TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-02-00500-CV
Sharon A. O=Reilly, Appellant
v.
C. Vince Wiseman, M.D. and Austin Radiological Association, P.A., Appellees
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 353RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. GN103100, HONORABLE LORA J. LIVINGSTON, JUDGE PRESIDING
OPINION
This is a medical-malpractice action involving a misdiagnosis of breast cancer. Appellees,
C. Vince Wiseman, M.D., and Austin Radiological Association, P.A. (A Dr. Wiseman@), were sued by
appellant, Sharon A. O=Reilly, for malpractice arising from Dr. Wiseman=s examination of Ms. O=Reilly=s
mammography. Dr. Wiseman moved for traditional summary judgment, asserting that Ms. O=Reilly=s claim
was barred by the two-year statute of limitations on medical-malpractice actions. See Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat.
Ann. art. 4590i (West Supp. 2003). The trial court granted Dr. Wiseman=s motion. Ms. O=Reilly appeals
by one issue, claiming that the trial court erroneously failed to allow her a reasonable time to discover her
claim and take steps to protect her rights and that the application of the statute of limitations in this instance
is a violation of the open- courts provision of the Texas Constitution. See Tex. Const. Art. I, ' 13 (AAll
courts shall be open, and every person for an injury done him, in his lands, goods, person or reputation,
shall have remedy by due course of law.@). For the reasons stated below, we will affirm the judgment of the
trial court.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On April 20, 1999, Ms. O=Reilly underwent a routine mammogram at Austin Regional
Clinic with interpretation by C. Vince Wiseman, M.D. The report stated there was no suspicious mass of
malignant calcifications and was reported as negative. On June 9, 2000, Ms. O=Reilly complained to her
family-practice physician, Janet Jewell, M.D., of redness in her left breast. Dr. Jewell ordered a bi-lateral
screening mammography which was interpreted by Dr. Larry Hill as benign. Routine screening in one year
was recommended. On November 27, Ms. O=Reilly again underwent a screening mammography of the left
breast.1 This was read as unchanged from the June 9 screening. On December 4, Dr. Jewell determined
that the left breast was abnormal and referred her to another surgeon, Dr. Mike Regan. On December 27,
Ms. O=Reilly was diagnosed with breast cancer and Dr. Regan performed a modified radical mastectomy of
the left breast. Ms. O=Reilly commenced chemotherapy treatment in January 2001. In addition to
chemotherapy, she underwent radiotherapy and tamoxifen therapy.
1
The record does not indicate what prompted Ms. O=Reilly to undergo additional screening prior
to the one-year recommendation following the June 9, 2000 mammogram.
2
Ms. O=Reilly first contacted an attorney on May 4, 2001, to investigate whether she had a
possible claim relating to a misreading of the June 9, 2000 screening. At that time, Ms. O=Reilly did not
consider that the earlier April 20, 1999 screening may also have been misread by Dr. Wiseman. Shortly
thereafter, Ms. O=Reilly=s attorney requested medical records from all her medical providers in order to
investigate the claim. Following a five-month delay in obtaining the relevant medical records from Austin
Regional Clinic and Austin Radiological Association, P.A.,2 Ms. O=Reilly=s previous mammograms were
evaluated by an expert hired by her attorney. According to the expert, the April 20, 1999 mammogram
contained information regarding Ms. O=Reilly=s breast cancer. He stated that the failure to observe the
abnormalities in the screenings fell below the requisite standard of care for physicians in Dr. Wiseman=s field.
Ms. O=Reilly subsequently filed her cause of action on September 21, 2001.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The standard of review for a traditional summary judgment is well established: the movant
must show there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; in
deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment, the court must take
evidence favorable to the nonmovant as true; and the court must indulge every reasonable inference in favor
of the nonmovant and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant=s favor. See Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d
339, 341 (Tex. 1995); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985). A
2
Ms. O=Reilly=s attorney first attempted to obtain copies of her mammograms on May 17, 2001.
They were received on August 31, 2001.
3
movant must establish all elements of the cause of action as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); City
of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678 (Tex. 1979). A defendant moving for
summary judgment on a statute of limitations affirmative defense must prove conclusively that defense=s
elements. Veliscol Chem. Corp. v. Winograd, 956 S.W.2d 529, 530 (Tex. 1997). The propriety of a
summary judgment is a question of law; therefore, we review the trial court=s decision de novo. Natividad
v. Alexsis, Inc., 875 S.W.2d 695, 699 (Tex. 1994).
DISCUSSION
We are called upon to decide whether the open-courts provision of the Texas Constitution
invalidates the two-year statute of limitations of the Medical Liability and Insurance Improvement Act (the
Act) as applied to a particular patient. See Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art 4590i, ' 10.01. For the open-
courts doctrine to invalidate a statute of limitations, a showing must be made that due to the nature of the
claim it was impossible or exceedingly difficult to discover the alleged wrong and bring suit within the two-
year period. See Shah v. Moss, 67 S.W.3d 836, 846 (Tex. 2001); Neagle v. Nelson, 685 S.W.2d 11
(Tex. 1985); Nelson v. Krusen, 678 S.W.2d 918 (Tex. 1984); Sax v. Votteler, 648 S.W.2d 661 (Tex.
1983). Ms. O=Reilly claims that she could not have discovered the wrong forming the basis of her
malpractice suit until she had an opportunity to review her April 1999 mammogram, which was not received
until after the two-year statute of limitations had passed.
Application of the open-courts provision to the two-year statute of limitations of the Act has
not been a model of clarity. See Lucas v. United States, 757 S.W.2d 687, 716-17 (Tex. 1988) (Phillips,
C.J., dissenting). Language in appellate opinions has made it confusing for both lower courts and litigants to
4
know with certainty when the open-courts provision applies so as to invalidate the limitation period.
Compare Hellman v. Mateo, 772 S.W.2d 64, 66 (Tex. 1989) (stating that burden is on defendant to
show that plaintiff Ashould have discovered@ the cause of action within the two-year period), and Gandara
v. Slade, 832 S.W.2d 164, 166 (Tex. App.CAustin 1992, no writ) (same), with Shah, 67 S.W.3d at 846
(stating that burden is on plaintiff to show that she did not have Aa reasonable opportunity to discover the
alleged wrong@ within the two-year period). See also Batten v. Hunt, 18 S.W.3d 235, 238-39 (Tex.
App.CAustin 1999, pet. denied) (applying the open-courts provision to a medical malpractice claim without
declaring on which party the burden of proof falls). In an attempt to bring some clarity to this confusing area
of the law, we will examine the development and application of the open-courts provision in order to
determine the proper test for its application to the statute of limitations. We begin by examining the Act
itself. We then examine the supreme court=s development of the open-courts provision as applied to the
statute of limitations. After examining the court=s opinions, we will apply the test for finding an open-courts
violation to Ms. O=Reilly=s claim.
The Medical Liability and Insurance Improvement Act
The Act establishes the following statute of limitations in section 10.01, which provides, in
relevant part, that
notwithstanding any other law, no health care liability claim may be commenced unless the
action is filed within two years from the occurrence of the breach or tort or from the date
the medical or health care treatment that is the subject of the claim or the hospitalization for
which the claim is made is completed.
5
Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 4590i, ' 10.01. Section 10.01 re-enacted the previous statute of limitations
applicable to malpractice claims first established in 1975. Joseph P. Witherspoon, Constitutionality of the
Texas Statute Limiting Liability for Medical Malpractice, 10 Tex. Tech L. Rev. 419, 421 (1979). The
legislature rejected the Professional Liability Study Commission=s3 recommendation to restore the
Adiscovery rule,@ applicable before 1975, which would begin the running of the limitations period from the
time the patient knew or should have known of an alleged injury.4 Id. Instead, the legislature enacted the
two-year limitation, Awithout the allowance of any of the court-developed exceptions.@ Id.
Section 10.01 measures the limitations period for medical negligence claims from one of
three dates: (1) the occurrence of the breach or tort, (2) the last date of the relevant course of treatment, or
(3) the last date of the relevant hospitalization. Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 4590i, ' 10.01; Shah, 67
3
The Professional Liability Study Commission was established by the legislature two years prior to
the enactment of the Medical Liability and Insurance Improvement Act (the Act) to address the national
problem of maintaining affordable and comprehensive health care in response to increasing insurance costs
for health care providers in the 1970s. See Joseph P. Witherspoon, Constitutionality of the Texas
Statute Limiting Liability for Medical Malpractice, 10 Tex. Tech L. Rev. 419, 421 (1979).
4
The Study Commission recommended a provision permitting a malpractice claim to be filed within
one year from the date the alleged injury was discovered or should have been discovered. Witherspoon, 10
Tex. Tech L. Rev. at 421.
6
S.W.3d at 841. If the date the alleged tort occurred is ascertainable, limitations must begin on that date and
inquiry into the second and third categories is unnecessary. Shah, 67 S.W.3d at 841. If the date the
alleged tort occurred cannot be ascertained, the last date of treatment or the last date of hospitalization,
whichever is relevant, becomes that date for limitations purposes. Kimball v. Brothers, 741 S.W.2d 370,
372 (Tex. 1987).
7
Development of the Open-courts Provision
The open-courts provision was first applied to the limitations provision of the Act in a trilogy
of cases: Sax, 648 S.W.2d 661; Nelson, 678 S.W.2d 918; and Neagle, 685 S.W.2d 11. In Sax, the
court set out the test to be employed in future open-courts analysis: Athe right to bring a well-established
common law cause of action cannot be effectively abrogated by the legislature absent a showing that the
legislative bases for the statute outweighs the denial of the constitutionally-guaranteed right of redress.@ Sax,
648 S.W.2d at 666. In analyzing this balancing test, the court set forth two criteria that must be met under
the litigant=s right-to-redress prong. AFirst, it must be shown that the litigant has a cognizable common law
cause of action that is being restricted. Second, the litigant must show that the restriction is unreasonable or
arbitrary when balanced against the purpose and basis of the statute.@ Id. The burden is on the plaintiff to
establish a common law cause of action that is being unreasonably or arbitrarily restricted. Once the plaintiff
meets this burden, the court must then examine the limitations provision to determine whether the purposes
and bases of the statute make this restriction reasonable. Using this formulation, the Sax court examined the
limitations provision and found that a minor=s right to redress was entirely cut off by the statute before the
minor was able to bring suit in his own right. The court found this restriction unreasonable when weighed
against the purpose of the statute to limit the length of time that insureds would be exposed to potential
liability. Id. at 667.
8
The year after Sax was decided, the court considered a limitations provision restricting a
claim for wrongful birth in Nelson. The court found that the statute would Aoperate to bar the parents=
cause of action before they knew it existed, even though they did not discover, and could not reasonably
have discovered, their injury within two years.@ Nelson, 678 S.W.2d at 920. There, the court stated that
A[t]he common thread of this court=s decisions construing the open-courts provision is that the legislature has
no power to make a remedy by due course of law contingent on an impossible condition.@ Id. at 921
(emphasis added). The Sax balancing approach between the purpose and basis of the statute and the
extent of the restriction on a litigant=s right to redress was adopted to resolve the open-courts challenge. Id.
at 922. As applied to the Nelsons, the limitations provision Aviolat[ed] the open-courts provision by cutting
off a cause of action before the party knows, or reasonably should know, that he is injured.@ Id. The court
held that the legislative basis for the limitations provision was Alegitimate.@ Id. However, the nature of the
Nelson=s claim made it unreasonable to bring suit within two years because it Awould require the Nelsons to
do the impossibleCto sue before they had any reason to know they should sue.@ Id. at 923. The court set
forth the test which has been used to analyze the second prong of the Sax balancing approachCthe extent to
which a litigant=s constitutionally protected right to redress is restricted. A limitations provision is
unconstitutional under the open-courts provision if it cuts off the right to sue before there is Aa reasonable
opportunity to discover the wrong and bring suit.@ Id.
The third case in the development of the open-courts doctrine was Neagle, a brief opinion
applying the doctrine when a surgical sponge left in the abdomen of the plaintiff was discovered more than
two years later. The court assumed that it was impossible for Neagle to discover the injury until more than
9
two years after the surgery. Neagle, 685 S.W.2d at 12. AThe open-courts provision . . . protects a citizen,
such as Neagle, from legislative acts that abridge his right to sue before he has a reasonable opportunity to
discover the wrong and bring suit.@ Id. The opinion failed to mention the balancing test formulated in Sax;
however, the court cited Sax and Nelson with approval as declaring the limitations unconstitutional as
applied based on the open-courts provision.
From these three cases, the court established the proper test to employ when analyzing the
limitations period under the open-courts provision. As the court noted, the decisions in Nelson and Neagle
were Apremised on the fact that it was not possible for the parties to discover the injury within the two-year
period.@ Morrison v. Chan, 699 S.W.2d 205, 207 (Tex. 1985) (emphasis added).5 The open-courts
doctrine is premised on the notion that Athe legislature has no power to make a remedy by due course of
law contingent on an impossible condition.@ Id. (citing Nelson, 678 S.W.2d at 921) (emphasis added).
5
The court in Morrison held that the language of section 10.01, the legislative history, and the
language in Nelson make it clear that section 10.01 was intended to abolish the discovery rule and require
suit to be brought within a two-year period from the time of injury, not the time of discovery of injury.
Morrison v. Chan, 699 S.W.2d 205, 208 (Tex. 1985).
10
Ms. O=Reilly relies heavily on Hellman v. Mateo,6 a case strikingly similar to the present
one.7 772 S.W.2d 64. In Hellman, the court=s analysis of the open-courts provision as applied to section
10.01 actually reverted back to the discovery rule that had been discarded by Morrison. Id. at 66 (A[I]n
order to challenge the constitutionality of article 4590i, as applied to her, Hellman must allege that
application of the two-year limitation cut off her cause of action before she knew or should have known
that a cause of action existed.@) (emphasis added). The court stated that the burden of proof concerning
when Ms. Hellman discovered or should have discovered her cause of action fell on the defendant, Dr.
Mateo. Id. Moreover, because Ms. Hellman stated that she had no reason to question the accuracy of Dr.
Mateo=s biopsy report until after the two-year period had passed, in addition to the assertion that conclusive
information about Dr. Mateo=s misdiagnosis was not obtained until two months after the limitations period
had run, Hellman was held to have raised a question of fact regarding her knowledge of her injury. Id.
Without citing Morrison or Neagle, the court in Hellman appeared to be adopting the
Adiscovery rule@ discarded in Morrison. In fact, one of the three cases cited by Hellman for the Ashould-
have-known@ proposition expressly used the discovery rule to invalidate the application of a limitations
period to a medical malpractice plaintiff. See Conerly v. Morris, 575 S.W.2d 633, 635 (Tex. Civ.
6
Ms. O=Reilly cites Hellman as establishing that the burden is on the defendant to show that there
was not a reasonable opportunity to discover the wrong and bring suit within the two-year period. Hellman
v. Mateo, 772 S.W.2d 64, 65 (Tex. 1989) (per curiam).
7
Dr. Mateo had misread a pathology report concerning a biopsy of one of Hellman=s lymph nodes.
One year and eight months later, Hellman was determined to be in the advanced stages of Hodgkin=s
disease. Suit was not filed for another year. Id.
11
App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 1978, writ ref=d n.r.e.).8 It is instructive to note, however, that Hellman has
never been cited by the supreme court. Morrison, however, has been cited as recently as 1999 for the
proposition that article 4590i, section 10.01 abolishes the discovery rule. See Chilkewitz v. Hyson, 22
S.W.3d 825, 829 (Tex. 1999).
8
The other two cases cited by Hellman were Sax and Nelson, both decided before Morrison.
Significantly, no case decided after Morrison is cited for the Ashould-have-known@ proposition.
12
Although in Nelson the court used the phrase Ashould have known,@ that language seems to
be at odds with the Anot possible@ rationale actually adopted.9 Finding that the Nelsons Acould not@
reasonably have detected their child=s disease because it was masked by the typical clumsiness of a two-
year-old, the court analogized their situation to the Aimpossible condition[s]@ and Arequirement[s]@ placed on
litigants in prior open-courts cases. Nelson, 678 S.W.2d at 920, 922-23 (emphasis added). Viewed in
light of the language in the rest of the opinion, the court=s use of the phrase Ashould have known@ is restricted
by the Aimpossible condition@ doctrine. See Lecroy v. Hanlon, 713 S.W.2d 335, 344 (Tex. 1986) (AThe
common thread of this court=s open-courts decisions is that the legislature cannot unreasonably abridge a
person=s right to bring a common-law cause of action by making a remedy by due course of law contingent
on an impossible condition.@). In light of these facts, it can reasonably be assumed that Hellman was an
anomalous result and Ms. O=Reilly=s reliance on it is misplaced.
9
In discussing the previous cases, Nelson states that A[t]hese decisions lead to the conclusion that
[section 10.01] as applied here violates the open-courts provision by cutting off a cause of action before the
party knows, or reasonably should know, that he is injured.@ Nelson v. Krusen, 678 S.W.2d 918, 922
(Tex. 1984) (emphasis added).
13
After Hellman, the supreme court repeatedly held that to establish an open-courts violation,
a plaintiff must show it was impossible or exceedingly difficult to discover the wrong10 and bring suit, without
mentioning the Sax balancing approach. See Earle v. Ratliffe, 998 S.W.2d 882, 890 (Tex. 1999) (patient
who complained of constant pain to doctor and who had seen television report detailing risks associated
with instrumentation implanted in him had Aopportunity to learn of any negligence@ prior to two-year period);
Husain v. Khatib, 964 S.W.2d 918, 919 (Tex. 1998) (failing to mention open-courts provision in holding
that if doctor=s date of negligence can be ascertained Athere are no doubts to resolve and limitations must be
measured from@ that date); Jennings v. Burgess, 917 S.W.2d 790, 794 (Tex. 1995) (plaintiff knew
defendant doctor had referred her to general practitioner and not specialist as requested, therefore she had
reasonable opportunity to discover her alleged injury of negligent referral and bring suit within the two-year
period). The court reemphasized that the open-courts doctrine Ais premised upon the rationale that the
legislature has no power to make a remedy by due course of law contingent upon an impossible condition.@
Diaz v. Westphal, 941 S.W.2d 96, 100 (Tex. 1997). The validity of the Sax balancing test between the
10
We will use the language Aimpossible or exceedingly difficult to discover the wrong@ rather than
Areasonable opportunity to discover the wrong@ in describing what a plaintiff must show in an open-courts
challenge. Much of the confusion surrounding these cases is the court=s use of the language Areasonable
opportunity to discover the wrong@ to describe situations where it is Aimpossible or exceedingly difficult to
discover the wrong@ and bring suit within the two-year period. In all three cases which first developed the
open-courts provision in terms of the limitations provision of the Act, the plaintiff was in a situation where it
would have been impossible to discover the injury and file suit within the two-year period. Moreover, the
court has repeatedly emphasized that the Areasonable opportunity@ test is met through a showing that the
nature of the claim made it Aimpossible or exceedingly difficult to discover the wrong@ or that the plaintiff
could not have discovered the wrong and brought suit within the two-year period. See, e.g., Weiner v.
Wasson, 900 S.W.2d 316, 321 (Tex. 1995) (Stating that an open-courts violation is not found in Acases
other than those involving claims that are by their nature exceedingly difficult or impossible to discover.@).
14
restriction on the litigant=s right to redress and the purpose and basis of the statute remained in question,
however, because the court was able to rely on the Aimpossible condition@ to determine that no open-courts
violation existed.11
The court appears to have resolved the question of the validity of the Sax balancing
approach with its recent opinion in Shah. 67 S.W.3d at 836. In Shah, the court expressly held that the
Sax balancing test must be met in order to determine an open-courts violation, thereby giving credence to
the long-forgotten analysis. Id. at 842 (A[T]he legislature cannot abrogate the right to bring a well-
established common-law claim without showing that the statute=s objectives and purposes outweigh denying
the constitutionally guaranteed right of redress.@) (citing Weiner v. Wasson, 900 S.W.2d 316, 318 (Tex.
1995), and Sax, 648 S.W.2d at 665-66). Also, significantly, the court expressly held that it is the
plaintiff=s burden to demonstrate Athat he did not have a reasonable opportunity to discover the alleged
wrong before the limitations period expired.@ Id. at 846. This is in direct conflict with the holding of
Hellman, where the defendant doctor was required to prove that the plaintiff Ashould have known@ of the
injury. Hellman, 772 S.W.2d at 66.
Shah evidences that the two-step analysis articulated in Sax is the test to be used to analyze
section 10.01 under the open-courts provision. The first step requires the plaintiff to show the extent to
11
The balancing test was mentioned in only one case following Nelson. In Weiner, the court
quoted Sax but relied on the Aimpossible condition@ doctrine to invalidate the limitations provision. 900
S.W.2d at 318.
15
which her right to redress is limited. The plaintiff must show there is a constitutionally guaranteed right to
redress for a cognizable, common-law claim that has been unreasonably or arbitrarily restricted when
balanced against the purpose and basis of the statute at issue. Shah, 67 S.W.3d at 843; Sax, 648 S.W.2d
at 666. This is evaluated by asking whether it was impossible or exceedingly difficult for the plaintiff to
discover the alleged wrong and bring suit within the two-year period. See Shah, 67 S.W.3d at 846-47. It
is the plaintiff=s burden to show that the nature of the claim was impossible or exceedingly difficult to
discover and that she did not or could not have learned of the fact of injury within the two-year period. Id.
at 846-47; Weiner, 900 S.W.2d at 321; Moreno v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 787 S.W.2d 348, 357 (Tex.
1990) (noting that discovery of Afact of injury@ is triggering event for limitations period); see also Borderlon
v. Peck, 661 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. 1983) (holding that knowledge of Afacts, conditions, or
circumstances which would cause a reasonably prudent person to make inquiry . . . is in law equivalent to
knowledge of the cause of action@).
Once the plaintiff meets this burden, the court must go on to the second step of the Sax
analysis and determine whether this restriction on the plaintiff=s right to redress is reasonable when weighed
against the bases and purposes of the statute.12 If the balancing approach weighs in favor of the litigant=s
right to redress, the plaintiff has established a prima facie open-courts violation. Once a plaintiff has
12
The bases and purposes of the Act as found by the legislature are set forth in Tex. Rev. Civ.
Stat. Ann. art. 4590i, ' 1.02 (West Supp. 2003). The main purposes of the Act were to Aimprove and
modify the system by which health care liability claims are determined@ and Areduce excessive frequency and
severity of health care liability claims@ Ain a manner that will not unduly restrict a claimant=s right any more
than necessary.@ Id. '1.02(b). See also Sax v. Votteler, 648 S.W.2d 66, 67 (Tex. 1983) (finding
purpose of the limitations period was to limit length of time that insureds would be exposed to potential
liability)
16
established a prima facie open-courts violation, she must then show that diligence was used to bring suit
within a reasonable time following the discovery of injury.13 Shah, 67 S.W.3d at 847. Only if the prima
facie open-courts violation has been initially established will the court ask if suit was brought within a
reasonable time. Weiner, 900 S.W.2d at 316.
Ms. O=Reilly=s claim
Ms. O=Reilly alleges that Dr. Wiseman misread the mammogram on April 20, 1999. On
November 27, 2000, she underwent additional screening, which also failed to reveal her cancer. On
December 4, her doctor referred her to a surgeon. Ms. O=Reilly=s cancer was diagnosed on December 27,
2000. It is at this point that Ms. O=Reilly is deemed to have knowledge of the fact of injury and the
13
Shah also attempted to clarify the Areasonable time standard@ applicable when there is a valid
open-courts claim. AA plaintiff may not obtain relief under the open-courts provision if he does not use due
diligence and sue within a reasonable time after learning about the alleged wrong.@ Shah v. Moss, 67
S.W.3d 836, 847 (Tex. 2001). In Shah, the plaintiff knew about his alleged injury at least seventeen
months before he brought suit. Because the plaintiff offered no valid explanation for the delay, the court
concluded the suit was not filed within a reasonable time. The court also cited with approval Fiore v. HCA
Health Services of Texas, Inc., 915 S.W.2d 233, 237 (Tex. App.CFort Worth 1996, writ denied) (one-
year delay), and Hall v. Dow Corning Corp., 114 F.3d 73, 77 (5th Cir. 1997) (fifteen-month delay). Id.
Therefore, absent a valid explanation for delay which shows that the plaintiff was exercising due diligence, at
least a one-year delay is likely to be considered unreasonable as a matter of law.
17
underlying facts and conditions of her claim. On December 27, therefore, she had discovered her alleged
wrong and had four months to file suit before the statute ran as to Dr. Wiseman. See Moreno, 787 S.W.2d
at 357; Husain, 964 S.W.2d at 919.
It was not impossible for Ms. O=Reilly to discover her injury within the two-year limitations
period; when she learned she had breast cancer on December 27, she was aware of the possible negligence
of those who had told her the earlier mammograms revealed no signs of cancer. Understandably, Ms.
O=Reilly did not immediately hire a lawyer and head to the courthouse; she first hired a doctor and focused
all her energy and attention on pursuing the medical treatment necessary to save her life. But as of
December 2000, four months remained to sue Dr. Wiseman within two years of the date of his treatment in
April 1999. The legislature has adopted an absolute two-year statute of limitations to pursue medical
malpractice claims. See Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 4590i. The supreme court has found that this
restriction cannot survive an open-courts challenge if it would be Aimpossible@ for the patient to sue within
the two-year period. See Shah, 67 S.W.3d at 846-47; Weiner, 900 S.W.2d at 321; Moreno, 787
S.W.2d at 357. It is quite understandable that Ms. O=Reilly would concentrate on fighting her disease
before pursuing her medical negligence claims, but because she had four months after discovering her injury
in which to file such a claim against Dr. Wiseman, we cannot say that conditions made it impossible for her
to do so. The supreme court has held that the open-courts provision allows a patient to avoid the absolute
two-year limitations only if it would be impossible or exceedingly difficult to discover the injury within that
period. We agree that the application of this absolute limitations period to Ms. O=Reilly under these
circumstances is exceedingly harsh. This is a choice the legislature has made to limit the time insureds are
18
exposed to liability. As we read the teachings of the supreme court, the open-courts provision negates this
absolute time period only if conditions make it virtually impossible to discover one=s injury within two years.
For four months after she learned of her injury, Ms. O=Reilly had a chance to pursue her negligence claims,
even though we would all sympathize with her decision to get well first. With the abolition of the discovery
rule by Morrison, the absolute limitations period required Ms. O=Reilly to bring suit within the four months
after she learned of her injury.14
14
See also Guiterrez v. Lee, 812 S.W.2d 388, 393 (Tex. App.CAustin 1991, writ denied)
(noting Aa provision is [not] unconstitutional [solely] because it limits the period in which the plaintiff may
analyze his case@ and holding that a three-month period is sufficient under the open courts doctrine).
19
Ms. O=Reilly alleges that she did not know of her cause of action against Dr. Wiseman until
her attorneys had her mammograms read by an expert, some eight months after the diagnosis of her cancer,
analogous to the facts of Hellman. Ms. O=Reilly relies on Gagnier v. Wichelhaus for the proposition that
Adelay in providing medical records, the time for recovery, consultation with an attorney and investigation
should be considered when determining whether plaintiff=s delay in filing suit was reasonable.@ 17 S.W.3d
739, 745 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied) (citing DuRuy v. Garza, 995 S.W.2d 748
(Tex. App.CSan Antonio 1999, no pet.)). Unfortunately, Gagnier and DuRuy are irrelevant to the precise
issue of this case because those courts had found an open-courts violation prior to articulating what could
be considered in determining whether a delay in filing suit was reasonable. In both cases, it had been
determined that it was impossible or exceedingly difficult for the plaintiff to discover the wrong and file suit
within the two-year period. See id. at 744 (A[Plaintiff] could not have learned of her injury sooner.@);
DuRuy, 995 S.W.2d at 752 (holding it was impossible for plaintiff to discover injury when misdiagnosed
and treated for biliary cancer for three years prior to new doctor determining she had gall bladder disease).
Those courts held that the above factors could be considered when examining the reasonable-time rule,
which applies only to open-courts violations.15 See Weiner, 900 S.W.2d at 316. To determine whether it
15
We need not reach the reasonable time analysis in this case because Athe reasonable-time rule [is
not applied] to cases other than those involving claims that are by their nature exceedingly difficult or
impossible to discover,@ Weiner, 900 S.W.2d at 321, and Ms. O=Reilly has not established her prima facie
case of an open-courts violation. Whether Ms. O=Reilly filed her claim within a reasonable time is irrelevant
unless her claim is kept alive by the open-courts doctrine. We make no assertion as to whether the facts in
this case would constitute a reasonable time other than to note that the reasonable time standard has been
developed on a case-by-case basis and is generally a question of fact. Compare Shah, 67 S.W.3d at 847
(endorsing a one-year limit to what is considered unreasonable as a matter of law), and Gagnier v.
Wichelhaus, 17 S.W.2d 739, 745 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied) (ten-month delay
reasonable when taking into account Adelay in providing medical records, the time for recovery, consultation
with an attorney and investigation@), and DuRuy v. Garza, 995 S.W.2d 748, 753 (Tex. App.CSan
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was impossible or exceedingly difficult for Ms. O=Reilly to discover her injury and bring suit requires an
entirely different standard than determining whether suit was brought within a reasonable time once an open-
courts violation is determined. See, e.g., Voegtlin v. Perryman, 977 S.W.2d 806, 813 (Tex. App.CFort
Worth 1998, no pet.) (that plaintiffs did not consider bringing cause of action against defendant was not
sufficient to raise fact issue regarding reasonable opportunity when they knew of facts giving rise to cause of
action within two-year limitations period). The language of section 10.01 and the surrounding case law
required Ms. O=Reilly to bring her suit within the two-year period because she discovered the facts of her
alleged injury within the two-year period. Therefore, the open courts provision cannot save her claim.
CONCLUSION
This case illustrates the policy the legislature has adopted to limit medical malpractice claims.
Section 10.01 of the Act sets up an absolute limitations period. In giving effect to the statute of limitations
and the case law, we do not ignore the harsh effect it has upon Ms. O=Reilly=s constitutionally protected
right to redress. Nevertheless, the supreme court=s holdings in this area of the law require us to find that
Ms. O=Reilly=s claim is barred by the statute of limitations. Because the facts of the alleged injury were
discovered well within the two-year period, it was not impossible for her to bring suit before the limitations
period ended four months later. We affirm the judgment of the district court.
Antonio 1999, no pet.) (one-year delay reasonable), and Work v. Duval, 809 S.W.2d 351, 353-354
(Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 1991, no writ) (fact that injury was discovered four months prior to
expiration of two-year limitations period irrelevant because plaintiff unreasonably delayed in filing suit for
twenty-one months following discovery of injury), with LaGesse v. PrimaCare, Inc., 899 S.W.2d 43, 47
(Tex. App.CEastland 1995, pet. denied) (one-year delay unreasonable); see also Neagle v. Nelson, 685
S.W.2d 11, 12 (Tex. 1985) (Kilgarin, J., concurring) (reasonableness of delay before filing suit after
discovery of injury should ordinarily be question of fact measured on Adiligence@ standard).
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David Puryear, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear
Affirmed
Filed: April 24, 2003
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