MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-07-00767-CR
Kenneth Ray ARMSTRONG,
Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the 144th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2006-CR-8495
Honorable Catherine Torres-Stahl, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Sitting: Karen Angelini, Justice
Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
Delivered and Filed: March 4, 2009
AFFIRMED
Appellant Kenneth Ray Armstrong was convicted by a jury of aggravated assault. On
appeal, Armstrong argues (1) that he received ineffective assistance of counsel resulting in his
conviction and (2) that the evidence failed to demonstrate that the knife used in the assault was a
deadly weapon. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On November 26, 2007, James Baldwin and August Felder were at Skinny’s Bar when
Armstrong walked behind Felder and hit him twice in the back of the head. Additionally, after
04-07-00767-CR
Armstrong struck Felder, Baldwin testified that Felder exclaimed, “Man, why you hitting me?”
and a bar employee, Lucy Taylor, subsequently heard Felder say, “KC [Armstrong], you just cut
me.” Although neither Baldwin nor Taylor recalled seeing a knife in Armstrong’s hand, the
incident left Felder with a cut across the back of his head and ear, and a puncture wound on the
back of his shoulder. Taylor subsequently found a knife on the floor and placed it on the bar.
Felder was transported to the hospital where he received stitches for a puncture wound to his
shoulder and cuts to the back of his head and ear. After he was released, Felder returned to the
hospital a second time due to additional bleeding from the cut to his ear.
Doug Ryan from the San Antonio Police Department Crime Scene Unit obtained a black
folding lock-blade knife in the open position, with blood still on the blade found at Skinny’s Bar.
During his testimony, Ryan confirmed that the knife in question was capable of causing serious
bodily injury or death if used to slash at or stab another individual.
Although neither Baldwin nor Taylor saw Felder provoke Armstrong, Taylor testified
that she overheard Armstrong state, “I’m going to start some shit.” At trial, Armstrong advanced
a self-defense theory. Armstrong testified at trial that he used the knife against Felder in self-
defense after a struggle ensued between the two men. He explained he only “hit” Felder with the
knife and did not cut him as the State alleged. Armstrong further claimed that he dropped the
knife as he and Felder wrestled to the floor. Contradicting Armstrong, Taylor testified that he
never saw the two men fighting on the ground and Felder testified that he never fought with
Armstrong.
The jury found Armstrong guilty of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. During the
punishment phase, Armstrong entered a plea of true to the enhancement allegations. Based on
-2-
04-07-00767-CR
his habitual offender status, the trial court sentenced Armstrong to thirty years confinement in
the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
In his first appellate issue, Armstrong alleges he received ineffective assistance of
counsel based on counsel’s failure to sufficiently familiarize himself with the State’s evidence
and counsel’s decision to advise Armstrong to testify.
A. Standard of Review
A defendant is entitled to effective assistance of counsel under both the United States and
Texas Constitutions. See U.S. CONST. amend. VI; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10; TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. art. 1.051 (Vernon Supp. 2008). On appeal, in order to prove ineffective assistance of
counsel, the appellant bears the burden to prove counsel’s assistance fell below an objective
professional standard of reasonableness and thereby prejudiced appellant’s defense. Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 692 (1984); Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812
(Tex. Crim. App. 1999). To establish prejudice, an appellant must show, by a preponderance of
the evidence, that “but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different.” Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954, 956 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (en banc)
(per curiam).
When reviewing an ineffective assistance claim, “[a]n appellate court looks to the totality
of the representation and the particular circumstances of each case.” Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at
813. There is a strong presumption that counsel’s actions met the objective standard of
reasonableness. Id. To defeat this presumption, any claim of ineffective assistance must be
firmly found within the record. Id. at 814. More specifically, “[the] record must affirmatively
demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness.” Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 835 (Tex. Crim. App.
-3-
04-07-00767-CR
2002). On direct appeal, however, the record is generally insufficient to show that counsel’s
representation fell below the first part of the Strickland standard. Mitchell v. State, 68 S.W.3d
640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (en banc). Based on the very nature of the trial atmosphere, the
reasonableness of counsel’s trial court choices and tactics do not generally appear in the record.
See id. This case is no different.
B. Decision for Armstrong to Testify
Armstrong contends that counsel encouraged Armstrong to testify. According to
Armstrong, absent his testimony, the State could not affirmatively link the knife to Armstrong,
and thus, counsel’s decision for Armstrong to testify was unreasonable. A defendant’s decision
to testify is absolute and belongs solely to the defendant. See U.S. CONST. amend. VI; TEX.
CONST. art. I, § 10. The record is silent regarding any advice given by counsel regarding
Armstrong’s decision to testify. Accordingly, we are unable to determine whether the decision
to testify was Armstrong’s alone or whether the decision was made by trial counsel. See
Escobedo v. State, 6 S.W.3d 1, 10-11 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. ref’d). Appellant’s
presumption that counsel advised Armstrong to testify is pure speculation. See Bone, 77 S.W.3d
at 835. Without specific evidence contained within the record, we will not speculate as to the
communications between trial counsel and Armstrong. See id.
C. Counsel’s Failure to Familiarize Himself with State’s Case
Armstrong asserts that if counsel had familiarized himself with the witness statements
contained within the State’s file, he would have realized the lack of evidence linking the knife to
Armstrong. Armed with such knowledge, trial counsel would not have encouraged Armstrong to
testify. The record, however, does not substantiate Armstrong’s arguments. The State presented
evidence sufficiently linking Armstrong to the knife via circumstantial evidence, including but
-4-
04-07-00767-CR
not limited to the testimony of Baldwin and Taylor. Additionally, Taylor and Ryan testified to
finding the knife on the floor immediately after the incident with blood still on the blade. More
importantly, however, Felder testified that Armstrong cut him with a knife and that he had
previously seen Armstrong carrying a knife at Skinny’s Bar.
This court will not speculate as to the reasons for counsel’s decision to pursue a self-
defense claim, and the strong presumption of reasonableness simply is not overcome by this
silent record. See Hernandez v. State, 198 S.W.3d 257, 269-70 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006,
pet. ref’d.). Because the specific reasons for counsel’s actions are absent from the record,
Armstrong failed to rebut the presumption that counsel made his decisions based on sound trial
judgment. See id. In accordance with the standards set forth in Strickland, trial counsel’s
assistance did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness or prejudice Armstrong’s
defense. Therefore, Armstrong’s first issue on appeal is overruled.
SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE
In his second appellate issue, Armstrong argues that the evidence put forth to support the
deadly weapon finding is both legally and factually insufficient.
A. Standard of Review
When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court examines “the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution” and determines whether “any rational
trier of fact could have found [the appellant guilty] beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); accord Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 914 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1991)(en banc). The standard of review is the same regardless if the evidence is direct,
circumstantial, or both. See Kutzner v. State, 994 S.W.2d 180, 184 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
-5-
04-07-00767-CR
In a factual sufficiency review, we view the evidence in a neutral light and only reverse if
(1) the evidence is weak enough to make the verdict “clearly wrong and manifestly unjust,” or
(2) the verdict is “against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.” Watson v. State,
204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). However,
the court must defer to “the fact finder’s role as the sole judge of the weight and credibility given
to witness testimony.” Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (en banc).
B. Deadly Weapon Finding
A person commits assault if he “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily
injury to another.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(1) (Vernon 2003). The offense is
elevated to an aggravated assault if the actor “causes serious bodily injury to another . . . or uses
or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault.” Id. § 22.02(a). The term
“deadly weapon” includes “anything that in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of
causing death or serious bodily injury.” Id. § 1.07(a)(17)(B) (Vernon 2003). According to the
Penal Code, serious bodily injury is “bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that
causes death, serious permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function
of any bodily member or organ.” Id. § 1.07(a)(46).
In determining whether the object used in the assault was a deadly weapon, this court
must be mindful of the word “capable” and its placement within the Code’s definition of a
deadly weapon. See Bailey v. State, 38 S.W.3d 157, 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (en banc). The
statute specifically allows capable to encompass actions that threaten deadly force, regardless of
whether the actor intended to use deadly force. Id. Thus, the fact that a knife is not a deadly
weapon per se does not prevent the knife from qualifying as a deadly weapon, as defined by the
Texas Penal Code. See id.
-6-
04-07-00767-CR
C. Analysis
Although the witness accounts of the events causing Felder’s injury’s varied, there is
sufficient evidence in the record to support the conclusion that the injuries sustained by Felder
were the result of an unprovoked attack by Armstrong. Taylor and Baldwin testified that
Armstrong attacked Felder from behind, yet neither saw Felder push Armstrong until after
Armstrong struck him in the back of the head. Felder sustained two different injuries as a result
of the incident: (1) a cut to the back of his head extending across his neck and through his ear,
and (2) a puncture wound to his back, just below the shoulder. The jury also heard testimony
regarding the substantial amount of bleeding from the wounds. Moreover, Felder’s injuries fit
the description of events by both Taylor and Baldwin. Ryan confirmed the presence of blood on
the knife and that, in his opinion, the knife was capable of causing death or serious bodily injury.
The nature of Felder’s injuries support the jury’s finding that Armstrong used the knife in a
manner capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. See Tucker v. State, No. PD-0742-07,
2008 WL 5047699, at *3 (Tex. Crim. App. Nov. 26, 2008); Morales v. State, 633 S.W.2d 866,
868-69 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).
Armstrong was the only witness to testify that he used the knife in self-defense. He
admitted that he struck Felder with the knife. At trial, the jury viewed Felder’s scars and
Armstrong’s knife. They heard Armstrong acknowledge that the knife introduced into evidence
was the same knife he used against Felder. Evidence of the nature of the attack in this case,
combined with the readily apparent scar across the back of Felder’s head, was sufficient for a
rational juror to conclude that the weapon used was capable of causing serious bodily injury or
death and was not against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. We, therefore,
overrule Armstrong’s second issue on appeal.
-7-
04-07-00767-CR
CONCLUSION
Based on the record before us, Armstrong failed to show that trial counsel’s actions fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness. Additionally, when the evidence is viewed in a
light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence is sufficient to support that Kenneth Ray
Armstrong used the knife in a manner capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. When
viewed in a neutral light, the verdict is not against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence, nor is the evidence so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Rebecca Simmons, Justice
DO NOT PUBLISH
-8-
Kenneth Ray Armstrong v. State
Combined Opinion