i i i i i i
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-08-00193-CR
Daniel E. CAMPBELL,
Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the 226th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2006-CR-9645
Honorable Sid L. Harle, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Delivered and Filed: July 29, 2009
AFFIRMED
In four issues, Daniel Campbell appeals his manslaughter conviction. We affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
BACKGROUND
On August 15, 2006, Michelle Carrasco was found murdered in the vacant upstairs apartment
of a two-story duplex on Olive Street. When the police arrived, four residents of the downstairs
04-08-00193-CR
apartment were outside, including Tonya Campbell, Daniel Campbell’s wife. The residents told
police that they heard a loud thump upstairs and then saw someone running away.1 Campbell later
arrived at the scene and attempted to comfort Tonya, who was having a panic attack. The four
residents were interviewed by police that night. Tonya later told Campbell that the police wanted
to talk to him about the murder, and the next day he called the police, who picked him up and
brought him to the downtown station.
Upon arrival, Campbell was notified by Detective Manuel Nunez that he was under arrest
due to an active municipal warrant. Nunez read Campbell his Miranda warnings, and Campbell
answered “yes” when asked whether he understood his rights. The entire interview was video
recorded with audio. Nunez proceeded to question Campbell concerning his whereabouts on the day
of Michelle’s death. Approximately an hour later, Campbell asked for an attorney; Nunez
immediately stopped questioning him and escorted him to the restroom. Upon returning to the
interview room, Nunez handcuffed Campbell and began asking him routine questions in order to
complete the paperwork required for booking Campbell on the municipal warrant. When Campbell
asked Nunez what he was being arrested for, Nunez told Campbell that he could not talk to him
because he had requested an attorney. A few minutes later, Campbell asked Nunez for a piece of
paper. Nunez reminded Campbell that he could not talk to him unless Campbell was willing to
waive his rights. Nunez then asked Campbell whether he was waiving his rights, and he answered
1
… At trial, Sutherland “Kat” Harbour, one of the downstairs apartment residents, testified that Tonya had
concocted the story about hearing a loud thump and seeing someone run from the apartment, and convinced everyone
to lie to the police. Kat stated that she had been home with Tonya and the other two residents when Campbell, who also
lived in the downstairs apartment, had come home saying he had seen someone leaving the upstairs apartment; he went
upstairs to investigate, and found the body. Campbell was very calm and called the police, then fled, saying that he had
a warrant and could not be there when the police arrived.
-2-
04-08-00193-CR
“yes.” Campbell then told Nunez that he had intercourse with Michelle, a prostitute, but did not
know what happened to her after he left the apartment.
Shortly thereafter, Nunez removed the handcuffs, left the interview room, and Sargent
Thomas Matjeka entered. Matjeka had been watching most of the interview on closed-circuit
television, but stopped once Campbell invoked his right to counsel because he thought the interview
was over at that point. Matjeka told Campbell he would not charge him with a crime he did not
commit. Matjeka also told Campbell he did not believe that he intended to kill Michelle. Campbell
eventually confessed to causing the death of Michelle Carrasco and provided specific details that had
not been released to the media, such as the location of the stab wound and the identification of a
substance that was poured on her lower body. Campbell was released after taking police to the
location where he disposed of the knife he used to stab Michelle; he also took police to the location
where he hid the clothing he wore at the time of Michelle’s death. He was arrested for the murder
of Michelle Carrasco later that evening.
Prior to trial, Campbell sought to suppress his statement. After a hearing, the trial court
denied Campbell’s motion to suppress, and entered extensive findings of fact and conclusions of law
stating that Campbell was provided with the requisite Miranda warnings and that he agreed to waive
those rights, and that his statement was voluntarily given. The case was tried to a jury who
determined that Campbell was guilty of manslaughter and sentenced him to eighteen years’
imprisonment.
-3-
04-08-00193-CR
DISCUSSION
In his first three issues,2 Campbell contends the trial court erred in denying the motion to
suppress his statement because: (1) the police did not fully read him the warnings required by article
38.22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; (2) his statement was obtained after he clearly invoked his
right to counsel; and (3) the jury heard him invoke his right to counsel, thereby permitting an
inference of guilt.
Standard of Review
We review the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence for abuse of discretion,
using a bifurcated standard. See Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 88-89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997);
Martinez v. State, 275 S.W.3d 29, 34 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008, pet. struck). We give “almost
total deference” to the trial court’s findings of historical fact that are supported by the record and to
mixed questions of law and fact that turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Guzman,
955 S.W.2d at 89. We review de novo the trial court’s determination of the law and its application
of law to facts that do not turn upon an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Id. When the trial
court has not made a finding on a relevant fact, we imply the finding that supports the trial court’s
ruling, so long as it finds some support in the record. State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818-19 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2006); see Moran v. State, 213 S.W.3d 917, 922 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We will
uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is reasonably supported by the record and is correct under any
2
… In his first three issues, Campbell alleges that both his state and federal due process rights were violated;
however, because he presents no argument or authority that the Texas constitution provides different protection than the
federal constitution, we will make no distinction between his federal and state claims, and therefore analyze these issues
only for a violation of the federal constitution. Arnold v. State, 873 S.W .2d 27, 33 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Sturchio
v. State, 136 S.W .3d 21, 23 (Tex. App.— San Antonio 2002, no pet.).
-4-
04-08-00193-CR
theory of the law applicable to the case. State v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006).
Analysis
Campbell first argues his statement was involuntary because he was not contemporaneously
provided with the complete statutorily required language of section 38.22 of the Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure, and because it was obtained as a result of police coercion and deception. The
Code of Criminal Procedure (“the Code”) provides that, “A statement of an accused may be used in
evidence against him if it appears that the same was freely and voluntarily made without compulsion
or persuasion[.]” CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 38.21 (Vernon 2005). Article 38.22 of the Code
governs the admissibility of statements made by a defendant during custodial interrogation in a
criminal proceeding. Section 3 provides that an oral statement made by the accused during a
custodial interrogation is inadmissable in a criminal proceeding against him unless an electronic
recording of the statement is made after the accused has been given and waived the warning in
Subsection (a) of Section 2. CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 38.22 § 3(a) (Vernon 2005). Section 2(a)
requires that the accused be warned that: (1) he has the right to remain silent and not make any
statement at all and that any statement he makes may be used against him at his trial; (2) any
statement he makes may be used as evidence against him in court; (3) he has the right to have a
lawyer present to advise him prior to and during any questioning; (4) if he is unable to employ a
lawyer, he has the right to have a lawyer appointed to advise him prior to and during any questioning;
and (5) he has the right to terminate the interview at any time. CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 38.22
§ 2(a) (Vernon 2005).
-5-
04-08-00193-CR
Although Campbell contends he was not provided with the complete statutory warnings, a
review of the recorded statement shows that he was given the warnings required by section 2 of
article 38.22, and Campbell stated that he understood the warnings. As to whether Campbell’s
statement was the result of police coercion and deception, we examine the totality of the
circumstances and ask whether Campbell’s “will was overborne.” Creager v. State, 952 S.W.2d
852, 856 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Nunez did tell Campbell that his DNA was found on the victim’s
neck, however, “a misrepresentation relating to an accused’s connection to the crime is the least
likely to render a confession involuntary.” Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 100 (Tex. Crim. App.
1996) (holding that misrepresentation by police that an eyewitness to the murder existed did not
render confession involuntary because statement “directly relate[d] to appellant’s guilt”). Likewise,
the fact that Matjeka promised Campbell that he would not immediately be arrested for murder does
not render the confession involuntary. Campbell was allowed to leave the police station and was
arrested later that evening. Our review of the record fails to reveal evidence to suggest he was
coerced into making a statement, or that the police had an improper motive to get Campbell to
confess to the murder. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that
Campbell’s statement was voluntarily made.
In his second issue, Campbell asserts the trial court erred in failing to suppress the videotaped
statement because he clearly and unambiguously invoked his right to counsel and did not reinitiate
the interview of his own accord. If, at any time during an interview, an accused requests counsel,
police interrogation must cease until a lawyer has been made available or the accused himself
initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversation with the police. Edwards v. Arizona,
451 U.S. 477, 484-85 (1981); State v. Gobert, 275 S.W.3d 888, 892 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). The
-6-
04-08-00193-CR
Edwards rule was designed to protect an accused in custody from being badgered by police into
giving up his right to counsel. Oregon v. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039, 1044 (1983). A suspect,
however, can waive his previously invoked right to counsel if: (1) the suspect himself initiates
further communication with the authorities after invoking the right to counsel; and (2) after he
reinitiates communication with the authorities, the suspect validly waives the right to counsel. Cross
v. State, 144 S.W.3d 521, 526-27 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (citing Bradshaw, 462 U.S. at 1044-46).
If this two-step procedure is met, then the Edwards rule is satisfied and “the suspect has
countermanded his original election to speak to authorities only with the assistance of counsel.”
Cross, 144 S.W.3d at 527.
For a suspect to “reinitiate” communication with authorities, the suspect’s remarks must
“represent a desire . . . to open up a more generalized discussion relating directly or indirectly to the
investigation.” Bradshaw, 462 U.S. at 1045; Martinez, 275 S.W.3d at 35. In Bradshaw, the police
officer immediately terminated the interview after the suspect invoked his right to counsel.
Bradshaw, 462 U.S. at 1041-42. Before or during the suspect’s transfer from the police station to
the jail, the suspect asked the officer, “Well, what is going to happen to me now?” Id. at 1042. The
United States Supreme Court held that, “although ambiguous,” the suspect’s question “as to what
was going to happen to him evinced a willingness and a desire for a generalized discussion about the
investigation,” and therefore there was no violation of the Edwards rule. Id. at 1045-46. The Court
of Criminal Appeals has held that the critical inquiry in determining whether a suspect initiated
communication with law enforcement after invoking the right to counsel is whether the suspect was
further interrogated before he reinitiated conversation with law enforcement officials. Cross, 144
S.W.3d at 529.
-7-
04-08-00193-CR
Here, once Campbell told Nunez that he wanted a lawyer, Nunez terminated the interview.
Nunez escorted Campbell to the restroom. Upon returning to the interview room, Campbell was
given a phonebook in which to find a lawyer. When Nunez returned to the interview room,
Campbell informed him he could not afford a lawyer. Nunez handcuffed Campbell and began to ask
him routine booking questions pertaining to the active municipal warrant. Questions normally
attendant to arrest, custody, or administrative “booking” procedure do not constitute “interrogation”
for purposes of Miranda or Edwards. Pennsylvania v. Muniz, 496 U.S. 582, 601 (1990); Cross, 144
S.W.3d at 524 n.5. Campbell then asked Nunez what he was under arrest for. Nunez replied that
he could not talk to Campbell because he had requested an attorney. A few minutes later, Campbell
asked Nunez for a sheet of paper. Nunez again told Campbell he could not talk to him unless
Campbell wanted to waive his rights and talk to him. Campbell later explained that he asked for the
paper because he wanted Nunez to write down his statement.
Campbell’s questions to Nunez upon returning from the restroom reflect a desire to talk about
the investigation, and therefore he reinitiated communication with the police. Additionally, because
routine booking questions are not the equivalent of interrogation, Campbell was not further
interrogated by Nunez before reinitiating conversation with Nunez. See Cross, 144 S.W.3d at 529.
Thus, giving deference to the trial court’s factual findings, we hold that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in determining that Campbell initiated communication with Nunez. Because Campbell
initiated communication with Nunez, the first prong of Edwards has been satisfied. Id. at 527.
Further, Nunez told Campbell he did not have to talk to him, and asked whether he wanted to waive
his rights; Campbell clearly answered in the affirmative. Thus, the second prong of the Edwards test
was satisfied. Id. Accordingly, we overrule Campbell’s second issue.
-8-
04-08-00193-CR
Campbell next argues the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed the jury to hear
Campbell invoking his constitutional right to an attorney when the DVD was played. The State
responds that Campbell waived this argument by not objecting to the complained of portions of the
DVD on these grounds. See TEX . R. APP . P. 33.1. Alternatively, the State maintains there was no
error in admitting evidence of Campbell’s invocation of his right to an attorney because Campbell
voluntarily reinitiated communication with Detective Nunez, waived his rights, and then gave a
statement confessing to causing the death of Michelle Carrasco. We agree.
Evidence of invoking the right to counsel is inadmissible as evidence of guilt. Hardie v.
State, 807 S.W.2d 319, 322 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Applying similar reasoning, courts have also
held that the invocation of the right to remain silent cannot be admitted as evidence of guilt. See
Cooper v. State, 961 S.W.2d 222, 226 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. ref’d). However,
there is no error where the defendant subsequently waives the previously invoked right. See Garcia
v. State, 126 S.W.3d 921, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (holding that appellant waived his post-arrest
right to silence when he agreed to give a written statement); Salazar v. State, 131 S.W.3d 210, 215
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. ref’d) (noting that appellant was required to maintain post-arrest
silence in order to complain of improper comment on post-arrest silence). Accordingly, we hold the
trial court did not err in failing to suppress the recorded statement, including Campbell’s initial
invocation of the right to counsel where he subsequently waived that right. Campbell’s third issue
is overruled.
Lastly, Campbell contends the trial court abused its discretion in denying Campbell’s motion
for an instructed verdict because the evidence was insufficient to support the conviction of the
offense as charged. At the close of evidence, Campbell moved for an instructed verdict, contending
-9-
04-08-00193-CR
the evidence was insufficient to support conviction of murder by stabbing or choking. The trial court
overruled the motion. The indictment alleged that Campbell caused the death of Michelle Carrasco
by stabbing her with a knife and choking her with his hands; the charge was submitted in the
disjunctive. Campbell contends the evidence at trial showed that the cause of death was
strangulation from behind by ligature; however, the State’s theory of the case was that Campbell first
stabbed Michelle Carrasco, and when it was apparent she was still alive, choked her with his hands
from the front. Campbell maintains the State failed to prove either means of death because the
evidence showed a ligature was used and there was no evidence Michelle would have died from the
stab wound alone.
A challenge to the denial of a motion for instructed verdict is actually a challenge to the legal
sufficiency of the evidence. Gallardo v. State, 281 S.W.3d 462, 472 n.7 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2007, no pet). In performing a legal sufficiency analysis, we review all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict and ask whether any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a
reasonable doubt all of the elements of the offense. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).
The jury, as the trier of fact, is the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and of the strength of the
evidence. Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Jennings v. State, 107
S.W.3d 85, 88 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet.). Because it is the province of the jury to
determine the facts, any inconsistencies in the testimony should be resolved in favor of the jury’s
verdict. Fuentes, 991 S.W.2d at 271; Jennings, 107 S.W.3d at 88. In reviewing the denial of a
directed verdict, it is not the appellate court’s duty to “reweigh the evidence from reading a cold
record but to ‘position itself as a final, due process safeguard ensuring only the rationality of the
-10-
04-08-00193-CR
factfinder.’” Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 483 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (quoting Matamoros
v. State, 901 S.W.2d 470, 474 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)).
At trial, the medical examiner who performed an autopsy on Michelle testified that the cause
of death was strangulation and a stab wound to the chest. He could not confirm which occurred first.
He stated that the stab wound would not have resulted in instantaneous death, but was a rapidly fatal
wound. He further testified that a ligature was used to strangle Michelle, and that although he could
not say whether hands were or were not used, it was most likely that the strangulation was
effectuated by a ligature. He acknowledged that a necklace could be used as a ligature. The medical
examiner also testified that the evidence was consistent with the victim being choked by hands.
In his statement to police, Campbell said that Michelle had sex with him in exchange for
drugs. Afterwards, she asked for money, and when he refused, she became angry and came at him
with a knife. During the course of their struggle, he stabbed her with the knife. He then admitted
to squeezing her around the neck because he was angry with her for making him stab her. He stated
that Michelle wore a chain or necklace around her neck, which he later threw in a dumpster. He also
threw out her shorts, shirt, and sandals. He admitted to pouring “cooking stuff” on Michelle to get
rid of the DNA because they had had intercourse.
Reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, we conclude there
was legally sufficient evidence from which a rational factfinder could find beyond a reasonable doubt
that Campbell intentionally and knowingly caused the death of Michelle Carrasco by stabbing or
choking. The medical examiner could not rule out the use of hands to achieve strangulation and
Campbell stated that Michelle wore a chain or necklace around her neck, which could be used as a
-11-
04-08-00193-CR
ligature. Therefore, the trial court did not err in overruling the motion for instructed verdict.
Campbell’s fourth issue is overruled.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
DO NOT PUBLISH
-12-