TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-02-00374-CR
John Cantu, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 331ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 963189, HONORABLE BOB PERKINS, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
At his first trial, a jury found appellant John Cantu guilty of murder and assessed
punishment at forty years’ imprisonment. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(2) (West 2003). On
appeal, this Court found reversible error at the punishment stage. Cantu v. State, 994 S.W.2d 721,
737 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999), pet. dism’d, improvidently granted, 19 S.W.3d 436, 437 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2000). Following a new trial limited to the question of punishment, a jury assessed fifty years’
imprisonment. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.29(b) (West Supp. 2003).
Appellant’s court-appointed attorney filed a brief concluding that the appeal is
frivolous and without merit. The brief meets the requirements of Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738
(1967), by presenting a professional evaluation of the record demonstrating why there are no
arguable grounds to be advanced. See also Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75 (1988); High v. State, 573
S.W.2d 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978); Currie v. State, 516 S.W.2d 684 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974);
Jackson v. State, 485 S.W.2d 553 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972); Gainous v. State, 436 S.W.2d 137 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1969). Appellant also filed a pro se brief.
Appellant’s first pro se point of error complains of the district court’s refusal to give
a requested jury instruction with respect to probation. To understand this point, it must be noted that
after appellant was convicted of murder in this cause, he was convicted of two aggravated assaults.
Evidence of the latter convictions was introduced at appellant’s new punishment hearing. Although
the court’s charge authorized the jury to recommend probation, the court refused to instruct the jury
to consider appellant’s eligibility for probation “as of September 10, 1996, the day [he] was found
guilty.” In other words, the court refused to instruct the jury to disregard the two assault convictions
in determining whether to recommend probation.
A similar issue was presented to this Court in Sanders v. State, 832 S.W.2d 719 (Tex.
App.—Austin 1992, no pet.). There, as here, the defendant received a new trial limited to the
question of punishment, the defendant had been convicted of another felony offense during the
interval between his original conviction and the punishment retrial, and the trial court admitted
evidence of the intervening conviction at the new punishment hearing. Id. at 721. We found no
error in the admission of the evidence, holding that the statute authorizing the admission of the
defendant’s prior criminal record included a final conviction occurring prior to the date of the
punishment retrial. Id. at 722; see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1) (West Supp.
2003).
Having properly admitted evidence of appellant’s intervening felony convictions, the
district court did not err by refusing to instruct the jury to disregard these convictions in considering
whether to recommend probation. Even if the requested instruction had been given, appellant still
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would have been ineligible for probation because the jury assessed a prison term exceeding ten years.
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12, § 4(d)(1) (West Supp. 2003). Point of error one is
overruled.
In pro se points of error two and three, appellant contends the court erroneously
admitted evidence of his prison gang membership. He adds that if this testimony had any relevance,
it was outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Tex. R. Evid. 403.
The State called Ernest Ramirez as a rebuttal witness. Ramirez testified that he is
employed by the department of criminal justice as a “security threat group sergeant.” He explained
that his job involved monitoring prison gangs. At this point, appellant’s counsel approached the
bench and objected that evidence of gang membership would not be proper rebuttal because there
had been no defensive testimony that appellant was not a gang member. During subsequent voir dire
questioning outside the jury’s presence, Ramirez said that prison records indicated that appellant was
a member of the Mexican Mafia. He did not, however, have personal knowledge of appellant’s gang
membership. After the court indicated its concern about the witness’s lack of personal knowledge,
the State abandoned this line of questioning. Upon the jury’s return, the State asked Ramirez if he
was familiar with appellant’s reputation in the “community in which he resides” for being peaceful
and law-abiding. The witness testified that he was familiar with that reputation and that it was bad.
Appellant argues that although Ramirez did not expressly tell the jury that appellant was a gang
member, the jury could easily infer this from Ramirez’s testimony.
Evidence of gang membership may be relevant and admissible at the punishment
stage. See Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 653 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Because the State
abandoned this line of questioning, no evidence of prison gang membership was adduced. Accepting
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appellant’s contention that the jury inferred that he was a member of a prison gang, any error was
harmless. The jury also knew that the murder for which appellant was convicted was street-gang
related. Several police officers testified to appellant’s bad reputation for violence. A prison guard
testified that he found a “shank,” a homemade weapon, in appellant’s prison cell. Points of error two
and three are overruled.
In pro se point of error four, appellant contends the prosecutor asserted facts not in
the record during an “argumentative objection” to defense counsel’s jury argument. In point five,
he asserts that the district court improperly commented on the weight of the evidence in overruling
his objection to the prosecutor’s statement.
During his jury argument, defense counsel drew the jury’s attention to evidence that
he said raised a question as to whether appellant had fired the fatal shot.1 When counsel made a
reference to the law of parties, the prosecutor objected that appellant was not convicted as a party.
Defense counsel then objected to the prosecutor’s objection as being outside the record. The court
called both attorneys to the bench. The court examined the guilt-innocence charge from the first trial
and determined that it did not contain a parties charge. The prosecutor then objected that defense
counsel should not be allowed to mention the law of parties in his argument. The court did not rule
on any of the attorneys’ objections. Instead, the court told the jury, “Ladies and gentlemen of the
jury, the first jury in this case when they found the defendant guilty of murder . . . Mr. Cantu was
only charged there as a principal, not as a party, and their verdict was rendered on that basis, not as
a party.” Defense counsel objected to this instruction as a comment on the weight of the evidence.
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The shooting occurred during a party at which a large number of persons were present. There
was evidence that persons in addition to appellant were armed.
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No reversible error is presented. Appellant did not obtain an adverse ruling on his
objection to the prosecutor’s objection. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. Because the law of parties
generally and appellant’s guilt as a party specifically were not an issue at this punishment retrial, the
court’s instruction to the jury did not assume a disputed fact or invite the jury to pay particular
attention to a particular piece of evidence. See O’Connell v. State, 17 S.W.3d 746, 748-49 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2000, no pet.). Finally, defense counsel’s argument was not adversely affected. He
returned to the issue he had initially raised—the possibility of another shooter—later in his argument
without further objection by the State. Point of error four and five are overruled.
In his last two pro se points of error, appellant contends he was denied his federal and
state constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel at trial. To prevail on this claim, appellant
must show that counsel made such serious errors that he was not functioning effectively as counsel
and that these errors prejudiced the appellant’s defense to such a degree that he was deprived of a
fair trial. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Hernandez v. State, 988 S.W.2d
770, 771-72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim. App.
1986). We must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance. See Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App.
1994). To overcome this presumption, an allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in
the record and the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness. Mallett v.
State, 65 S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Appellant did not raise ineffectiveness of counsel
in his motion for new trial and request a hearing at which he could have developed such a record.
In general, appellant complains that his attorney did not adequately prepare for the
punishment retrial and failed to make proper objections during the course of the proceeding. We
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cannot state on the basis of the record before us that counsel did not properly prepare for trial, or that
counsel’s failure to make certain objections was either mistaken or the product of a misguided trial
strategy. Moreover, counsel’s performance must be judged in its totality, rather than by isolating
individual errors or omissions. Oestrick v. State, 939 S.W.2d 232, 237 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997,
pet. ref’d). We must avoid the distortions of hindsight, and evaluate counsel’s conduct from his
perspective at the time of trial. Ex parte Kunkle, 852 S.W.2d 499, 505 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
Appellant does not in this direct appeal overcome the strong presumption that his trial counsel’s
actions were reasonable from counsel’s perspective at trial. Points of error six and seven are
overruled.
We have reviewed the record, counsel’s brief, and the pro se brief. We find nothing
in the record that might support the appeal. Counsel’s motion to withdraw is granted.
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
W. Kenneth Law, Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear
Affirmed
Filed: June 26, 2003
Do Not Publish
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