TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-06-00220-CV
Clarence Davis, Appellant
v.
Mary Ellen Davis, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LLANO COUNTY, 33RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 14,237, HONORABLE DONALD V. HAMMOND, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Clarence Davis appeals a final decree of divorce. The case was tried to the
court without a jury. After hearing the evidence, the trial court entered judgment granting the
divorce and dividing the marital estate in the manner requested by appellee Mary Ellen Davis. At
the request of Clarence Davis, the trial court also entered findings of fact and conclusions of law
supporting the final decree. These findings and conclusions also favored Mary Ellen Davis.
Clarence Davis asserts error on two grounds: (1) the trial court erred in setting aside a “Gift Deed”
signed by Mary Ellen Davis in August 2002 conveying her one-half community interest in the
couple’s homestead to Clarence; and (2) the trial court abused its discretion by failing to divide the
marital estate in a manner that is just and right. We affirm.
Clarence and Mary Ellen Davis were married on January 8, 1947. They have three
adult children. In 2002, Mary Ellen filed for divorce and left the homestead, taking $74,000 in cash
out of the couple’s joint bank accounts. Within a few months, Mary Ellen decided to return to the
homestead and reconcile with Clarence. Mary Ellen testified that, at that time, she had serious health
problems, and had received a diagnosis that she likely had ovarian cancer. She said that she “felt like
she was going to die.” Both Clarence and Mary Ellen testified that as a condition of reconciling and
allowing her to return to the homestead, Clarence required Mary Ellen to sign a “Gift Deed”
conveying her community interest in the homestead to Clarence and reserving a life estate for Mary
Ellen. Mary Ellen also agreed to return $64,800 of the cash she had taken from their accounts. At
trial, Clarence testified that, in exchange for the gift deed and reconciliation, he agreed to pay her
living expenses and allow her “to keep her social security” checks. On August 7, 2002, Clarence and
Mary Ellen went to the office of an attorney hired by Clarence to draft the gift deed. Mary Ellen
testified that, although the attorney was away from his office, she signed the deed. Mary Ellen
neither sought nor received counsel regarding her interest in the couple’s homestead, nor did she
have the gift deed explained to her by anyone other than Clarence. In September 2002, also at the
request of Clarence, Mary Ellen signed a bill of sale transferring her interest in most of the couple’s
other community assets—including vehicles, livestock, and all cash holdings—to Clarence in
exchange for the stated consideration of ten dollars.1 Mary Ellen did not seek or obtain advice
regarding the execution of the bill of sale.
Circumstances between the two deteriorated, and Mary Ellen filed for divorce again
in September 2004. This time Clarence filed a counterpetition as well. After a bench trial, the trial
1
The trial court also set aside the bill of sale as the product of undue influence. Clarence
does not challenge this finding on appeal.
2
court set aside the August 2002 gift deed and September 2002 bill of sale finding that Clarence
“exercised undue influence against and upon” Mary Ellen. The court then included the homestead
and other property that had been the subject of the gift deed and bill of sale as part of the couple’s
community property and divided the marital estate. The court awarded Mary Ellen a vehicle valued
at $1000, all amounts in one joint checking account totaling $313.97, and half of two other joint
accounts totaling $30,797.34. The court awarded Clarence the balance of the community property
including the couple’s homestead and most of the personal property. Finding that the community
estate had a cumulative value of $367,545.65—$250,000 of which was allocated to the homestead
property—the court ordered Clarence to pay Mary Ellen $151,661 to equalize the division of the
estate. The trial court also required Clarence to return to Mary Ellen separate property in the amount
of $14,000 cash.
Clarence first contends that “[t]he trial court erred in finding that the deed from
Appellee to the Appellant was a result of undue influence.” He argues that there is factually
insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding that the gift deed of August 2002 was the
result of undue influence.2 A party seeking to set aside an otherwise valid deed on the ground of
undue influence must prove: (1) the existence and exertion of an influence; (2) that operated to
subvert or overpower the grantor’s mind when the deed was executed; and (3) the grantor would not
2
Appellant’s brief does not state whether he challenges the factual or legal sufficiency of
the evidence of undue influence. His stated challenge is simply to the sufficiency of the evidence
to support the trial court’s finding. However, he seeks a remand rather than a rendition of judgment.
In light of this requested relief, we interpret his complaint as one regarding the factual sufficiency
of the evidence. See National Life and Accident Ins. Co. v. Blagg, 438 S.W.2d 905, 909 (Tex. 1969).
As a practical matter, our disposition of the factual sufficiency issue, by implication, suggests the
result of a legal sufficiency point had it been raised by the briefing.
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have executed the deed but for the influence. Dulak v. Dulak, 513 S.W.2d 205, 209 (Tex. 1974)
(quoting Rothermel v. Duncan, 369 S.W.2d 917, 922 (Tex. 1963)) (actions to set aside testamentary
grants in wills); Bradshaw v. Naumann, 528 S.W.2d 869, 871 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1975, writ
dism’d) (rules guiding determination of existence of undue influence apply substantially alike to
wills, deeds, and other instruments). Undue influence may be established by circumstantial
evidence as well as by direct testimony. Rothermel, 369 S.W.2d at 922.
Clarence challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the finding of
undue influence. In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we weigh and consider all the
evidence in the record. Holt Atherton Indus., Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 83 (Tex. 1992). When
reviewing a finding on which appellant bore the burden of proof, we will review the record to see
if some evidence supports the finding, then determine whether the finding is so contrary to the
overwhelming weight and preponderance of the evidence as to render the finding clearly wrong and
manifestly unjust. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001). We may not pass
upon the witnesses’ credibility or substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact, even if we
believe the evidence clearly supports a different result. Maritime Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971
S.W.2d 402, 407 (Tex. 1998).
The record reflects that when Mary Ellen sought to reconcile with Clarence in 2002
and return to the couple’s homestead she was suffering from severe health problems. She testified
that she had a heart attack at age 42 in 1976, two multiple bypass surgeries, and in the previous two
years before trial, a hysterectomy and an aortic aneurysm. Her health was deteriorating in 2002, and
she had recently received a diagnosis of likely ovarian cancer. She believed she was dying. Her
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summary was, “I was just sick and I just felt like if I was going to die I wanted to come home.”
Mary Ellen also testified that Clarence was very controlling and that “his word was the gospel.”
There was evidence that Clarence had a history of violence both with Mary Ellen and the couple’s
children, and that Mary Ellen was afraid of him. He had threatened family members with firearms
and physically assaulted Mary Ellen on several occasions. It is undisputed that when Mary Ellen
sought to return to the homestead Clarence required her to sign the gift deed and bill of sale as a
condition of allowing her to return. Mary Ellen stated that she did not understand the documents or
try to before she signed them. Clarence’s response is that Mary Ellen signed the gift deed and bill
of sale voluntarily in exchange for his agreement to reconcile and allow her to live in the homestead.3
He does not dispute, however, that the “agreements” were his condition of allowing her to return to
the homestead. This evidence does not overwhelm the countervailing evidence supporting the trial
court’s finding of undue influence. There is sufficient evidence for the trial court to have found that
Mary Ellen was in a particularly vulnerable state when she sought to return and that Clarence
exploited Mary Ellen’s illness, her ignorance of community property rights, her fear of him, and her
desire to be in her lifelong home at that time in order to obtain her signature on the conveyance
documents. We conclude that factually sufficient evidence supports the finding of undue influence
and that the finding is not manifestly unjust. We overrule the first point of error.
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Clarence contends that the “Gift Deed” was not actually a gift. He takes the position that
Mary Ellen’s interest in the homestead was conveyed to him in exchange for his agreement to
reconcile and continue the marriage. Therefore, he argues, the transfer of her real property interest
to him was not purely gratuitous because he conveyed consideration to Mary Ellen in the form of
agreeing to continue to be married to her. Clarence’s characterization of the “Gift Deed” transaction,
however, does not change the analysis with respect to undue influence in obtaining the deed.
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In his second point of error, Clarence contends that the trial court abused its discretion
by failing to order a just and right division of the community estate. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 7.001 (West 1998). In making a just and right division of the estate, the trial judge has wide
discretion in dividing the property. Murff v. Murff, 615 S.W.2d 696, 698 (Tex. 1981). On appeal,
there is a presumption that the trial court correctly exercised its discretion in dividing the property,
and the burden rests upon appellant to show from the record that the division was so disproportionate
as to be manifestly unfair. Law v. Law, 517 S.W.2d 379, 384 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1974, writ
dism’d) (citing Hedtke v. Hedtke, 248 S.W. 21 (Tex. 1923)). In reviewing the trial court’s judgment
for abuse of discretion, we examine whether the court acted in an unreasonable or arbitrary manner.
Beaumont Bank, N.A. v. Buller, 806 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 1991). The trial court, in performing
its fact-finding duties, is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and must make such
determinations in order to make its decisions. Raymond v. Rahme, 78 S.W.3d 552, 556 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2002, no pet.).
Clarence complains that key components of the marital estate, specifically the real
property, were overvalued by the trial court and, therefore, Mary Ellen received a disproportionate
allocation of assets because she was awarded cash rather than the real property. The court awarded
the bulk of the tangible community property (both real and personal) to Clarence, and required
Clarence to pay Mary Ellen $151,661.51 to equalize the division of the community estate in addition
to reimbursing her $14,000 as her separate property. Clarence contends that the trial court’s
overvaluation of assets awarded to him caused the cash payments required of him to “equalize” their
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shares of the community property to be too high. He complains specifically about the valuation of
the homestead, two horses, proceeds of a livestock sale, and their bank accounts.
The most significant disparity in the parties’ valuation of the community assets is
their valuation of the real property. The property is roughly twenty acres of land on the edge of the
southeast quadrant of Llano, Texas. It contains a house, guest house, barns, and other improvements.
It is also platted with a grid of streets that have not been cleared or paved. Mary Ellen claims that
the real property is worth $250,000 based on what she overheard Clarence tell a realtor he would
take for the property. Clarence claims that it is worth $111,780 based, he testified, on the valuation
by the appraisal district. He testified that one person made a tentative offer of $175,000, but did not
follow through and buy the property. Neither party offered an appraisal of the market value of the
property done by an expert. The record is, therefore, meager on this issue. Nonetheless, the trial
court has great discretion in determining the weight to be given to a witness’s testimony. Raymond,
78 S.W.3d at 555-56. We cannot reweigh the evidence. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d at 407. The trial court
was faced with two proffered valuations, both allegedly coming from Clarence, and neither
supported by customary expert valuation evidence. Under such circumstances, we cannot say that
the court abused its discretion by accepting Mary Ellen’s testimony over that of Clarence. Neither
is conclusive and the trial court was within its discretion to weigh the credibility of the two.
The court’s valuation of two horses—Grasshopper and an unnamed mare—is also
supported on this record. Mary Ellen testified that Clarence said Grasshopper was worth $10,000.
She testified that she had learned only in the previous week that Clarence had transferred the horse
to their daughter, Kay. Mary Ellen also testified that she and Clarence had owned a registered mare
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that was on the property when she left, though she did not know the mare’s whereabouts at the time
of trial. She testified that she had heard Clarence value the mare “somewhere in th[e] neighborhood”
of $5500. Clarence denied valuing Grasshopper so highly and testified that he valued the horse at
his purchase price of $1500. At trial, Clarence testified that he would have accepted a hypothetical
$5000 offer for Grasshopper, but that he had given the horse to their daughter. Clarence admitted
that he sold a mare for $750, put the money into his lockbox, and might have spent the $750 by the
time of trial. Kay testified that she did not know what value to place on Grasshopper, that she had
not heard her father do so, and that her mother was present more than a year before trial when her
father gave the horse to Kay and her husband for services rendered. Although equivocal, this record
does not require overturning the trial court’s fact-finding on either valuation.
Clarence complains that the trial court twice counted the valuation of four calves he
sold. He testified that he sold the calves for $2719 and either deposited the cash or kept it. He
contends that the proceeds should be part of the division of the bank accounts rather than being
assigned a separate value. Mary Ellen counters that there is no evidence that Clarence put the money
into the bank. We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court assigning a value to the proceeds of
the sale separate from the value assigned to the bank accounts.
Finally, Clarence complains that the bank accounts were assigned greater value than
they contained at the time of trial. When Mary Ellen filed this divorce suit in September 2004,
statements show that the couple had $25,276 at City National Bank and $53,501 at First State
Bank—a total of $78,777. At the time of trial in June 2005, Clarence testified that they had
$18,620.50 at City National and $10,031.55 at First State Bank—a total of $28,652.05. Clarence
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testified that he had withdrawn at least $36,000 that he kept in a lockbox, to which he had possibly
added the mare and calves sale money. He had spent some of that money. In its findings and
conclusions supporting the decree, the court assigned values of $22,094.68 to the City National
account and $39,500 to the First State account—a total of $61,594.68. There is no amount expressly
attributed to the cash in Clarence’s lockbox. The difference between the statement values of the
accounts on the trial date and the values assigned to the accounts by the trial court is $32,942.63,
which is less than the amount Clarence admitted to having removed from the accounts and hidden
in the lockbox. These figures indicate that the trial court included in the account figures amounts
that Clarence removed from the accounts. To the extent the trial court departed from the evidence
of the parties’ cash assets, it did so in a manner that favored Clarence. The court’s assessment of the
valuation of the accounts is not against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence in the
record of their cash holdings.
We conclude that the trial court’s division of the community estate is not
unreasonable or arbitrary. We overrule Clarence’s second point of error.
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
__________________________________________
G. Alan Waldrop, Justice
Before Justices Patterson, Puryear and Waldrop
Affirmed
Filed: February 15, 2007
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Clarence Davis v. Mary Ellen Davis
Combined Opinion