TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-07-00041-CR
The State of Texas, Appellant
v.
Jimmie Dale White, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 299TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 1030299, HONORABLE JON N. WISSER, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In June 2003, Jimmie Dale White was indicted for the murder of Michael Desjardins.
White was alleged to have committed the offense over seventeen years earlier, in May 1986. White
filed a motion to quash or dismiss the indictment on several grounds relating to prosecutorial
delay and attendant loss of witnesses and evidence. The district court granted White’s motion
and dismissed the indictment. The State appeals. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.01(1)
(West 2007). For the reasons explained herein, we will affirm the order.
SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION
Before turning to the merits of the State’s appeal, we address a cross-point raised
by White challenging this Court’s subject-matter jurisdiction.1 White urges that we lack jurisdiction
1
The State urges that we have no subject-matter jurisdiction to consider White’s complaint
because “there is no jurisdiction for an appellate court to consider a cross-point of error on an issue
because the clerk’s record establishes that the State failed to timely “make” its appeal within
fifteen days after the district court’s order, see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.01(d), or to file its
notice of appeal by that date. See Tex. R. App. P. 26.2(b). White observes that the State’s notice of
appeal bears a file stamp of January 18, 2007—the eighteenth day after the date of the district court’s
order—and does not indicate that the elected district attorney “made” the appeal by signing it on
an earlier date.
White advanced similar arguments in a previous motion to dismiss the State’s
appeal for want of subject-matter jurisdiction. See generally State v. White, 261 S.W.3d 65
(Tex. App.—Austin 2007, no pet.); State v. White, 248 S.W.3d 310 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007,
no pet.). We rejected White’s contentions that the notice of appeal was untimely filed under the
rules of appellate procedure, reasoning that rule 4.1(b) extended the filing deadline (which otherwise
would have fallen on January 15, a legal holiday) until January 18 because uncontroverted evidence
established that the clerk’s office had been closed on the 16th and 17th due to inclement weather.
Id. at 311-13; see Tex. R. App. P. 4.1(b). However, because “compliance with rule 4.1(b) does not
obviate the strict requirement of article 44.01(d) that the elected district attorney “make” the State’s
appeal—by signing or personally authorizing the notice of appeal—within fifteen days of the
not appealed by the State under Code of Criminal Procedure Article 44.01.” Whatever merit this
contention might have in other contexts, we disagree with the State that we lack jurisdiction to
consider White’s challenge to our subject-matter jurisdiction. To the contrary, as White observes,
it is fundamental that this Court always has subject-matter jurisdiction to determine its own
jurisdiction, and that this question can be raised at any time, by any party, or by the Court itself. See
Puente v. State, 71 S.W.3d 340, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 279
(Tex. Crim. App. 1993); State v. Guevara, 172 S.W.3d 646, 647 n.1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005,
no pet.).
2
trial court’s order,” White, 248 S.W.3d at 313 (citing State v. Muller, 829 S.W.2d 805, 810
(Tex. Crim. App. 1992)), and we could not discern from the record when the State’s appeal had
been “made,” we remanded to the district court to determine “[t]his unresolved fact.” Id. at 313-14.
On remand, the district court found that the elected district attorney had signed the notice of appeal
on the tenth calendar day after the date of the district court’s order. Accordingly, concluding that
the State’s appeal was both timely made and timely filed, we overruled White’s motion to dismiss.
White, 261 S.W.3d at 66-68.
In his cross-point, White urges us to revisit our previous analysis of his jurisdictional
challenge and in considering evidence beyond the face of the notice of appeal and the accompanying
certificate of service, both of which are dated January 18. For the reasons stated in our two prior
opinions addressing his motion to dismiss, we overrule White’s cross-point. We now turn to the
merits of the State’s appeal.
STATE’S APPEAL
The State contends that the district court erred or abused its discretion in dismissing
the indictment charging White with murder. “It is well established that there is no general authority
that permits a trial court to dismiss a case without the prosecutor’s consent.” State v. Mungia,
119 S.W.3d 814, 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Instead, a trial court’s decision to so act “is limited
to those actions authorized by constitution, statute or common law.” Id. (quoting State v. Frye,
897 S.W.2d 324, 330 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)). A trial court may be authorized to dismiss
an indictment as a remedy for a constitutional violation. Id. However, “[w]hile a trial court may
dismiss a charging instrument to remedy a constitutional violation, the dismissal of an indictment
3
is ‘a drastic measure only to be used in the most extraordinary circumstances.’” Id. (quoting Frye,
897 S.W.2d at 330). “Therefore, where there is no constitutional violation, or where the appellee’s
rights were violated but dismissal of the indictment was not necessary to neutralize the taint of the
unconstitutional action, the trial court abuses its discretion in dismissing the charging instrument
without the consent of the State.” Id. (citing State v. Terrazas, 962 S.W.2d 38, 42 (Tex. Crim. App.
1998)); see Ex parte Morales, 212 S.W.3d 483, 503 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, pet. ref’d) (reversing
district court’s dismissal of indictment when there was no constitutional violation).
In his motion to quash or dismiss the indictment, filed in July 2004, White argued
that the prosecution violated the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution and the Due Course
of Law Clause of the Texas Constitution due to the seventeen-year delay in filing charges and
intervening deaths of witnesses. White presented affidavits from his investigator and testimony in
two evidentiary hearings, held in August 2004 and January 2005, purporting to establish that as many
as twenty-seven witnesses who could have vouched for White’s whereabouts around the time of the
murder or had knowledge regarding other potential suspects had died during the intervening years.2
There was evidence that several of these potential witnesses had died during the 1980s or 1990s,3
2
Regarding pre-indictment delay, White’s primary theme in the district court was that, as
he put it, “[m]ost, if not all, of the cast of characters in this matter were and are homosexual men,
a number of whom would be able to corroborate portions of the Defendant’s defense but have died
in the intervening years.” White further asserted that because it was widely known during the 1980s
that this population was being decimated by HIV/AIDS, the State acted with bad faith, if not
deliberate intent to gain advantage, in delaying its investigation.
3
Or the record was silent as to when the witness had died. See Deeb v. State, 815 S.W.2d
692, 706 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (not considering potential testimony of deceased witness in speedy
trial prejudice analysis because “there was no proof that he died before or after appellant’s
indictment”).
4
although White presented proof that at least one witness—who, according to White’s investigator,
had been a frequent patron of a bar where White and the victim had been prior to the murder—had
died in 2004, after White’s indictment. In January 2005, White supplemented his motion with
case authorities regarding the implications of delay under both the Due Process Clause and the
Sixth Amendment. See, e.g., Taylor v. United States, 238 F.2d 259, 261-62 (D.C. Cir. 1956)
(holding that combination of pre- and post-indictment delay violated defendant’s Sixth Amendment
right to a speedy trial); see United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 321-22 (1971) (later
distinguishing between pre- and post-indictment delay and holding that the former implicates due
process, while the latter implicates the Sixth Amendment speedy trial protection).
In his supplement, White also asserted an additional argument that the passage of time
had resulted in the loss or destruction of exculpatory or potentially useful evidence. Specifically,
White urged the district court to infer from various circumstances that police investigators had
interviewed one of his former roommates from around the time of the murder—whom he termed a
“chief alibi witness”—and had failed to preserve evidence from that interview. White argued that
the State had violated his due process rights by failing to provide him exculpatory evidence as
required under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), or to preserve potentially favorable evidence,
as required by Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51 (1988). White conceded, however, that “[i]t is
impossible for the defense to show that the police department, in bad faith, intentionally destroyed
or lost the evidence of the interviews with the alibi witness as would be required under the federal
Youngblood analysis, nor can we specifically show that the information was exculpatory and
was withheld under Brady.” Nonetheless, White invoked the Due Course of Law clause of the
5
Texas Constitution and argued that it should be construed more expansively that its federal
counterpart to require a balancing test in which prosecutorial bad faith was only one of
several factors.
The district court took White’s motion under advisement and considered it for over
two years. In December 2006, White filed another affidavit from his investigator, who testified that
an additional witness—a former roommate of the deceased and alleged suspect in the murder—had
died in November 2006.
On December 31—during the waning hours of the presiding judge’s last day in
office4—the district court granted White’s motion to quash or dismiss the indictment. In its order,
the court purported to rely “on the grounds that under the provisions of the Texas and
U.S. Constitutions the defendant is unable to obtain a fair trial due to delay and the death of
innumerable necessary witnesses.” On the same day and shortly after filing its signed order,5 the
district court sent the following email to counsel:
Dear Counsel:
I have given this matter considerable thought during the past couple of years.
We have had extensive pretrial hearings, which have been supplemented with
affidavits from the defense. I have had two law clerks prepare memos, in addition
to the memos prepared by counsel. I must concede that I was leaning towards
denying the motion but, when the SOT v. Reedy[6] case was reversed and rendered
4
The longtime presiding judge of the 299th District Court, the Hon. Jon Wisser, did not seek
reelection to serve the term of office beginning January 1, 2007. Judge Wisser was succeeded by
the Hon. Charles Baird.
5
The order was filed-stamped on December 31, 2006, at 4:00 p.m. The email indicated it
was sent: “Date: 12/31/2006 5:08:55 PM.”
6
Reedy v. State, 214 S.W.3d 567 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. ref’d).
6
based on insufficient evidence, I thought I had best review all the material and think
a little longer. After re-reading US v. Marion,[7] US v. Lovasco,[8] and Taylor v.
US,[9] I am not convinced that the current law supports the defense. However, I do
not believe the defendants in those cases presented as strong a case as Mr. White. I
have tried ancient murder cases and have observed how difficult it is for juries to
ascertain the truth after an extensive passage of time even when the witnesses are still
available. At the proverbial “end of the day” I just do not believe that the defendant
could have a fair trial with the death of so many of the witnesses. I do not find that
the State was in any way at fault in this matter. Therefore, I reluctantly, and with
much hesitation, grant the defense motion to quash the indictment based on my
finding that under the 5th and 6th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and their
comparable provisions in the Texas Constitution. I do realize that in doing this I may
be doing something I dislike, which is making “new law.”
I apologize for the delay in making this ruling but this is a most difficult case.
The State brings four points of error challenging the district court’s order dismissing
the indictment. In its first point of error, the State asserts that the district court’s order “was
effectively an exercise of general authority not authorized by a particular constitutional provision,
statute, or rule of common law” because the district court, in the State’s view, did not specify any
particular constitutional provisions whose violation it was purporting to remedy by dismissal. The
State emphasizes what it terms the “nonspecific language contained in the order” and that the
district court did not respond to a “Motion Requesting Court to Give Grounds for Order” that the
State filed following the order. In this regard, the State also argues forcefully that the district court’s
email to counsel does not suffice as a statement of its grounds because “[t]he trial court’s email
communication to counsel was not entered of record in this case and is not part of the official ruling
7
United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307 (1971).
8
United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783 (1977).
9
Taylor v. United States, 238 F.2d 259 (D.C. Cir. 1956).
7
of the court.” (Emphasis in original). The State urges that “[a]llowing the trial court to dismiss an
indictment under these circumstances forces the State to engage in guesswork to determine the legal
basis for the dismissal and forces the State to present argument against any number of legal theories
that could have been the basis for the trial court’s ruling,” thereby rendering its right of appeal
“meaningless.”
On the other hand, the State concedes that the district court was not required to enter
conclusions of law—or findings of fact, for that matter—elaborating on the grounds for its ruling.
See Sovey v. State, 628 S.W.2d 163, 165 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1982, no pet.), which
the State cites for the proposition that “in general, there is ‘no statutory provision or other
requirement of findings of fact and conclusions of law with regard to preliminary motions in criminal
cases.’” Instead, the State argues only that the we should regard the district court’s order as an
exercise of general authority—that we should, in effect, presume that the order is not supported by
any valid legal theory—because the order does not specify any particular constitutional ground on
which it is based. This is the opposite of what our standard of review requires.
Contrary to the State’s assertions, we are to uphold the district court’s order if it
is supported by the record and correct under any theory of law applicable to the case. See, e.g.,
Armendariz v. State, 123 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d
539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). This principle applies regardless of the extent to which
the district court stated its legal grounds in its order or elsewhere, as we are to uphold the order on
any legal theory applicable to the case even if the court purported to rely on an erroneous legal
theory. Armendariz v. State, 123 S.W.3d at 404; see also Herndon v. State, 215 S.W.3d 901, 905
8
n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (in appeal from granting of new trial, acknowledging “the general rule
. . . that a trial court’s ruling will be upheld if it is correct on any applicable legal theory, even if
the court articulated an invalid basis. This is the ‘right ruling, wrong reason’ doctrine.”). These
principles—and the related principle that we should imply fact findings supported by the evidence
in support of the order—can create some challenges for appellants seeking to challenge an order
where no explanation of specific grounds is provided, as the State observes.10 In response to such
concerns, the Court of Criminal Appeals has required trial courts to prepare findings of fact and
conclusions of law in certain classes of cases.11 However, to date, the Court of Criminal Appeals
has not imposed such a requirement for orders quashing or dismissing a charging instrument, nor
has the State preserved any complaint regarding the absence of such findings or conclusions here.
10
White goes farther to suggest that the State waived its appellate complaints by failing to
secure findings of fact and conclusions of law from the district court, adding that the State’s “Motion
Requesting Court to Give Grounds for Order”was not accompanied by a “certificate of presentment”
to the district court. Although the absence of findings of fact and conclusions of law may create
certain challenges for appellants under the standard of review, see State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808,
819 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (suggesting that if the party with the burden of proof “loses in the
trial court and the trial court makes no explicit fact findings, then this party should usually lose on
appeal”), it is not a waiver of the right to appeal itself. See State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 686, 699
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (emphasizing that non-prevailing party does not forfeit right to appeal denial
of suppression motion by failing to request findings of fact and conclusions of law and that the
absence of findings would impact only the standard of review).
11
See Cullen, 195 S.W.3d at 698-99 (holding that trial courts must prepare findings of fact
and conclusions of law regarding rulings on motions to suppress upon request of losing party
to ensure “meaningful review”and that appellate courts are not “left in the unenviable position
of having to make assumptions about the reasons for the trial court’s decision.”); Gamble v. State,
484 S.W.2d 713, 715-16 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972) (requiring trial courts to state findings and
conclusions when revoking probation).
9
More to the point, there is no support for our easing the State’s burden on appeal merely by inverting
the presumptions in favor of the order’s validity, as the State proposes. We overrule the State’s first
point of error.
In its other three points of error, the State, in the alternative, challenges four legal
theories that, it acknowledges, could support the order. In its second point of error, the State
challenges whether the evidence supports the theory that pre-indictment delay resulted in a
deprivation of White’s rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments
to the federal constitution. See United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783, 790-91 (1977); Marion,
404 U.S. at 325; Ibarra v. State, 11 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). In its third point of
error, the State attacks the theory that White’s federal due process rights were violated by the failure
to provide him exculpatory evidence as required under Brady or the failure to preserve potentially
favorable evidence, as required by Youngblood. In its fourth point of error, the State disputes
whether either of these legal theories find any greater support in the counterpart protections of the
Texas Constitution. Regarding each of these grounds, the State, now assuming the district court’s
email to be part of the appellate record, portrays the district court’s statement that “I do not find that
the State was in any way at fault in this matter” as a factual determination that the court did not find
it acted intentionally or with bad faith in delaying investigation or in failing to preserve any potential
evidence. See Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 58 (requiring showing that State acted with bad faith in
destroying potentially useful evidence); Lovasco, 431 U.S. at 790-91 (requiring showing that State
delayed prosecution intentionally to gain tactical advantage); Ibarra, 11 S.W.3d at 193 (same).
10
During oral argument, the State also acknowledged another potential constitutional
ground for the district court’s order—the Sixth Amendment.12 See Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514,
522 (1972)) (observing that dismissal is “the only possible remedy” for violation of defendant’s
Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial). White’s arguments before the district court regarding the
implications of delay, as noted, referenced both the Due Process Clause and the Sixth Amendment,
and he presented evidence of both pre- and post-indictment prejudice from the deaths of potential
witnesses. See Marion, 404 U.S. at 321-22 (post-indictment delay implicates Sixth Amendment);
Dragoo v. State, 96 S.W.3d 308, 316 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 532))
(describing impairment of one’s defense as the most serious type of prejudice evaluated under
speedy trial analysis “because the inability of a defendant adequately to prepare his case skews the
fairness of the entire system.”). Furthermore, to the extent the district court’s email is considered,
we observe that the court cited to Taylor v. United States, which relied on both pre- and post-
indictment delay in dismissing an indictment under the Sixth Amendment. Taylor, 238 F.2d at 261-
62. Although the Sixth Amendment was among the constitutional grounds before the district court
(and even while the State acknowledges that it was a possible basis for the order), the State
has not challenged this ground beyond a single sentence in a post-submission brief: “To the extent
the trial court based the dismissal of the indictment on the 6th Amendment, the Supreme Court
has declined to extend the protections of that Amendment to pre-indictment delay.” See Marion,
12
The district court also had before it evidence that Mr. White had been diagnosed with
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig’s disease) in 1993, that his condition was
progressively worsening, that the condition would inevitably be fatal, and that Mr. White had already
outlived the average life expectancy for persons afflicted with the disease. Neither party has argued
that this was a basis for the district court’s ruling.
11
404 U.S. at 321-22. Although disputing whether pre-indictment delay can support dismissal
of the indictment on Sixth Amendment grounds, the State has not challenged whether White’s
evidence of prejudice from post-indictment delay—which, as the State acknowledges, is relevant
only to a Sixth Amendment violation, see Marion, 404 U.S. at 321-22—established a violation of
that provision.
As this unchallenged ground could alone support dismissal, we affirm the
district court’s order. See, e.g., Gobell v. State, 528 S.W.2d 223, 224 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975) (where
unchallenged alternative ground for probation revocation supported order, points of error challenging
other grounds “even if correct, would not show an abuse of discretion”).13 Alternatively, to the
extent any of the State’s arguments could somehow be construed as addressing this ground, we
conclude such assertions are inadequately briefed and, therefore, are waived. Tex. R. App. P.
38.1(e), (f), (h); see Busby v. State, 253 S.W.3d 661, (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (“This Court has
no obligation to construct and compose appellant’s issues, facts, and arguments ‘with appropriate
citations to authorities and to the record.’”). We need not reach the State’s points of error
challenging other grounds for the order.
13
Cf. Wortham v. Dow Chem. Co., 179 S.W.3d 189, 202-03 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (upholding summary judgment in civil case based on unchallenged
grounds); Holloway v. Starnes, 840 S.W.2d 14, 23 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, writ denied)
(regardless whether unchallenged summary-judgment ground was proper or improper, it supported
the judgment).
12
__________________________________________
Bob Pemberton, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Puryear and Pemberton
Affirmed
Filed: December 18, 2008
Do Not Publish
13
State v. Jimmie Dale White
Combined Opinion