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MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-08-00634-CV
In the Matter of P.P., III, a Juvenile
From the 289th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2008-JUV-01429
Honorable Carmen Kelsey, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Karen Angelini, Justice
Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
Delivered and Filed: February 11, 2009
AFFIRMED
In this appeal we are asked to review the constitutionality of a routine administrative search
conducted as P.P., III was entering the alternative high school he attended. A small amount of
marihuana was found during the search of P.P., and he was charged with possession of less than two
ounces of marihuana in a drug-free zone. See TEX . HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN . § 481.121
(Vernon 2003). After the trial court denied his motion to suppress evidence, P.P. pled true to the
offense, was adjudicated by the trial court, and in accordance with a plea bargain, placed on
probation for a six-month period. In one issue on appeal, P.P. contends the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
04-08-00634-CV
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Officer Jaime Perales performs routine searches of students entering an alternative high
school in Edgewood Independent School District. During these searches, students must take off their
shoes, socks, and belt, and submit to a pat down. During one of these routine searches, Officer
Perales felt a little bulge inside P.P.’s right front pocket. The officer swiped his finger into P.P’s
pocket and pulled out a plastic baggy containing a green leafy substance. The substance was tested
and came back positive for marihuana.
The trial court held a hearing on P.P.’s motion to suppress any evidence or statements made
by him. After hearing testimony from Officer Perales, the trial court denied P.P.’s motion. P.P. was
adjudicated and placed on probation for a six-month period. The trial court granted P.P. the right to
appeal any pretrial matters.
MOTION TO SUPPRESS
In his only issue on appeal, P.P. argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied
P.P.’s motion to suppress, claiming the warrantless administrative search of P.P. was unreasonable
and violated his rights guaranteed by the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of
the United States.
We review the ruling on a motion to suppress in a juvenile case using an abuse of discretion
standard of review. See In re R.J. H., 79 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. 2002). An appellate court reviewing such
a ruling defers to the trial court’s findings of fact but conducts a de novo review of the court’s
application of law to those facts. Id.; see State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000);
Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 88-89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The reviewing court may not
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tamper with substantiated findings absent an abuse of discretion. See Etheridge v. State, 903 S.W.2d
1, 15 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).
To the extent that the trial court’s findings do not sufficiently address all factual issues, the
appellate court examines the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s verdict. See State
v. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Viewing the evidence in that light, the
reviewing court may infer all findings necessary to support the trial court’s ruling. See State v. Ross,
32 S.W.3d 853, 855-56 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The court must defer to those findings and must
sustain the lower court’s ruling if the record reasonably supports the ruling and the ruling is correct
on any theory of law applicable to the case. See Ross, 32 S.W.2d at 855-56.
It is undisputed that the search of P.P. falls within the general category of “administrative
searches.” See, e.g., Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523, 537 (1967). An administrative search
is conducted as part of a general regulatory scheme in furtherance of an administrative purpose, rather
than as part of a criminal investigation to secure evidence of a crime. See Gibson v. State, 921 S.W.2d
747, 758 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1996, pet. denied) (citing United States v. Davis, 482 F.2d 893, 908
(9th Cir. 1973)). Administrative searches may be permissible under the Fourth Amendment although
not supported by a demonstration of probable cause directed to a particular place or person to be
searched. Id. An administrative search, which is designed to prevent the occurrence of a dangerous
event, is aimed at an entire group or class of people rather than one particular person. Id. (quoting
People v. Dukes, 580 N.Y.S.2d 850, 851-52 (City Crim. Ct.1992)). An administrative search will be
upheld as reasonable if the intrusion involved is no greater than necessary to satisfy the governmental
interest forming the basis for the search. Id; see, e.g., Vernonia Sch. Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646,
664-65 (1995) (random drug testing of athletes); Michigan Dep’t of State Police v. Sitz, 496 U.S. 444,
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455 (1990) (random sobriety checkpoints); Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives’ Ass’n, 489 U.S.
602, 633 (1989) (post-accident drug testing of railroad employees).
The Fourteenth Amendment’s prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures applies to
searches of students by school authorities. See New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325, 333, (1985).
However, “[a] student’s privacy interest is limited in a public school environment where the State is
responsible for maintaining discipline, health, and safety . . . . Securing order in the school
environment sometimes requires that students be subjected to greater controls than those appropriate
for adults.” Board of Education v. Earls, 536 U.S. 822, 830-31 (2002); Marble Falls Indep. Sch. Dist.
v. Shell, No. 03-02-00652-CV, 2003 WL 1738417, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin April 3, 2003, no pet.)
(not designated for publication). The legality of a search of a student depends on the reasonableness
of the search under the circumstances. T.L.O., 469 U.S. at 341. When reviewing the legality of a
student search, we remember the diminished expectation of a student’s privacy in a school setting and
the State’s compelling interest in maintaining a safe and disciplined environment. See TEX . EDUC.
CODE ANN . § 4.001 (Vernon 2003) (one of the objectives of public education is that “[s]chool
campuses will maintain a safe and disciplined environment conducive to student learning”).
Administrative searches at schools have been upheld in various circumstances. See Vernonia
Sch. Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646, 664-65 (1995) (upholding random drug testing of athletes
without any individualized suspicion); Earls, 536 U.S. at 838 (approving random drug testing for all
students participating in extracurricular activities). In In re O.E., No. 03-02-00516-CV, 2003 WL
22669014 (Tex. App.—Austin Nov. 13, 2003, no pet.), a student, O.E., was adjudicated for
possession of marihuana in a drug free zone, just as in this case. The student was subjected to a
routine search upon entering an alternative learning center. Id. at *1. Upon entering the school each
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day, all students had to pass through a metal detector, be patted down, empty their pockets onto a tray,
remove their shoes, and place their shoes on a table for inspection. Id. at *2. Before attending the
center, all students and their parents were required to attend an orientation session at which they were
informed of school policies, including the search policy. Id. An officer found marihuana in O.E.’s
shoe during the routine search. Id. at *1. O.E. appealed the denial of his motion to suppress, and our
sister court held:
The search procedure was justified at its inception as a method of furthering the
State’s interest in maintaining a safe and disciplined learning environment in a setting
at high risk for drugs and violence . . . . [The search procedure was] tailored to meet
the needs of a school setting at higher risk than usual for disciplinary problems
involving weapons and drugs. The intrusion on the students’ more limited
expectation of privacy is reasonable. Accordingly, the search was an administrative
search of the sort permissible under the Fourth Amendment.
Id. at *3-4. The analysis and reasoning utilized in In re OE can be applied to the case at hand.
As was the case in In re O.E., the record in this case established that prior to entering the
alternative school, all students and parents are required to complete an orientation session which
includes an overview of the school rules and policies, and the students are required to sign a contract
which includes an agreement to be searched each day before entering the school. P.P. clearly had
notice of the routine search requirement, which reduced his expectation of privacy. See Shoemaker
v. State, 971 S.W.2d 178, 182 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1998, no pet.) (noting that a student had no
reasonable expectation of privacy in a locker when the student handbook warned lockers could be
searched any time there was reasonable cause to do so).
In light of a student’s diminished expectation of privacy, the search procedure imposed on
the students was relatively unobtrusive. As noted, administrative searches at schools have been
upheld in various circumstances. In addition, the court in In re O.E. upheld a school search which
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mirrored the search conducted in the present case. In re O.E., 2003 WL 22669014 at *4.
Consequently, we hold the search conducted on P.P. and his fellow students was not overly obtrusive.
Finally, the needs of the alternative school were met by the uniform search instituted for
students entering the school. Officer Perales testified that the main objective of the search was the
security of the students and staff at the school. Officer Perales stated that students were not allowed
to come into the school with anything on them other than their uniform; everything else was provided
for them. He also noted that the school employed a uniform search procedure such that every student
was searched upon entering the school, no matter the circumstances. See In re O.E., 2003 WL
22669014 at *4 (stating that “[s]uch uniformity serves as a safeguard against an abuse of discretion
on the part of school officials in making a determination of which persons will be searched”).
Accordingly, the search was an administrative search of the sort permissible under the Fourth
Amendment. See Earls, 536 U.S. at 838; Vernonia, 515 U.S. at 664-65
CONCLUSION
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying P.P.’s motion to suppress all physical
evidence and statements taken from him. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
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