TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-03-00458-CV
Anderson-Clayton Bros. Funeral Home, Inc.; Restland of Dallas, Inc.; Restland Funeral
Home; Singing Hills Funeral Home, Inc.; Laurel Land Funeral Home of
Forth Worth, Inc.; Blue Bonnet Hills Funeral Home, Inc.; and
Blue Bonnet Hills Memorial Park, Inc., Appellants
v.
Carole Keeton Strayhorn, Comptroller of Public Accounts of the State of Texas; and Greg
Abbott, Attorney General of the State of Texas, Appellees
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 353RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 9912183, HONORABLE SCOTT H. JENKINS, JUDGE PRESIDING
DISSENTING OPINION
The issue we are presented with in this controversy is, as the majority acknowledges,
whether Aearnings from out-of-state investments made by Texas prepaid funeral benefits trusts,@ owned
by Texas funeral homes, are out-of-state receipts for franchise tax apportionment purposes. Anderson-
Clayton Bros. Funeral Home v. Strayhorn, No. 03-03-00458-CV, slip op. at 1 (Tex. App.CAustin
August __, 2004, no pet. h.) (emphasis added). The majority concludes that because it is the trusts that
ultimately disburse to the funeral homes any income earned from investments, the Comptroller=s
determination that the trusts are Apayors@ is reasonable, and therefore the investment earnings derived from
the trusts are Texas receipts. Because I disagree with the majority=s characterization of the trusts as
Apayors@ generating income from business done in Texas, I respectfully dissent.
The parties agree that the Alocation of the payor@ rule determines how the investment
earnings should be apportioned or sourced and that the fundamental dispute in this case is about who should
be considered the Apayors@ of the investment earnings at issue. The funeral homes contend that the relevant
statute, section 171.1121(b) of the tax code, directs the Comptroller to look to the same accounting
methods used to report federal income tax in determining how to apportion the investment earnings. And
because the trusts are ignored for federal income tax purposes, the trusts should likewise be treated as if
they did not exist for apportionment purposes. The trusts, therefore, cannot be the payors, and we must
look to the investment companies= locations to determine how the investment earnings should be
apportioned.
The Comptroller, on the other hand, argues that section 171.1121(b) essentially provides
no guidance for determining the location of the payor. Thus, the Comptroller may use its own methods to
determine the location of the payor, and those methods must be affirmed if reasonable. The majority agrees
with the Comptroller=s argument and holds that the Comptroller=s method of determining the location of the
payor is a reasonable one. I would hold that not only does section 171.1121(b) indeed direct the
Comptroller to use federal income tax accounting methods to determine how to apportion investment
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earnings, but also that even without resorting to federal accounting methods, the trusts are not Apayors@ for
purposes of the location of the payor rule.
Section 171.1121(b)
The Comptroller argues, and the majority agrees, that section 171.1121(b) Amerely requires
corporations to apply the same accounting method (e.g., the installment method, the percentage of
completion method) when calculating both reportable federal taxable income and the >gross receipts= it uses
in the apportionment factor of section 171.106.@ Id., slip op. at 15. This construction, however, is flawed
in two respects: (1) it renders subsection (b) of section 171.1121 redundant of subsection (a) of that same
statute, and (2) it ignores the meaning of the term Aapportion.@
The majority maintains that subsection (b) does not address Asourcing of receipts@ but rather
is intended to clarify that the method used to determine taxable earned surplus should be the same as the
one used to determine gross receipts. Id., slip op. at 15-16. But subsection (a) of the statute already
directs taxpayers to do so. It provides that gross receipts mean all revenue reportable by a corporation on
its federal tax return. Tex. Tax Code Ann. ' 171.1121(a) (West 2002). And taxable earned surplus is
determined by adjusting the amount of a corporate taxpayer=s reportable federal taxable income. Id. '
171.110(a) (West Supp. 2004). Gross receipts do not include revenues not included in taxable earned
surplus. Id. ' 171.1121(a). In other words, gross receipts must be calculated consistently with taxable
earned surplus. This is spelled out in subsection (a), not subsection (b).
Subsection (b), on the other hand, speaks specifically to Aapportionment,@ not to calculating
gross receipts consistently with taxable earned surplus. Apportion is defined in the taxation context as A[t]he
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act of allocating or attributing moneys or expenses in a given way, as when a taxpayer allocates part of
profits to a particular tax year or part of the use of a personal asset to a business.@ Black=s Law
Dictionary 96-97 (7th ed. 1999) (emphasis added). Attribute is defined as A2. to explain as caused or
brought about by: regard as occurring in consequence of or on account of; . . . 3. to regard as possessed,
owned, originated, characterized, or described as indicated . . . .@ Webster=s Third New International
Dictionary 142 (1961). This definition is consistent with the Alocation of the payor@ rule; that is, in order to
determine to whom the investment earnings should be attributed and accordingly how they should be
apportioned, we should first determine who Acaused@ or Abrought about@ those investment earnings. And
according to subsection (b) of section 171.1121, we should rely on federal accounting methods to do so.
There is nothing in section 171.1121 or elsewhere in the Franchise Tax Act that supports
the Comptroller=s contention that the term Aapportion@ as used in section 171.1121(b) means to calculate
gross receipts consistently with taxable earned surplus. In fact, the legislature used Aapportion@ throughout
the Act to refer to the allocation or attribution of receipts to Texas versus elsewhere and to particular
entities. See, e.g., Tex. Tax Code Ann. '' 171.1032, .1051, .106 (West Supp. 2004). Even within
section 171.1121, the legislature uses Aapportion@ in subsection (e) to refer to the assignment of a
corporation=s share of a partnership=s gross receipts to that corporation. Id. ' 171.1121(e). We should
not construe subsection (b) any differently.
Federal Accounting Methods
It is without dispute that funeral trusts are Agrantor@ trusts.1 The Internal Revenue Code
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requires the grantor or owner of any portion of a grantor trust to include in his taxable income any items of
income attributable to his portion of the trust. I.R.C. ' 671 (West 2002); Treas. Reg. ' 1.671-2 (2003).
Because the funeral homes established the trust accounts, they are considered the grantors or settlors of the
trusts. Hopkins v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 144 F.2d 683, 690 (6th Cir. 1944). Thus, they
must report as taxable income any income attributable to the portion of the trusts that they own.
Payments deposited into the trust accounts, or the trust Acorpus,@ are refundable; that is, the
purchaser of the pre-paid funeral services may revoke the corpus trust. Thus, the funeral homes cannot
withdraw any contractual payments from the trusts until after the purchaser dies, the funeral service is
completed, and certain required forms are presented to the depositary. Accordingly, the funeral homes do
not recognize any payments deposited in the trust accounts as taxable income until after the purchaser has
died and the funeral services have been provided. These contractual payments, however, yield Aearnings@
once they have been invested in marketable securities by the trusts. Earnings are Athe amount in an account
in excess of the amount paid by the purchaser of a prepaid funeral benefits contract that is deposited in the
account . . . including accrued interest, accrued income, and enhanced or increased value.@ Tex. Fin. Code
Ann. ' 154.002(4) (West Supp. 2004). These earnings are non-refundable and thus irrevocable by the
purchaser; even if the purchaser revokes the funeral services agreement, he may recover the amounts paid
under the contract, but not the earnings or enhanced value of those payments. The funeral homes are
therefore treated as the grantors or owners of the trusts and recognize the earnings as taxable income on an
annual basis. This is so even though the funeral homes typically may not withdraw those earnings from the
trust accounts until after the funeral services are delivered or the corpus is returned.
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Income received by a grantor trust is treated as if it had been received directly by the
grantor or owner. The funeral homes, for example, must treat investment earnings on the trust corpus as
though they received the earnings directly from the corporations that pay them into the trust accounts,
regardless of when the funeral homes actually withdraw the earnings from those trust accounts. In other
words, income earned on investments held in a grantor trust is treated as Aflowing through@ the trust as if the
trust did not exist. If we apply this federal accounting method, as section 171.1121(b) of the tax code
requires us to do, the result is that the grantor trust must be treated as a Aflow-through@ entity rather than as
a payor of investment proceeds. The trusts never own the investment proceeds; rather the earnings pass
directly from the paying corporations to the owner or grantor of the trust, in this case the funeral homes.
Thus, those corporations are the Apayors@ for purposes of the location of the payor rule, not the flow-
through trusts, and we should look to the location of those paying corporations to determine how to
apportion the earnings, instead of looking to the location of the trusts.
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Business in Texas
Even if I were to agree that the tax code does not require the Comptroller to apply the
federal method of treating grantor trusts as flow-through trusts rather than as payors, as the majority holds, I
would still hold that the trusts in this case cannot be characterized as the payors for purposes of the location
of the payor rule. The trusts do not generate the investment earnings. Nor do they have any discretion as to
how much of those earnings are to be paid to the trust grantors or when those earnings should be paid.
Thus, I would hold that the trusts are not payors and the investment earnings are not a result of business
done in this state.
Finally, to the extent there is any doubt concerning the construction of section 171.1121(b),
I would hold that the provision is ambiguous and apply the rule that courts strictly construe the applicability
of taxation against the taxing authority and in the taxpayer=s favor. See Calvert v. Texas Pipe Line Co.,
517 S.W.2d 777, 781 (Tex. 1974); Texas Utils. Elec. Co. v. Sharp, 962 S.W.2d 723, 726 n.4 (Tex.
App.CAustin 1998, pet. denied).
In sum, I would hold that the trusts are not payors for the purposes of the location of the
payor rule. Thus, I would look to the location of the paying corporations to determine if investment earnings
should be apportioned as receipts from business done in this state. Accordingly, I would sustain the funeral
homes= issue and reverse the district court=s judgment.
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David Puryear, Justice
Before Justices Kidd, Puryear and Pemberton
Filed: August 12, 2004
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