TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-08-00292-CV
Mary Park, Appellant
v.
Western Union Financial Services, Inc., Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 201ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-GN-07-000136, HONORABLE ORLINDA NARANJO, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Mary Park appeals from the trial court’s summary judgment granting the petition for
bill of review filed by appellee Western Union Financial Services, Inc. (“Western Union”) and
overturning a default judgment Park had previously obtained against Western Union in a
garnishment action. Because we conclude that the trial court did not err in granting the petition for
bill of review, we affirm the summary judgment.
BACKGROUND
In February 2005, Park obtained a default judgment for $365,500 against a debt
collector and its principals for, among other things, violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices
Act. See 15 U.S.C.A. §§ 1692-1692p (West 2009). This judgment, to which Western Union was
not a party, was issued by the 126th District Court of Travis County. In June 2005, Park filed an
application for writ of garnishment in the 353rd District Court of Travis County against
Western Union and other financial institutions she believed to be holding assets of the judgment
debtors. On August 4, 2005, Park filed a motion to sever her garnishment action against
Western Union. That same day, the action against Western Union was severed and assigned to the
201st District Court of Travis County, and Park obtained a default judgment against Western Union
in the 201st District Court.
On January 18, 2007, Western Union filed the petition for bill of review giving rise
to this appeal.1 In the bill-of-review proceeding, Western Union filed two motions for summary
judgment asserting that Park’s default judgment was void. In its first motion, Western Union argued
that service on Western Union in the underlying default judgment was fatally defective. After
permitting Park to amend proof of service, the trial court denied this motion for summary judgment.
In its second motion, Western Union argued that neither the 353rd District Court nor the
201st District Court, to which the garnishment action against Western Union had been severed, had
subject-matter jurisdiction over the garnishment action because the court that issued the original
judgment, the 126th District Court, had exclusive jurisdiction over the ancillary garnishment
proceeding. After a hearing, the trial court granted the second motion for summary judgment and
vacated Park’s default judgment against Western Union. This appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
When a trial court grants summary judgment on a petition for bill of review, the
summary-judgment standard of review applies. See Wolfe v. Grant Prideco, Inc., 53 S.W.3d 771,
773 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied). Summary judgments are reviewed de novo.
1
Western Union’s petition for bill of review was originally filed in the 98th District Court
of Travis County, but was transferred on Western Union’s motion to the 201st District Court.
2
Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). To prevail on a motion for
summary judgment, the movant must show that there is no issue of material fact and that it is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law. TX Far West, Ltd. v. Texas Invs. Mgmt., Inc., 127 S.W.3d 295, 301
(Tex. App.—Austin 2004, no pet.). Evidence favorable to the non-movant is taken as true and
every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any doubts resolved in
its favor. Id.
DISCUSSION
Transfer of Bill of Review
In her first issue on appeal, Park argues that the trial court erred in even considering
Western Union’s petition for bill of review because it was initially filed in the 98th District Court,
rather than the court that issued the underlying default judgment against Western Union, the
201st District Court. A bill of review “is an independent action brought to set aside a judgment that
is no longer appealable or subject to challenge by a motion for new trial,” and must be filed in the
same judicial district that rendered the judgment under attack. Richards v. Commission for Lawyer
Discipline, 81 S.W.3d 506, 508 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.). However, while
Western Union’s bill of review was initially filed in the 98th District Court, it was subsequently
transferred to the 201st. Jurisdiction properly attached at the time of the transfer. See Solomon,
Lambert, Roth & Assocs. v. Kidd, 904 S.W.2d 896, 902 n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995,
no writ) (noting that bill of review filed in wrong court could have been transferred to court with
jurisdiction); see also Texas Employers’ Ass’n v. Cashion, 130 S.W.2d 1112, 1113 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Dallas 1939, writ ref’d) (reversing dismissal of bill of review filed in wrong district court and
subsequently transferred to proper court). As a result, Park’s first issue is overruled.
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Transfer of Garnishment Action
In her second issue on appeal, Park argues that the trial court erred in granting
Western Union’s motion for summary judgment because, while her garnishment action was initially
filed in a court lacking subject-matter jurisdiction, her subsequent transfer of the suit to the
126th District Court cured any jurisdictional impediment. A garnishment action is not an original
suit, but an ancillary proceeding that takes its jurisdiction from the underlying suit. See Baca
v. Hoover, Bax, & Shearer, 823 S.W.2d 734, 738 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992,
writ denied). Only the court in which the original suit was brought has subject-matter jurisdiction
over the garnishment action. King & King v. Porter, 252 S.W. 1022, 1022 (Tex. 1923); see also
Murray v. Brisco, 209 S.W.2d 976, 977 (Tex. Civ. App.—Galveston 1948, no writ) (holding that
garnishment proceedings filed in court other than court of original suit “were absolutely void”).
In this case, the judgment underlying Park’s garnishment action was issued by the
126th District Court, while her garnishment action was filed in the 353rd District Court and then,
with regard to Western Union, severed to the 201st District Court. Because the 126th District Court
had exclusive jurisdiction over the garnishment action, the default judgment issued by the 201st was
void. See Cook v. Cameron, 733 S.W.2d 137, 140 (Tex. 1987) (op. on reh’g) (stating that judgment
is void when court rendering judgment lacked subject-matter jurisdiction).
Park argues that because she filed, and the trial court granted, a motion to transfer the
garnishment action from the 353rd District Court to the 126th, any jurisdictional defect was cured
at that time. This motion, however, was granted by the 353rd District Court on January 7, 2008,
more than two years after the garnishment action against Western Union was severed to the
201st District Court and the default judgment was rendered. Therefore, the 353rd District Court’s
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plenary power over the garnishment action against Western Union had long since expired at the time
it granted Park’s motion to transfer. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b (in absence of post-judgment motion,
trial court’s plenary power to vacate, modify, correct, or reform judgment expires 30 days after
judgment is signed); see also In re Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 35 S.W.3d 602, 605 (Tex. 2000)
(“After a trial court grants a motion to transfer venue, it retains plenary jurisdiction over the case for
thirty days.”).2 A trial court’s order issued after its plenary power has expired is void. See In re
Southwestern Bell, 35 S.W.3d at 605. Therefore, Park’s purported transfer of the garnishment
proceeding against Western Union to the 126th District Court is void and cannot cure the
jurisdictional defect. Park’s second issue is overruled.
Scope of Trial Court’s Review
In her third issue on appeal, Park argues that even if her purported transfer of the
garnishment proceeding to the 126th District Court did not remedy the jurisdictional issue, summary
judgment was improper because the trial court failed to limit its review to the four corners of the
default judgment being attacked.
Ordinarily, a petitioner for bill of review must plead and prove (1) a meritorious
defense to the cause of action alleged to support the judgment, (2) which the movant was prevented
from making by the fraud, accident, or wrongful act of the opposite party, (3) unmixed with any fault
or negligence on the part of the movant. Ortega v. First RepublicBank Fort Worth, 792 S.W.2d 452,
2
The fact that the garnishment action against the non-severed parties remained pending did
not preclude the final judgment against Western Union from triggering the expiration of plenary
power in the severed action. See Steel v. Rhone Poulenc, Inc., 962 S.W.2d 613, 617
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997) (holding that plenary power over severed action expired
30 days after judgment became final against severed defendants, despite fact that main suit remained
pending against other defendants), aff’d, 997 S.W.2d 217 (Tex. 1999).
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453 (Tex. 1990). However, when a bill of review complainant attacks a judgment on the ground that
the trial court lacks jurisdictional power to render it, the complainant is not required to prove the
elements of a bill of review. Narvaez v. Maldonado, 127 S.W.3d 313, 317 (Tex. App.—Austin
2004, no pet.).3 Because both Park and Western Union characterize Western Union’s jurisdictional
challenge as a collateral attack on the underlying default judgment, we will proceed under a
collateral-attack analysis.
In a collateral attack on a judgment, jurisdictional recitations in the judgment control
the rest of the record, and extrinsic evidence may not be used to establish a lack of jurisdiction. See
Narvaez, 127 S.W.3d at 317; Toles v. Toles, 113 S.W.3d 899, 914 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.)
(“A collateral attack fails if the judgment contains jurisdictional recitals, even if other parts of the
record show a lack of jurisdiction.”). In the present case, Park points to the language of the default
judgment stating that Western Union was “duly cited to appear,” and claims that this constitutes a
jurisdictional recital sufficient to defeat Western Union’s collateral attack and prevent the trial court
from looking to the record to determine jurisdiction. We disagree. For purposes of the summary-
judgment motion that gave rise to this appeal, Western Union’s jurisdictional challenge was based
on the argument that the 126th District Court had exclusive jurisdiction over the garnishment
proceeding. Despite Park’s assertions to the contrary, Western Union did not challenge, in the
relevant summary-judgment motion, whether it was duly cited to appear. Even if Western Union
had been properly served, the 201st District Court lacked jurisdiction to issue the default judgment.
3
Given that both of Western Union’s motions for summary judgment were based solely on
jurisdictional issues, the trial court did not consider whether Western Union had also established the
traditional requirements of a bill of review.
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As a result, the judgment at issue here does not include any jurisdictional recitation that would
control the rest of the record. See Toles, 113 S.W.3d at 914.
If a judgment subject to collateral attack does not affirmatively establish jurisdiction
or a lack thereof, a presumption in favor of the validity of the judgment applies. See Huffstutlar
v. Koons, 789 S.W.2d 707, 710 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1990, no writ). However, the Texas Supreme
Court has held that while a court must indulge all reasonable presumptions favorable to a judgment
under collateral attack, it must not “indulge a presumption that the record itself shows is untrue.”
Alfonso v. Skadden, 251 S.W.3d 52, 53 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam). Where the record affirmatively
reveals a jurisdictional defect, the presumption supporting judgments does not apply. See id. at 55
(citing White v. White, 179 S.W.2d 503, 506 (Tex. 1944) (“In order for a collateral attack to be
successful the record must affirmatively reveal the jurisdictional defect.”)). In the present case, then,
the trial court was not only permitted to review the entire record in determining the jurisdictional
question, but was obligated to do so under Alfonso. 251 S.W.3d at 55.
Park’s third point of error, arguing that the trial court erred in failing to limit its
review to the four corners of the default judgment at issue in this case, is overruled.
Jurisdictional Defect Apparent from the Record
In her fourth point of error, Park argues that even if the trial court did not err in
looking outside the four corners of the default judgment, the record before the 201st District Court
in the garnishment action does not affirmatively demonstrate a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
According to Park, nothing in the record before the 201st District Court indicates that the original
judgment giving rise to the garnishment proceeding had been rendered by the 126th District Court.
Our review of the record reveals otherwise. Specifically, Park’s original application for writ of
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garnishment, filed in the 353rd District Court, expressly states that the requested writ is based on the
judgment rendered in “Cause No. GN303439, 126th Judicial District, Travis County, Texas.”
Meanwhile, the order severing the action against Western Union to the 201st District Court
specifically orders that a copy of Park’s original application for writ of garnishment be included in
the record for the severed proceeding against Western Union. Thus, the record before the
201st District Court reflects that Park’s original judgment was rendered by the 126th District Court,
and therefore that the 126th District Court had exclusive jurisdiction over Park’s garnishment
proceeding. Because the jurisdictional defect is clear from the record properly before the
201st District Court, Park’s fifth point of error is overruled. In light of our disposition of this issue,
we need not reach Park’s sixth point of error, arguing that the trial court was prohibited from looking
outside the record of the garnishment proceeding to determine whether jurisdiction was proper. As
discussed above, the jurisdictional defect is apparent from the record of the garnishment proceeding.
Having overruled each of Park’s points of error on appeal, we hold that the trial court
did not err in granting Western Union’s second motion for summary judgment. As a result, we need
not reach Western Union’s cross-points regarding its first motion for summary judgment.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
___________________________________________
Diane M. Henson, Justice
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Waldrop and Henson
Affirmed
Filed: October 30, 2009
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