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OPINION
No. 04-08-00311-CV
FIRE AND CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY OF CONNECTICUT,
Now Known As Security Insurance Company of Hartford,
Successor to Fire and Casualty Insurance Company of Connecticut,
Appellant
v.
Javier MIRANDA,
Appellee
From the 25th Judicial District Court, Guadalupe County, Texas
Trial Court No. 03-1336-CV
Honorable W.C. Kirkendall, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Sitting: Karen Angelini, Justice
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Delivered and Filed: May 6, 2009
REVERSED AND RENDERED
This is an appeal from the trial court’s judgment affirming a decision by the Appeals Panel
of the Texas Worker’s Compensation Commission (“TWCC”). The TWCC determined appellee
did not contract an occupational disease in the course and scope of his employment, but that
appellant waived its right to contest the compensability of appellee’s claimed injury by not disputing
the claim within seven days of receiving written notice of the claim. We reverse the trial court’s
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judgment and render a take-nothing judgment in favor of appellant, Fire and Casualty Insurance
Company of Connecticut (“Fire & Casualty”).
BACKGROUND
On June 26, 2000, appellee, Javier Miranda, punctured the tip of his right index finger while
working for Guadalupe Valley Hospital. He did not report the injury to his employer at this time,
nor did he seek medical attention for the injury. On June 25, 2001, Miranda sustained a scratch on
his right forearm, again while working for Guadalupe Valley Hospital. This time, Miranda reported
the injury to his employer who documented the injury as a “superficial scratch” “4mm in length.”
Miranda declined medical treatment, except to have the scratch washed and treated with antibiotic
ointment. On July 2, 2001, Miranda’s employer notified appellant, Fire and Casualty Insurance
Company of Connecticut (“Fire & Casualty”), of the arm scratch. Fire & Casualty took no action,
and the parties stipulated at trial that no benefits were required to be paid under the Workers’
Compensation Act at any time up to and including July 9, 2001.
On October 30, 2001, Miranda had a comprehensive health fair screening at the hospital,
which was negative for Hepatitis C. In early 2002, he began to feel ill and had blood work drawn
by his family doctor. On February 22, 2002, Miranda was diagnosed with Hepatitis C. On February
28, 2002, Miranda met with Carmen Bertling, an employee health nurse at Guadalupe Valley
Hospital, and told her about the June 26, 2000 injury to his finger and the June 25, 2001 scratch to
his arm. Miranda believed he contracted Hepatitis C as a result of one of these injuries. On March
4, 2002, Bertling notified Fire & Casualty of Miranda’s Hepatitis C diagnosis and that Miranda
believed the Hepatitis C was an occupational disease related to one of the two injuries he had
sustained. On March 8, 2002, Bertling completed a First Report of Injury or Illness reporting, for
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the first time, the puncture to Miranda’s finger. In this report, Bertling noted the “nature of the
injury” as “contagious disease” and that Miranda had been diagnosed with Hepatitis C.
After conducting its own investigation, Fire & Casualty disputed that Miranda’s Hepatitis
C was a work-related injury or occupational disease. Fire & Casualty also contended the finger
puncture and arm scratch were not compensable work-related injuries and his Hepatitis C was an
ordinary disease of life. The dispute was filed with the TWCC on March 11, 2002, seven days after
receiving Bertling’s March 4 letter and three days after receipt of Bertling’s March 8 First Report
of Injury. The TWCC hearings officer determined Miranda did not sustain an injury in the form of
Hepatitis C on June 25, 2001, but determined Fire & Casualty had waived its right to dispute
compensability because it did not dispute compensability within seven days of receiving notice (on
July 2, 2001) of the alleged June 25, 2001 injury.1 The TWCC Appeals Panel affirmed the hearings
officer, and Fire & Casualty filed suit in district court. At trial, Fire & Casualty argued it could not
have waived its right to contest compensability because Miranda’s Hepatitis C was not diagnosed
until February 22, 2002; therefore, it could not have known about the alleged occupational injury
within seven days of receiving the July 2, 2001 notice of the right forearm scratch. The trial court
agreed with the TWCC Appeals Panel, and this appeal by Fire & Casualty ensued.
Both the TWCC and the trial court relied on Continental Cas. Co. v. Downs, 81 S.W.3d 803
(Tex. 2002), in which the Texas Supreme Court held that “under Texas Labor Code §§ 409.021 and
409.022, a carrier that fails to begin benefit payments as required by the Act or send a notice of
refusal to pay within seven days after it receives written notice of injury has not met the statutory
1
… Apparently the issue before the TW CC was narrowed to the June 25, 2001 arm scratch, with no further
mention of the June 26, 2000 needle prick.
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requisite to later contest compensability.” Id. at 804 (emphasis added). Thus, both the TWCC and
the trial court concluded Fire & Casualty waived its right to dispute compensability for Miranda’s
Hepatitis C injury because Fire & Casualty did not contest compensability within seven days of July
2, 2001. After this appeal became at issue, the Texas Supreme Court overruled Downs on December
19, 2008. See Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., L.P. v. Mitchell, 276 S.W.3d 443 (Tex. 2008). Therefore,
Fire & Casualty had sixty days within which to contest compensability or waive its right to do so.
See TEX . LAB. CODE ANN . § 409.021(c) (Vernon 2006). Sixty days from the date Fire & Casualty
was notified of the June 25, 2001 scratch on Miranda’s right forearm expired on August 31, 2001,
and there is no dispute Fire & Casualty did not meet that deadline. However, in its appeal to the
TWCC and on appeal here, Fire & Casualty contends it was impossible for it to dispute the
compensability of an alleged occupational disease (Hepatitis C) that had not yet manifested itself
during the waiver period and for which it did not receive notice until March 4, 2002. Fire &
Casualty asserts it was entitled to sixty days from the date on which it was first notified of the
Hepatitis C in which to dispute compensability of the claimed injury. We agree.
WAIVER OF FIRE & CASUALTY’S DISPUTE TO COMPENSABILITY OF
MIRANDA’S CLAIM FOR AN ALLEGED OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
In this case, the issue presented to the hearings officer was whether Fire & Casualty waived
its right to contest the compensability of the injury Miranda claimed occurred on June 25, 2001.
There is no dispute that Fire & Casualty received notice of a June 25, 2001 injury on July 2, 2001.
However, this notice identified the injury as “laceration/scratch” to the “lower arm/rt.” It is
undisputed Fire & Casualty took no action following receipt of this notice. Therefore, we agree that
Fire & Casualty waived its right to contest compensability of the “laceration/scratch” to Miranda’s
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“lower arm/rt.” However, for the reasons set forth below, we do not agree that the waiver of Fire
& Casualty’s right to contest compensability of the laceration results in a similar waiver of its right
to contest the compensability of Miranda’s claim for an occupational disease he contends arose from
the laceration.
The Texas Labor Code defines “injury” as “damage or harm to the physical structure of the
body and a disease or infection naturally resulting from the damage or harm.” TEX . LAB. CODE ANN .
§ 401.011(26) (Vernon Supp. 2008). “The term includes an occupational disease.” Id. An
“occupational disease” is “a disease arising out of and in the course of employment that causes
damage or harm to the physical structure of the body, including a repetitive trauma injury. The term
includes a disease or infection that naturally results from the work-related disease.” Id.
§ 401.011(34). “The term does not include an ordinary disease of life to which the general public
is exposed outside of employment, unless that disease is an incident to a compensable injury or
occupational disease.” Id.
Although the Labor Code includes an “occupational disease” within the scope of an “injury,”
they are two distinct theories of recovery under the Labor Code. Chavis v. Director, State Worker’s
Comp. Div., 924 S.W.2d 439, 443 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1996, no writ) (“In worker’s
compensation claims, two distinct and independent theories of recovery are recognized by the courts,
accidental injuries and occupational diseases.”). A non-occupational or accidental injury, such as
a scratch to an arm, is an injury traceable to a “definite time, place, and cause.” Olson v. Hartford
Accident & Indem. Co., 477 S.W.2d 859, 859 (Tex. 1972). On the other hand, an occupational
disease “is of slow and gradual development, and the time, place and cause thereof are not
susceptible of definite ascertainment.” Solomon v. Mass. Bonding & Ins., 347 S.W.2d 17, 19
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(Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1961, writ ref’d); see also Cearley v. Royal Globe Ins. Co.,
632 S.W.2d 942, 946 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1982, no writ). The Texas Labor Code also
recognizes this distinction for the purpose of determining “date of injury.” The “date of injury” for
a non-occupational or accidental injury is the date on which the injury actually occurred; while the
“date of injury” “for an occupational disease is the date on which the employee knew or should have
known that the disease may be related to the employment.” TEX . LAB. CODE ANN . § 408.007
(Vernon 2006).
The Labor Code also recognizes a distinction between the types of “injury” for purposes of
notice. An employer must be notified “of an injury not later than the 30th day after the date on
which: (1) the injury occurs; or (2) if the injury is an occupational disease, the employee knew or
should have known that the injury may be related to the employment.” TEX . LAB. CODE ANN .
§ 409.001(a). A “claim for compensation for an injury [must be filed] not later than one year after
the date on which: (1) the injury occurred; or (2) if the injury is an occupational disease, the
employee knew or should have known that the disease was related to the employee’s employment.”
Id. § 409.003. Therefore, we conclude it is the date of the carrier’s written notice of an injury, not
the date of injury, that triggers the carrier’s duty to react. Id. § 409.021(a), (c); see also Appeals
Panel No. 023067, 2003 WL 24046488, at *2 (Tex. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n Jan. 22, 2003);
Appeals Panel No. 023106, 2003 WL 24046488, at *3 (Tex. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n Jan. 22,
2003). Accordingly, in this case, we must look to the date on which Fire & Casualty was first
notified of the type of injury for which Miranda claimed compensation.
Although the hearings officer determined June 25, 2001 as the date of the alleged injury, it
is the date on which Fire & Casualty was first notified that Miranda claimed compensation for an
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injury in the form of an occupational disease that triggered Fire & Casualty’s obligation to contest
compensability for that injury. There is no dispute that Fire & Casualty received its first notice of
Miranda’s claim for an injury in the form of Hepatitis C on March 4, 2002. It is uncontested that
Fire & Casualty filed its dispute to the compensability of Miranda’s alleged occupational disease
(Hepatitis C) with the TWCC on March 11, 2002, seven days after receiving Bertling’s March 4
letter and three days after receipt of Bertling’s March 8 First Report of Injury. Therefore, Fire &
Casualty did not waive its right to contest Miranda’s claim for an occupational disease.
DISMISSAL OF MIRANDA’S CLAIM
In a cross-issue on appeal, Miranda asserts the trial court erred in dismissing his request for
judicial review of whether he acquired Hepatitis C in the course and scope of his employment.
“A party may seek judicial review by filing suit not later than the 40th day after the date on
which the decision of the appeals panel was filed with the division.” TEX . LAB. CODE ANN .
§ 410.252(a). Here, Fire & Casualty sought judicial review of the adverse finding against it and
Miranda filed an Original Answer, which contained a general denial, an “affirmative defense,” and
a counter-claim for attorney’s fees. In his “affirmative defense,” Miranda asserted he sustained his
occupational disease in the course and scope of his employment. Miranda’s Original Answer,
containing his “affirmative defense,” was filed outside the forty-day requirement set forth in Labor
Code section 410.252.
On appeal, Miranda asserts he timely sought judicial review of the adverse appeals panel
decision by filing the equivalent of a counter-claim. According to Miranda, Texas Civil Practice and
Remedies Code section 16.069 allows a counter-claim or cross-claim to be filed within thirty days
after the date on which the party’s answer is due. TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 16.069(b)
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(Vernon 2008). Therefore, Miranda concludes that his request for judicial review was timely
because it was filed with his answer. We disagree.
The forty-day filing deadline requirement of section 410.252(a) is mandatory and
jurisdictional. Johnson v. United Parcel Serv., 36 S.W.3d 918, 921 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2001, pet.
denied); Morales v. Employers Cas. Co., 897 S.W.2d 866, 868 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1995, writ
denied). Although we agree with Miranda that it was permissible for him to challenge the finding
adverse to him in the same suit in which Fire & Casualty challenged the finding adverse to it, we
conclude Miranda was required to raise his challenge within forty days “after the date on which the
decision of the appeals panel was filed with the division.” See TEX . LAB. CODE ANN . § 410.252(a).
Because Miranda did not raise his challenge within the required forty days, the trial court did not err
in dismissing his request for judicial review of whether he acquired Hepatitis C in the course and
scope of his employment.
CONCLUSION
We reverse the trial court’s judgment and render judgment that Miranda take nothing on his
claim for workers’ compensation benefits or on his claim for attorney’s fees.
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
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