Opinion by: Sarah B. Duncan, Justice
Concurring opinion by: Phil Hardberger, Chief Justice
Sitting: Phil Hardberger, Chief Justice
Tom Rickhoff, Justice
Sarah B. Duncan, Justice
Delivered and Filed: August 23, 2000
I reluctantly concur in the majority's judgment. Existing law compels our reversal of the trial court's order denying arbitration. The result is that Pennzoil gets the best of both worlds: discovery and arbitration. In this case, the stringent burden of proof Arnold was required to meet to prove waiver, coupled with the fact that Pennzoil filed its motion for summary judgment "subject to" its motion to compel, preclude this court from affirming the trial court's order. But the trial court's ruling is more equitable than our own.
During oral argument, Pennzoil's attorney stated that Pennzoil filed its motion for summary judgment "subject to" its motion to compel, and Pennzoil had no control over the order in which the motions were considered by the trial court. Pennzoil filed the motions on the same day and requested the trial court to set the motions for hearing on the same day. This is no accident. Pennzoil could have requested that the motion to compel be set for a hearing on a date prior to the date the motion for summary judgment was set. Pennzoil chose not to, but the choice is understandable. In this case, it allowed Pennzoil an opportunity to obtain a summary judgment or, if that failed, to compel arbitration. We have no reporter's record from the hearing on the motions, so we cannot ascertain whether Pennzoil requested the trial judge to decide the motion to compel first. We do know that the trial judge decided the motion for summary judgment before it ruled on the motion to compel. And, we know that the trial judge ruled against Pennzoil, denying it the requested summary judgment. Had the trial judge ruled otherwise, we would not be addressing the order on the motion to compel today.
Although the issue of whether a party has waived its right to arbitration is one of law, the findings upon which the conclusion is based are predicated on questions of fact, which may not be overturned unless clearly erroneous. See Price v. Drexel Burnham Lambert, Inc., 791 F.2d 1156, 1159, 1162 (5th Cir. 1986). The predicate questions of fact are: (1) has the party seeking arbitration substantially invoked the judicial process; and (2) was the other party prejudiced. See In re Bruce Terminix Co., 988 S.W.2d 702, 704 (Tex. 1998).
The majority makes short work of the first predicate question -- whether Pennzoil substantially invoked the judicial process. Pennzoil served discovery, participated in depositions, participated in a docket control conference, paid a jury fee, moved for an extension of the trial date, obtained hearings on discovery matters, entered into an agreed discovery order, and filed a no evidence motion for summary judgment "subject to" its motion to compel. A party may not move for summary judgment on the basis of no evidence until after an adequate time for discovery. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i). In filing its motion for summary judgment, therefore, Pennzoil was convinced that an adequate time for discovery had passed. The trial court considered all of the evidence obtained by Pennzoil through discovery and the other actions Pennzoil had taken in ruling on the motion to compel. In view of this evidence and Pennzoil's actions, the trial court impliedly found that Pennzoil substantially invoked the judicial process. I agree.
The majority's opinion relies on the existence of a second defendant in the lawsuit to hold that Arnold failed to establish the second required fact necessary to find waiver -- that Arnold was prejudiced. Ironically, however, the second defendant, Golden West, also wants to be a party to the arbitration, and under principles of equitable estoppel, Golden West may succeed. See Grigson v. Creative Artists Agency, Inc., 210 F.3d 524, 527-31 (5th Cir. 2000); MS Dealer Service Corp. v. Franklin, 177 F.3d 942, 947-48 (11th Cir. 1999). If Golden West is successful, Pennzoil will have avoided waiver by relying on the presence of a second defendant, who will also become a party to the arbitration proceeding. I do not believe a defendant seeking arbitration should be permitted to rely on the presence of or actions taken by a second defendant if there is any possibility that the second defendant could also compel arbitration of its claims. To hold otherwise simply contributes to further gamesmanship. When our decision affects a party's fundamental right to present a case to a jury, such gamesmanship should not be tolerated.
Arnold loses because it failed to meet its burden of showing prejudice under existing law. In order to show prejudice, Arnold was required to show that the discovery undertaken prior to the date the motion to compel was filed would not have been permitted in arbitration. Although parties have no right to compel discovery in arbitration, the arbitration panel may subpoena documents and witnesses. See St. Mary's Medical enter of Evansville, Inc. v. Disco Aluminum Products Co., 969 F.2d 585, 591 (7th Cir. 1992); Burton v. Bush, 614 F.2d 389, 390 (4th Cir. 1980). There is no evidence in our record that the arbitration panel would not have permitted the same discovery that had been undertaken prior to the date Pennzoil filed its motion to compel.
Public policy favors arbitration. But there should be limits on when arbitration trumps the right to a jury trial. The developing case law permits a level of gamesmanship that should not be tolerated. While arbitration can be beneficial in some contexts, it has many disadvantages. See David F. Bragg, Binding Arbitration: A Wolf in Contract Clothing, in Univ. Tex. 10th Annual Conference on the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act (1998) (noting disadvantages to consumers due to absence of permissible discovery, expense, potential bias of arbitrators, absence of legal qualifications of arbitrators, limited review of arbitrator's decision, and secrecy of proceedings). Parties seeking arbitration should not be permitted to take advantage of both systems. Time and money should be a key consideration in examining prejudice even if a party potentially could obtain the same evidence in arbitration as it obtained before moving to compel arbitration. In this case, Pennzoil waited ten months and took several actions that caused Arnold to incur attorneys' fees in responding. The law should be more balanced in its consideration of the rights of both parties. A party should not be permitted to move forward with discovery to its benefit and shout "arbitration" whenever it is most advantageous.
PHIL HARDBERGER,
CHIEF JUSTICE
PUBLISH
1. The mandamus proceeding arises out of Cause No. 98-10-17,420, styled Arnold Oil Company, Inc. v. Pennzoil Company, Pennzoil Products Company and Texas Enterprises, Inc. d/b/a Golden West, pending in the 229th Judicial District Court, Duval County, Texas, the Honorable Alex W. Gabert presiding.