MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-02-00870-CV
James Bradley THOMASON
d/b/a Contract Products Services Network,
Appellant
v.
COLLINS & AIKMAN FLOORCOVERINGS, INC.,
Appellee
From the 285th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 1998-CI-13666
Honorable Patrick J. Boone, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Sitting: Sarah B. Duncan, Justice
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
Delivered and Filed: March 31, 2004
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART
The underlying lawsuit was brought by appellant, James Bradley Thomason d/b/a Contract Products Services Network, to recover commissions he alleges are owed to him by appellee, Collins & Aikman Floorcoverings, Inc. ("C&A"). C&A moved for summary judgment on several grounds, including that Thomason lacked standing to pursue his claims. The trial court rendered summary judgment in C&A's favor on the ground that Thomason was not the real party in interest to prosecute his claims against C&A and, thus, lacked standing to maintain his causes of action. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.
BACKGROUND
Thomason is a carpet manufacturer's representative. C&A manufactures and distributes carpets. In addition to its full-time exclusive sales employees, C&A also distributes carpets through non-exclusive sales agents (such as Thomason), who are paid commissions in the form of rebates. The State of Texas occasionally issues contracts under which government agencies purchase carpet at pre-negotiated prices, and carpet dealers bid for a position on the contract. The State awarded the first of these contracts in 1993 to a variety of vendors. At that time, Thomason worked for Interface Flooring Systems through which he developed a relationship with various architects and state officials.
In 1994, Thomason left Interface Flooring Systems and approached David Gant, a C&A regional manager. Thomason told Gant he was associated with Green Carpets, a carpet dealer that had won the contract in six of the seven geographical zones identified in the 1993 contract. According to Thomason, if C&A's products became recognized as meeting the contract's specifications, Green Carpets would then sell C&A products to state agencies. Gant and Thomason agreed C&A would compensate Thomason through rebate commissions earned from the sale of C&A carpets. Under the agreement, C&A would give Thomason the volume price for its products, and Thomason would market the products to buyers at an increased price and submit any purchase orders to C&A. C&A then would sell the product directly to the buyer, collect the purchase price, and remit to Thomason the difference between the volume price and the purchase price. Thomason was successful in obtaining recognition of C&A product specifications in the 1993 contract, and all sales of C&A products under the contract went through him. In 1996, the State of Texas re-bid its contract, and Thomason worked to ensure that C&A's product specifications were included in the contract. When the contract issued, C&A became one of the product suppliers to State agencies. Again, Thomason had an agreement with C&A as to the volume prices it would charge for carpets sold under the 1996 contract.
Also in 1996, Thomason began discussions with Steve Whitener, who worked for Green Carpets. Whitener agreed to leave Green Carpets and form a partnership with Thomason to be called Gomez Floor Covering ("Gomez"). Although there is a dispute over whether a partnership between Thomason and Whitener ever arose, Gomez was eventually formed. Thomason agreed to contribute to Gomez his profit margins on the carpet lines he represented under the 1996 contract in exchange for fifty percent of the profit Gomez received under the 1996 contract. In September 1996, Gomez became a listed dealer on the 1996 contract. Shortly thereafter, the relationship between Thomason and Whitener disintegrated.
In November 1996, Whitener filed suit, requesting a declaratory judgment that Thomason had no interest in Gomez or in any profits earned from the 1996 contract. A jury found in favor of Thomason and this court affirmed the judgment. See Whitener v. Contract Prod. Serv. Network, No. 04-98-00605-CV, 1999 WL 1020940 (Tex. App.--San Antonio Nov. 10, 1999, pet. denied) (not designated for publication). In February 2002, Thomason settled his claims against Gomez.
At about the time the deal between Thomason and Whitener fell apart, C&A began to deal directly with Gomez. At this time, C&A raised its volume price, and in doing so, according to Thomason, earned an additional $1.8 million in profits. When C&A refused to pay Thomason commissions based on these additional profits, he sued C&A alleging breach of contract, breach of agency relationship, breach of fiduciary duty and/or duty of good faith and fair dealing, unjust enrichment, constructive trust, and misappropriation. C&A filed a motion for summary judgment on Thomason's breach of agency claim, breach of fiduciary duty and/or duty of good faith and fair dealing claim, constructive trust claim, and misappropriation claim. After Thomason filed his Tenth Amended Petition, C&A filed an Amended and Restated Motion for Summary Judgment, incorporating by reference all arguments presented in its original motion. In its amended motion, C&A stated the parties had reached an agreement allowing C&A to amend its original motion for summary judgment "to include [Thomason's] claims against C&A for breach of contract and unjust enrichment . . . . and allow the trial court to rule upon all pending claims . . . including the causes of action for breach of contract and unjust enrichment, which had not been addressed in C&A's [original] motion [for summary judgment]." The amended motion was based solely on C&A's argument that Thomason lacked standing to pursue any of his claims against it. Based on C&A's standing argument, the trial court rendered judgment in C&A's favor, dismissing all of Thomason's claims against C&A. This appeal by Thomason ensued.
STANDING
In its amended motion for summary judgment, C&A asserted Thomason was not the proper party to assert claims against it. Instead, according to C&A, "the Gomez partnership [was] the only real party in interest" because (1) Gomez was the only entity with an agreement with C&A; (2) Gomez was the entity that received the 1996 contract; and (3) Thomason contributed all his commissions into Gomez, therefore, he has no individual justiciable interest in the subject matter of the litigation. (1)
Generally, an individual shareholder or partner may not sue for injuries done to the corporation or partnership. See Murphy v. Campbell, 964 S.W.2d 265, 268 (Tex. 1997) (corporation); Clary Corp. v. Smith, 949 S.W.2d 452, 462-63 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1997, writ denied) (partnership). C&A contends Thomason's "judicial admissions" made during the previous appeal establish that the Gomez partnership is the only real party in interest to this litigation. We disagree. At most, in its summary judgment, C&A established only that Thomason had an agreement with Gomez under which he would receive fifty percent of its profits and that Thomason believed he and Gomez had "a deal." Accordingly, C&A did not conclusively establish the existence of a partnership between Thomason and Whitener (2) or that Gomez was a partnership vested with any claim to Thomason's commissions. For these reasons, C&A did not establish, as a matter of law, its entitlement to summary judgment based on its argument that Thomason lacked standing. (3)
C&A'S OTHER GROUNDS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Alternatively, C&A asserts it is entitled to summary judgment on grounds raised in its motion for summary judgment but not addressed by the trial court. See Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 625-26 (Tex. 1996) (this court may consider grounds on which the trial court did not rule). In its motion for summary judgment, C&A asserted there was no evidence it and Thomason had a relationship sufficient to create duties underlying Thomason's claims for breach of agency relationship, breach of fiduciary duty and duty of good faith and fair dealing, and misappropriation. (4)
Breach of Fiduciary Duty and Breach of Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
Thomason alleged C&A breached its duties "due to the agency relationship and/or the confidential relationship based on Thomason's long-standing pre-existing relationship of trust and confidence with C&A." In its motion for summary judgment, C&A asserted there was no evidence of a relationship between Thomason and C&A that would give rise to a fiduciary relationship and there was no evidence of a breach of any fiduciary duty.
The acts of a party may breach duties in tort or contract, and it is the nature of the injury that often determines which duty or duties are breached. Jim Walter Homes, Inc. v. Reed, 711 S.W.2d 617, 618 (Tex. 1986). "When the injury is only the economic loss to the subject of a contract itself the action sounds in contract alone." Id. The duties Thomason alleges that C&A breached are based on C&A's agreement to pay him commissions. Thus, his claim for the economic loss suffered as a result of C&A's alleged failure to honor its agreement with him are not tort claims independent of any agreement between the parties. See Southwestern Bell Tel. v. DeLanney, 809 S.W.2d 493, 495 (Tex. 1991). Because Thomason's claims for breach of fiduciary duty and for breach of a duty of good faith and fair dealing are based on C&A's alleged failure to pay him commissions, summary judgment on these claims was proper.
Breach of Agency Relationship
In his petition, Thomason alleged he acted as an agent for C&A; therefore, C&A owed him a duty to inform him of any risk of pecuniary loss in his dealings with C&A. In its motion for summary judgment, C&A argued Thomason's breach of agency relationship fails because there was no evidence that Thomason was C&A's agent and no evidence of control by one party over another.
An agent is one who is authorized by another to transact business or manage some affair for him. Welch v. Coca-Cola Enters., Inc., 36 S.W.3d 532, 539 (Tex. App.--Tyler 2000, pet. withdrawn). The agency relationship does not depend upon express appointment or assent by the principal; instead, it may be implied from the conduct of the parties under the circumstances. Id. at 540; Carr v. Hunt, 651 S.W.2d 875, 879 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1983, writ ref'd n.r.e.). An agency may be implied from acquiescence, which exists when there is conduct from which assent may be reasonably inferred. Welch, 36 S.W.3d at 540; see also Carr, 651 S.W.2d at 879. The existence of an agency relationship may be established by circumstantial evidence based upon proof of all the facts and circumstances that shows the relationship of the parties and throws light upon the character of such relations. Welch, 36 S.W.3d at 540.
To prove agency, the evidence must establish that the principal has the right to assign the agent's task and to control the means and details of the process by the which the agent will accomplish that task. Schultz v. Rural/Metro Corp., 956 S.W.2d 757, 760 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.). Here, the summary judgment evidence at least raises a fact issue as to an implied agency. C&A's vice president for sales stated the company "would have referred to [Thomason], in maybe laymen's terms, as an agent. He was not a company employee." C&A does not dispute that it controlled the volume prices and specifications of the products Thomason marketed on its behalf. Accordingly, to the extent Thomason's claim for breach of agency relationship is based on allegations separate from his allegation that C&A did not pay him commissions, C&A did not establish, as a matter of law, its entitlement to summary judgment on Thomason's breach of agency claim.
Misappropriation
Thomason alleged C&A misappropriated the "fruits of [his] knowledge, work and efforts." In its motion for summary judgment, C&A asserted Thomason did not identify any work product that was actually misappropriated. We agree. An element of a claim for misappropriation is the creation of a work product. (5) U.S. Sporting Prods., Inc. v. Johnny Stewart Game Calls, Inc., 865 S.W.2d 214, 218 (Tex. App.--Waco 1993, writ denied). Thomason asserts the evidence of his work product is detailed in his affidavit. However, Thomason's affidavit provides no details about his "work product" except an explanation that he worked with a State of Texas representative regarding the specifications the State placed in its contract. According to Thomason, the State-specified requirements "would necessarily point to a [C&A] product." Thomason said he would argue for particular carpet specifications without denominating a brand, and by securing the State's approval of those specifications, the brand order could then only be filled by a C&A product. Although there is no doubt that Thomason's time, labor, and skill went into securing C&A's position on the 1996 contract, these efforts did not result in a "work product" subject to appropriation by a competitor. Accordingly, summary judgment on Thomason's misappropriation claim was proper.
Constructive Trust and Unjust Enrichment
In his Ninth and Tenth Amended Petitions, Thomason "sue[d] C&A in equity for money had and received and/or in quantum meruit," asserting C&A was unjustly enriched by accepting the benefits of his work. He also alleged he was entitled to a constructive trust for the difference between the prices C&A quoted to him and the prices C&A actually charged Gomez.
In its original motion for summary judgment, C&A argued Thomason was not entitled to a constructive trust because he did not allege any fraud on its part and because there exists no confidential relationship between the parties. In its amended motion for summary judgment, C&A argued it was entitled to judgment on all of Thomason's claims on the grounds that Thomason lacked standing. However, in neither motion did C&A challenge Thomason's entitlement to a constructive trust based on his claims for unjust enrichment or quantum meruit.
Constructive trusts are remedial in character and have the broad function of redressing wrong or unjust enrichment in keeping with the basic principles of equity and justice. See Ginther v. Taub, 675 S.W.2d 724, 728 (Tex. 1984). A constructive trust can arise when there is a fiduciary relationship, a promise, a transfer of property with reliance on the promise, or unjust enrichment. Castano v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 82 S.W.3d 40, 43 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2002, no pet.). Therefore, if Thomason established his claim for either unjust enrichment or quantum meruit, he may have been entitled to a constructive trust for the difference between the prices C&A quoted to him and the prices C&A actually charged Gomez. Because we conclude C&A was not entitled to summary judgment based on its standing argument, and because C&A did not otherwise negate the elements of Thomason's claims for unjust enrichment or quantum meruit, C&A is not entitled to summary judgment on these claims or on Thomason's claim for a constructive trust.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court's judgment in favor of C&A on Thomason's breach of fiduciary duty and/or good faith and fair dealing claim and his misappropriation claim. We reverse the trial court's judgment in all other respects and remand the cause for further proceedings.
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
1. On appeal, C&A asserts a different argument to support its assertion that Thomason lacks standing. C&A
contends Thomason assigned his commissions to Gomez; therefore, only Gomez may assert any rights to those
commissions. Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(c) requires that a summary judgment movant state the "specific
grounds therefor." Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). In its motion, C&A merely states that Thomason testified he "contributed
all of his profits, commissions, and efforts into the Gomez partnership and that he would not have sued C&A if he had
received half of the Gomez partnership profits." This statement is not sufficient to assert that an assignment occurred
nor is it sufficient to establish the elements of an assignment. Accordingly, we do not address C&A's assignment
argument because it was not raised before the trial court.
2. This court's opinion in Whitener v. Contract Products Services Network did not address whether Whitner
and Thomason formed a partnership or joint enterprise. See Whitener, 1999 WL 1020940, at *5 (Gomez failed to
preserve this issue for appeal).
3. On appeal, C&A also asserts that (1) its agreement with Thomason to pay him commissions deprives
Thomason of any standing to seek unjust enrichment damages; (2) Thomason's decision to assign his contractual rights
to Gomez terminated any agency relationship between Thomason and C&A; and (3) Thomason's decision to assign
his contractual rights to Gomez deprived him of standing to sue for misappropriation. To the extent our disposition
of C&A's standing argument does not otherwise dispose of these assertions, we do not address them here because C&A
did not raise these arguments before the trial court.
4. On appeal, C&A also asserts (1) Thomason cannot enforce the terms of any contract he had with C&A
because he assigned his commissions to Gomez; (2) there is no evidence that C&A and Thomason had a relationship
sufficient to give rise to a breach of contract claim; and (3) alternatively, the existence of any contract between
Thomason and C&A bars Thomason's quantum meruit and unjust enrichment claims. Again, to the extent our
disposition of C&A's standing argument does not otherwise dispose of these assertions, we do not address them here
because C&A did not raise these arguments before the trial court.
5. The elements are (1) the creation by plaintiff of a product through extensive time, labor, skill and money;
(2) the use of that product by defendant in competition with plaintiff, thereby giving the defendant a special competitive
advantage because he was burdened with little or none of the expense incurred by plaintiff in the creation of the
product; and (3) commercial damage to plaintiff.