business and commerce
code). In construing a word or phrase, courts should consider the context of the separate sections
in which the word or phrase appears. See Paddock v. Siemoneit, 218 S.W.2d 428, 435-36 (Tex.
1949) (holding that meaning of “wilfully” as used in separate subsections of federal tax code differed
depending on whether statute imposed civil or criminal penalty).
With these principles in mind, we conclude that subsections (a) and (b) of section
554.002 warrant the same definition of “good faith.” The presumption that a term used in different
parts of a statute has the same meaning is even stronger where the term is used repeatedly in the same
section. In section 554.002(b) the Legislature included the same “good faith” requirement for reports
to an appropriate law enforcement authority as it requires in section 554.002(a) concerning an
employee’s good faith report of a violation of law. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 554.002.
Furthermore, we believe that the policy rationale articulated by the Hart court for its definition of
“good faith” in construing subsection (a) applies with equal force to reports to an appropriate law
enforcement authority in subsection (b) and is consistent with legislative intent. Both subsection (a)
and (b) balance the right of employees to report illegal activity with that of employers to discipline
employees who make “insincere or objectively unreasonable reports.” Therefore, we hold that Hart’s
application of good faith to an employee’s belief that the law has been violated should also apply to
an employee’s belief that he has reported to an appropriate law enforcement authority. In other
words, for Duvall to prevail on this issue he must show that when he made his October 8 report to
English he honestly believed he was reporting the perceived violation to an authority within an entity
10
which could regulate under or enforce the law in issue or investigate or prosecute a criminal offense
and, moreover, that this belief was objectively reasonable.
We have found no state court opinion interpreting the 1995 amendment to section
554.002; however, we note that at least one federal court confronted with the amended version of
section 554.002 has reached the same definition of good faith regarding a report to an appropriate
law enforcement authority. See Carey v. Aldine Indep. Sch. Dist., 996 F. Supp. 641, 654-56 (S.D.
Tex. 1998). In Aldine, a special education teacher, Mary Ann Carey, sued the school district for its
nonrenewal of her employment contract, alleging violations of free speech, due process, breach of
contract, and the Texas Whistleblower Act. In her whistleblower action, Carey alleged that the
nonrenewal was in retaliation for her reporting of alleged violations of law by her principal and by the
district. Id. Carey reported the violations to the district special education office and to several school
officials. Id. at 655. The federal court granted the district’s motion for summary judgment on
Carey’s whistleblower claims. Id. at 656. Applying the Hart court’s definition of “good faith,” the
federal court found that Carey had presented no evidence that she had a good faith belief that any of
the individuals or entities she reported to had the ability to “regulate under or enforce the law alleged
to be violated in the report,” thus Carey had not reported to an appropriate law enforcement
authority.9 Id at 655.
9
The court stated:
There is nothing within the statute or articulated by any Texas court to indicate that
a different definition of “good faith” should apply to an employee’s belief that the
person to whom she was reporting alleged violations of law be authorized to:
regulate under or enforce the law alleged to be violated in the report; or (2)
investigate or prosecute a violation of the criminal law. . . . This court finds that
11
Turning now to Duvall’s claim and construing the evidence in his favor as required
in the summary judgment context, we initially point out that Duvall directed his proof only to English
and not to the Department. See Robertson County v. Wymola, 17 S.W.3d 334, 340-41 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied) (holding that proper inquiry is whether entity, not individual,
reported to is an appropriate law enforcement authority). However, even construing Duvall’s
summary judgment evidence concerning English in terms of whether the Department is an appropriate
law enforcement authority, we find that the evidence fails to amount to the more than a scintilla
necessary to withstand a no-evidence summary judgment motion. Duvall relies on the deposition
testimony of English attached to the Department’s motion for summary judgment in which she states
that she was responsible for supervising Duvall on his assignment to reconfigure the data process for
the response time reports. Based on this testimony, Duvall argues that English had the authority to
take remedial action with regard to the alleged inaccuracies in the response time reports. However,
this contention relies on the term “law enforcement authority” as it was broadly defined before the
1995 amendments. See Casteneda, 831 S.W.2d at 504. The current statute does not speak in terms
of the authority to take remedial action, but instead the authority to regulate under or enforce the law
alleged to be violated or to investigate or prosecute a violation of the criminal law. Tex. Gov’t Code
Carey has presented no summary judgment evidence indicating that: (1) she had a
subjective belief that the special education office and the principal and assistant
principal had the power to regulate or enforce the state law and school district
policies Carey alleges were violated; or (2) that such a belief would be reasonable,
in the absence of her presentation of any evidence explaining these actors’ roles in
enforcing state or local law.
Carey v. Aldine Indep. Sch. Dist., 996 F. Supp. 641, 655 (S.D. Tex. 1998).
12
Ann. § 554.002(b). In addition, Duvall fails to address or point to evidence that he had a good faith
belief that English was an appropriate law enforcement authority. In the absence of other evidence,
the fact that Duvall believed that English had the authority to take remedial action does not satisfy
the objective or subjective component of good faith contained in section 554.002(b).
In his response, Duvall also contends that he reported a violation of law to the
Department’s acting director of telecommunications support services, Russell Seale. Duvall relies
on a “speed memo” dated October 8 that he sent to a coworker briefly describing a meeting with
Seale about the response time reports. The memo does not state whether Duvall told Seale that he
believed the law was being violated. We note that the court’s order denying the Department’s plea
to the jurisdiction states that Duvall judicially admits that the only report of a violation of law he
would rely on at trial is his October 8 report. At the hearing on the plea, the only October 8 report
discussed was the report to Joyce English. Even if the speed memo is sufficient to raise more than
a scintilla of evidence that Duvall reported a violation of law to Seale, Duvall provides no evidence
that Seale is an appropriate law enforcement authority.
As Duvall provided no evidence in his response to the Department’s motion for
summary judgment that he reported a violation of law to an appropriate law enforcement authority,
we overrule this issue.
Good Faith Report of Violation of Law
Duvall also argues that the trial court erred by concluding that he did not make a good
faith report of a violation of law. As discussed, the Hart court established a two-prong test
containing a subjective and objective component for determining whether an employee’s report of
13
a violation of law was made in good faith. See Hart, 917 S.W.2d at 785. To establish good faith,
an employee must show that he believed that the reported conduct violated the law and that his belief
was objectively reasonable in light of his training and experience. Id. Applying both traditional and
no-evidence standards for summary judgment, the Department argues that Duvall failed to meet either
the subjective or objective prong of the test. We conclude that Duvall fails to produce evidence that
his report was objectively reasonable sufficient to withstand a no-evidence motion for summary
judgment.10
The objective prong of Hart is met only if a “reasonably prudent employee in similar
circumstances would have believed the facts as reported were a violation of law.” Id. at 784-85; see
also Texas Dep’t of Criminal Justice v. Terrell, 18 S.W.3d 272, 276 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2000, pet.
denied). As evidence that his belief was objectively reasonable, Duvall cites his “participation in the
development of the programming inherent in the collection of the data, his educational background,
and his years of employment in the MIS department.” However, Duvall introduces no evidence in
his response that shows how his training and experience led him to believe that a violation of law
occurred. See Terrell, 18 S.W.3d at 276-277. In Terrell, a prison warden with the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice claimed that his superior had violated the law by, among other things,
falsifying the payroll. Id. at 274. The warden’s allegations were based solely on rumors circulating
within the department. The warden cited his twenty-one years of experience with the department as
evidence that his belief that the law had been violated was objectively reasonable. Id. at 277. The
10
We assume without deciding that Duvall’s statement to English that the department was
covering up “illegal activity” is sufficient to meet the subjective prong of Hart for purposes of
defeating summary judgment.
14
Tyler Court of Appeals concluded that (1) rumors were no evidence of violations of law, and that (2)
in the absence of other evidence, the warden’s training and experience were not sufficient by
themselves to establish that his belief was objectively reasonable. Id. While rumors did not form the
basis of Duvall’s belief, the Terrell case is similar to the one at bar in that Duvall, like the warden in
Terrell, has offered no evidence in his response other than his training and experience that his belief
was objectively reasonable. Duvall correctly asserts that a law enforcement official, like Terrell, is
held to a higher standard in determining whether his belief is objectively reasonable, see Harris
County Precinct Four Constable Dep’t v. Grabowski, 922 S.W.2d 954, 956 (Tex. 1996); however,
it does not follow that those in non-law enforcement professions are held to no standard.
Finally, we observe that in Duvall’s deposition attached to his response, he states that
his previous supervisor, Larsen, shared his concerns about the calculation method and asked him “to
look into it.” Duvall did not claim that any law had been violated at that time, some months before
he made the report to English at issue in this case. Nor does he mention the exchange with Larsen
in his response. It was Duvall’s burden under a no-evidence summary judgment to raise an issue of
material fact. See Flameout, 994 S.W.2d at 834; Tex. R. Civ. P. 166(a)(i), comment (“To defeat a
motion made under paragraph (i), the respondent is not required to marshal its proof; its response
need only point out evidence that raises a fact issue on the challenged merits”) (emphasis added).
Regardless, the fact that Larsen may have shared Duvall’s concerns about the calculation method
proves nothing without evidence that Duvall or Larsen believed a law was being violated at that time.
However, even if Larsen’s statements could be construed as some evidence that Duvall’s belief was
objectively reasonable, we conclude it is so weak as to create no more than a “surmise or suspicion”
15
of a fact and is, therefore, no evidence. See Kindred, 650 S.W.2d at 63. We further conclude that
in the absence of other evidence, Duvall’s recitation of his experience is not sufficient to meet the
objective prong of Hart. We overrule Duvall’s second issue.
Because we have determined that Duvall failed to produce more than a scintilla of
probative evidence on two elements of his whistleblower claim, it is unnecessary for us to consider
his remaining issues.
CONCLUSION
Duvall failed to produce sufficient evidence to withstand the Department’s no-
evidence motion for summary judgment; therefore, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
David Puryear, Justice
Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear
Affirmed
Filed: April 18, 2002
Publish
16
William Duvall v. Texas Department of Human Services
Combined Opinion