In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
______________________________
No. 06-02-00139-CR ______________________________
EDWARD ARNOLD PRUNEDA, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 124th Judicial District Court Gregg County, Texas Trial Court No. 29175-B
Before Morriss, C.J., Ross and Carter, JJ. Opinion by Justice Ross
O P I N I O N
Edward Arnold Pruneda was found guilty by a jury of possession of fifty pounds or more but less than 2,000 pounds of marihuana and was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. He appeals, contending the trial court erred in denying his request for a jury charge on racial profiling and in denying him standing to contest the search of the rental vehicle he was driving.
Pruneda was stopped on Interstate 20 in Gregg County at approximately 11:24 p.m. for speeding. (1) The stop was made by State Trooper Bob Powell. Pruneda was driving a minivan and was its only occupant. Powell testified that, after making the stop, he approached the minivan on the passenger side and that he was using his flashlight. As he approached the vehicle, he observed a large bundle under a blanket in the back, a small black "carry-on bag" behind the driver's seat, and a radar detector on the dash. Powell asked Pruneda to step to the back of the vehicle. On meeting Pruneda at the back of the vehicle, Powell identified himself, informed Pruneda of the reason for the stop, and asked to see his driver's license. Powell testified that, as Pruneda was taking his driver's license out of his wallet, "his hands [were] shaking tremendously" and that he was "extremely nervous." Powell admitted on cross-examination that it was extremely cold that evening, but testified that Pruneda was wearing a jacket and had just stepped out of the vehicle. Powell asked Pruneda who owned the vehicle, and Pruneda informed him the minivan was a rental vehicle. When Powell asked the name of the person who rented it, Pruneda first answered a friend had rented it, but then quickly said his brother rented it for him. Powell then returned to his patrol vehicle and ran a check on Pruneda's driver's license and on the vehicle's registration tag. He also called for a back-up unit. After the checks on the driver's license and the registration tag returned clear, Powell decided to only give Pruneda a warning ticket for the speeding, but testified he did not feel the investigation was over. Powell believed some type of criminal activity was occurring. He based this belief on Pruneda's extreme nervousness, his inconsistent answers as to who had rented the vehicle, and his concern about what was in the back of the vehicle. Powell therefore returned to question Pruneda further concerning the rental agreement.
Pruneda appeared uncertain about who had rented the minivan and gave Powell the name of "Earnest." Powell asked for and received the rental agreement and discovered the vehicle was rented to Jimmy Hernandez. The rental agreement required any additional drivers to be listed on the agreement, and those additional drivers must have presented their driver's licenses to the rental store for approval to drive the vehicle. Earnest Hernandez was listed as an additional driver for this vehicle, but Pruneda was not.
At this point, Powell asked Pruneda for consent to search the vehicle. At first, Pruneda answered it was up to the officer whether to search, but when Powell said it was up to Pruneda whether he searched, Pruneda asked what would happen if he said no to the search. Powell told Pruneda he would call for the drug dog. At this point, Pruneda consented to the search of the vehicle. Powell found two boxes under the blanket in the back of the vehicle. The crime laboratory confirmed the boxes contained, respectively, one hundred and ninety-nine pounds of marihuana.
As his first point of error, Pruneda contends the trial court erred in denying his request for a jury charge regarding racial profiling. According to Pruneda, his detention became improper and beyond the scope of a traffic stop at the point Powell checked his driver's license, found a clean record, and made the decision to issue Pruneda a warning ticket. Pruneda contends the purpose of the stop ended at the time the decision had been made to issue a warning ticket, and the questioning concerning the rental agreement and all that followed was beyond the scope of the traffic stop. Pruneda maintains the further investigation and detention was because he was Hispanic.
Under Texas law, a peace officer may not engage in racial profiling. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 2.131 (Vernon Supp. 2003). Racial profiling means a law enforcement-initiated action was based on an individual's race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on the individual's behavior or on information identifying the individual as having engaged in criminal activity. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 3.05 (Vernon Supp. 2003). If evidence is illegally obtained, it may not be used against a defendant in a criminal trial. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a) (Vernon Supp. 2003). Article 38.23(a) provides:
No evidence obtained by an officer or other person in violation of any provisions of the Constitution or laws of the State of Texas, or of the Constitution or laws of the United States of America, shall be admitted in evidence against the accused on the trial of any criminal case.
In any case where the legal evidence raises an issue hereunder, the jury shall be instructed that if it believes, or has a reasonable doubt, that the evidence was obtained in violation of the provisions of this Article, then and in such event, the jury shall disregard any such evidence so obtained.
But, a trial court is required to include an Article 38.23 instruction in the jury charge only if there is a factual dispute as to how the evidence was obtained. Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 773 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
Pruneda contends the jury should have been given an instruction on racial profiling, allowing them to disregard any evidence obtained after the time he purports the purpose of the traffic stop had ended. However, there was no evidence presented at trial to show the further detention of Pruneda was based on racial profiling. Powell testified he did not engage in racial profiling. Instead, he said the detention was based on Pruneda's nervous behavior, his inconsistencies concerning the rental agreement, and the bundle in the back of the minivan. Powell testified that, in his experience, the circumstances suggested criminal activity. There was no controverting evidence presented suggesting the further detention was based on Pruneda's race. For example, Pruneda offered no statistical data that the police department, or that Powell in particular, had engaged in racial profiling in the past. Further, nowhere in Pruneda's testimony did he indicate he was singled out because of his race. The only mention of racial profiling was during Powell's cross-examination, where he adamantly denied engaging in racial profiling:
[Defense counsel]: . . . . The decision to keep him from beyond - - the decision that instead of issuing a warning ticket, you're going to call for the canine unit, call for the backup, and hold him there further, was that, in any way, based on the fact that he's Hispanic and out of state?
[Powell]: No, sir. I stop a lot of people on the side of the road. I had no idea who he was when I stop [sic] the vehicle. At the time I stopped the vehicle, whether or not he's Hispanic, white, black, Asian, it doesn't matter to me. If I feel like everything's okay, I will let them go. But under the circumstances, and under my past experience of working as a Trooper on the highways, that's the reason why I kept him. I thought there was enough [probable cause] to . . . ask him for his consent to search the vehicle.
Because there was no factual dispute about whether the evidence was obtained as a result of racial profiling, the trial court did not err in refusing an instruction to the jury on racial profiling. Pruneda's first point of error is overruled.
As his second point, Pruneda contends the trial court erred in denying him standing to contest the search. An accused individual has standing under either the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, or under Article I, Section 9 of the Texas Constitution, to challenge admission of evidence obtained by governmental intrusion only if he or she had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place invaded. Villarreal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); see U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 9. The purpose of both constitutional provisions is to safeguard an individual's legitimate expectation of privacy from unreasonable governmental intrusions. Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at 138. To establish an expectation of privacy, the accused must show (a) that by his or her conduct, he or she exhibited an actual subjective expectation of privacy, i.e., a genuine intention to preserve something as private; and (b) that circumstances existed under which society was prepared to recognize his or her subjective expectation as objectively reasonable. Id. A person driving a rental vehicle does not have standing to challenge a search of the vehicle if his or her driving of the vehicle is prohibited by the vehicle rental agreement, even if such person had the permission of the person who rented the vehicle. Freeman v. State, 62 S.W.3d 883, 889 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2001, pet. ref'd); Rovnak v. State, 990 S.W.2d 863, 871 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1999, pet. ref'd). While a third party driving a rental vehicle may be able to show that, by his or her conduct, he or she exhibited an actual subjective expectation of privacy, that third party cannot meet the burden of showing his or her subjective expectation was one society would recognize as objectively reasonable under the circumstances because that party has no property or possessory interest in the vehicle. See Rovnak, 990 S.W.2d at 871.
Pruneda testified he had permission from Hernandez, the person who rented the vehicle. Nonetheless, Pruneda was prohibited by the terms of the rental agreement from driving the vehicle. Under the terms of the agreement, additional drivers were required to be listed on the rental agreement and to present their driver's licenses to the rental store for approval. Because Pruneda was not authorized under the terms of the rental agreement to drive this vehicle, he lacked standing to challenge the search of the vehicle. We overrule his second point of error.
Pruneda additionally argues in his brief that, "Standing in the vehicle aside, Appellant had standing to contest the detention of his person and statements drawn from him." We agree that a person may have standing to contest the detention of his or her person even if he or she does not have standing to contest the search of a rental vehicle such person was driving. See Freeman, 62 S.W.3d at 889. However, Pruneda predicated his contention the stop was illegal on a finding of racial profiling. As addressed above, we have found no evidence of racial profiling. Accordingly, Pruneda's alternative contention is likewise overruled.
We affirm the judgment.
Donald R. Ross
Justice
Date Submitted: March 20, 2003
Date Decided: April 25, 2003
Publish
1. Pruneda was traveling seventy-three miles per hour in a sixty-five mile-per-hour zone.
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In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
______________________________
No. 06-11-00082-CR
______________________________
LANNY DEAN CAMPBELL, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 196th Judicial District Court
Hunt County, Texas
Trial Court No. 26517
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley
MEMORANDUM OPINION
There was no dispute that Lanny Dean Campbell had shot and killed James Michael McKinnis. After a jury convicted Campbell of murder, he was sentenced to thirty-five years imprisonment. On appeal, Campbell argues that there was error in the jurys punishment charge because the trial court failed to sua sponte include a definition of the term preponderance of the evidence as it related to the issue of sudden passion which he had raised. Campbell also complains that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance when he elicited testimony regarding Campbells invocation of his right to counsel. We find that it was no error to have omitted a definition of preponderance of the evidence when there was no request for its inclusion and further hold that Campbells counsel did not render ineffective assistance.
I. Campbell Cannot Show that Egregious Harm Resulted from the Courts Charge
At the punishment stage of a trial, the defendant may raise the issue as to whether he caused the death under the immediate influence of sudden passion arising from adequate cause. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(d) (West 2011). Campbell raised and obtained an instruction on the issue of sudden passion during punishment. If the defendant proves the issue [of sudden passion] in the affirmative by a preponderance of the evidence, the offense is a felony of the second degree. Id. Although Campbell failed to make a specific request that the definition of preponderance of the evidence be included in the jury charge, Campbell contends that the trial court erred in failing to make a sua sponte inclusion of a definition of that term in the charge given to the jury in the punishment phase of the trial.
Our review of alleged error in this jury charge involves a two-step process. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); see also Sakil v. State, 287 S.W.3d 23, 2526 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Initially, we determine whether error occurred, and then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal. Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 73132.
A trial court must submit a charge setting forth the law applicable to the case. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.14 (West 2007). The purpose of the jury charge . . . is to inform the jury of the applicable law and guide them in its application to the case. Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). It is not the function of the charge merely to avoid misleading or confusing the jury: it is the function of the charge to lead and prevent confusion. Id. A trial judge
must ensure that all of the law applicable to the criminal offense that is set out in the indictment or information is incorporated into the jury charge as well as the general admonishments, including reference to the presumption of innocence, proof beyond a reasonable doubt, unanimity of the verdict, and so forth. Here he has a sua sponte dutya duty to act without any request or objections from the parties.
Id. However, it does not inevitably follow that [the trial judge] has a similar sua sponte duty to instruct the jury on all potential defensive issues, lesser-included offenses, or evidentiary issues, which frequently depend upon trial strategy and tactics. Id. Yet, when a defensive issue on sudden passion is raised and included in the charge, we believe it advisable for the court to include an instruction on the burden of proof at that time. See id. at 251 (when limiting instruction for extraneous offense evidence is properly requested during the guilt/innocence phase and the trial court instructs jury not to consider extraneous offense evidence admitted for limited purpose unless it believes beyond reasonable doubt that defendant committed extraneous offense, court must define burden of proof); Huizar v. State, 12 S.W.3d 479, 484 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (failure to sua sponte instruct jury on proper burden of proof for extraneous offenses during punishment phase of trial was erroneous); Bolden v. State, 73 S.W.3d 428, 431 (Tex. App.Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. refd).
Campbell did not object to the jury charge. Because Campbell did not raise his complaint at trial, we must first decide whether the trial court committed error in not including a definition of preponderance of the evidence sua sponte. This question is apparently unique in Texas.
At one point in time, Texas law required that all criminal jury charges contain a specific definition of the term beyond a reasonable doubt (this definition as prescribed by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals containing within itself three definitions) and that a failure to include it when requested was reversible error. Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The next step was a ruling that a trial courts failure to include the definition sua sponte was automatically reversible error. Reyes v. State, 938 S.W.2d 718 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Thereafter, taking a complete about-face, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals determined that the reasoning in Geesa and Reyes ignored over a hundred years precedent, was quite seriously flawed, and the reasonable doubt definition in Geesa was confusing and redundant, stating, We find that the better practice is to give no definition of reasonable doubt at all to the jury. Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
The term preponderance of the evidence does not seem to suffer from the difficulty in definition that is found in defining beyond a reasonable doubt. Both civilly and criminally, the courts in Texas have found that some variation of the phrase greater weight of the credible evidence has sufficed as a definition for many years. Natl Bank of Garland v. Gough, 197 S.W. 1119, 1121 (Tex. Civ. App. 1917); Allen v. State, 841 S.W.2d 7, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (citing Superior Lloyds of Am. v. Foxworth, 178 S.W.2d 724 (Tex. Civ. App.Amarillo 1944, writ refd w.o.m.)).
Even though a generally accepted definition is available, the definition of preponderance of the evidence seems a common-sense one which could easily be understood by a jury. The phrase itself does not incorporate any arcane words or what might be called legalese. For the most part, one could almost say that preponderance of the evidence means exactly what it says and needs little further definition. Certainly, a juror can determine it to be a much less onerous burden than beyond a reasonable doubt, irrespective of whether a definition was provided the jury. Accordingly, although we have previously noted that it is the better practice to include a definition of preponderance of the evidence and a definition should certainly be included upon the request of a defendant, where appropriate, we cannot say that it was error for the trial court to have not included such a definition in the jury charge.
Even if there would be error for the trial court to have failed to make a sua sponte insertion of the definition of preponderance of the evidence, the error which would have resulted would not have been so egregious or created such harm that Campbell did not have a fair and impartial trial. Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on rehg), superseded on other grounds by rule as stated in Rodriguez v. State, 758 S.W.2d 787 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988); Allen v. State, 253 S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Boones v. State, 170 S.W.3d 653, 660 (Tex. App.Texarkana 2005, no pet.). Egregious harm occurs where an error affects the very basis of a case, deprives the defendant of a valuable right, vitally affects a defensive theory, or makes the case for conviction or punishment clearly and significantly more persuasive. Boones, 170 S.W.3d at 660 (citing Saunders v. State, 817 S.W.2d 688, 692 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)).
Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet and must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Ellison v. State, 86 S.W.3d 226, 227 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We consider the charge itself, the state of the evidence (including contested issues and the weight of the probative evidence), arguments of counsel, and the record as a whole in addressing harm. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
The jury charge itself required the jury to determine by a preponderance of the evidence whether or not [Campbell] caused the death under the immediate influence of sudden passion arising from an adequate cause. The proper definitions of sudden passion and adequate cause as defined by statute were provided, and the application paragraph of the charge was proper.
During the arguments of counsel, the State erroneously told the jury that it was Campbells burden to prove sudden passion beyond the preponderance of the evidence. However, Campbells counsel emphasized the proper standard:
Now, I do want to address this special issue on page 5. And the first thing that I would like to make sure you understandbecause this is different, and its not explained to you, I dont believe, anywhere else in here. It says, You must determine by a preponderance of the evidence.
. . . the burden of proof is by a preponderance of the evidence and that means that you find that the evidence that you received proved a little bit more one way or the other, not beyond a reasonable doubt, not clear and convincing, but preponderance of the evidence.
Now, Mr. Lilley misspoke when he said beyond a preponderance of the evidence, and that would be easy to do because we have been talking about beyond a reasonable doubt all week, but look at the words here by a preponderance of the evidence.
With regard to the record, Campbell testified that McKinnis shoved him in his living room during an argument, throwing him down on the ground into [a] toolbox. Campbell became scared and went to his bedroom to retrieve a gun. Campbell testified that he took a shell out of [the gun] to make sure it had one in the chamber, and I fired one through the floor as a warning to him to get the hell out of my house. Campbell stated that when he went back to the living room, McKinnis started coming towards me, and I told him to leave one more time. And he kept coming and I shot him in the foot. And then he started reaching for me and coming again, and I raised it higher and shot, and he still was reaching for my gun, and I shot again.
The jury also heard a substantially different version of events from that to which Campbell testified. Campbells son, Jordan, testified that Campbell was the first aggressor. According to Jordan, McKinnis was asking Campbell why he was being instructed to leave. In response, Jordan testified my dad pushed him and [McKinnis] said, Well, we can take this outside like real men if you want to, but I dont want to. My dad said I can handle this. Jordan told the jury that he never saw McKinnis push Campbell. Jordan remembered McKinnis heading down the steps and I was behind him. . . I remember. . . my dad opening the door and I remember gunshots. McKinnis body was found in the front yard.
Jordans version of events was confirmed by eyewitness Brian Stanley. Stanley said that Campbell and McKinnis engaged in an argument, McKinnis did not shove Campbell, and McKinnis left the argument by exiting through the door. Stanley expounded further, saying that Campbell came outside and started shooting at McKinnis.
By rejecting Campbells self-defense issue raised during the guilt/innocence phase, the jury indicated its disbelief in Campbells story. In line with its previous rejection of self-defense, the jury could have decided that McKinnis did not provoke Campbell in a manner that would commonly produce a degree of anger, rage, resentment, or terror in a person of ordinary temper, sufficient to render them capable of cool reflection.
Considering the jury charge, arguments of counsel, the record in this case, and Campbells thirty-five-year sentence, we hold that Campbell has failed to show that he was egregiously harmed as a result of the alleged jury charge error.
We overrule this point of error.
II. Campbell Received Effective Assistance of Counsel
Next, Campbell argues, without specific citation to the record, that his counsel improperly commented before the jury on Campbells invocation of his constitutional right to an attorney prior to interrogation. Campbell contends this conduct resulted in ineffective assistance.
We begin our analysis with the rule that any allegation of ineffectiveness of counsel must be firmly founded in the record. Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Wallace v. State, 75 S.W.3d 576, 589 (Tex. App.Texarkana 2002), affd, 106 S.W.3d 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). From the record received by this Court, which does not contain counsels reasons for mentioning Campbells right to seek an attorney prior to interrogation, Campbell bears the burden of proving that counsel was ineffective by a preponderance of the evidence. Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813; Cannon v. State, 668 S.W.2d 401, 403 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Rarely will a reviewing court be provided the opportunity to make its determination on direct appeal with a record capable of providing an evaluation of the merits of the claim involving ineffective assistance claims. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. In the majority of instances, the record on direct appeal is simply undeveloped and cannot adequately reflect the reasoning of trial counsel. Id. at 81314. As demonstrated below, this is such a case.
We apply the two-pronged Strickland test handed down by the United States Supreme Court to determine whether Campbell received ineffective assistance of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Failure to satisfy either prong of the Strickland test is fatal. Ex parte Martinez, 195 S.W.3d 713, 730 n.14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
First, Campbell must show that counsels performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness in light of prevailing professional norms. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 68788. There is a strong presumption that counsels conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance and that the challenged action could be considered sound trial strategy. Id. at 689; Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Therefore, we will not second-guess the strategy of Campbells counsel at trial through hindsight. Blott v. State, 588 S.W.2d 588, 592 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979); Hall v. State, 161 S.W.3d 142, 152 (Tex. App.Texarkana 2005, pet. refd).
Here, the States brief points us to two places in the record. Campbells counsel was cross-examining investigator Roger Seals, when counsel asked, Isnt it true, Mr. Seals, that when asked to talk to the law enforcement authorities, my client invoked his constitutional right and asked to have his attorney? Seals replied that Campbell had invoked this right and answered no when asked if he had any problem with the Constitution. Later in the trial, counsel confirmed from Lieutenant Tommy Grandfield that Campbell did not have an attorney at the time he was interviewed and gave a statement.
One of the arguments counsel made to the jury involved the possibility of an illegal search. Neither Campbell nor his wife (nor any other person authorized to do so) had provided consent to search their home, and Grandfield testified that a search warrant was then required. Counsel argued,
We heard testimony from different people, especially including Mr. Haines, that Investigator Haines went through the premises when he arrives somewhere around a quarter of 2:00 in the morning. We know according to this testimony that prior to that, and at the same time, there was Investigator Peters. There was Investigator Snead. There were two other informed [sic] officers. There was even Wills Point police officers there, according to Mr. Haines.
And these people were not going in the house to brew a pot of coffee. They were going into search. They had no authority to go into search. Because this search warrant, if you read it, does not say that you can recover the stuff that you have already found. It says now, at 4:17 a.m., law enforcement authority, you have the right to now go and search . . .
And the Court tells you if you, the jury, believe or have reasonable doubt that the evidence was obtained in violation of the provisions of Article, referring back to the Constitution and the laws of Texas, Constitution and the laws of the United States of America. And then in such an event, you shall disregard any evidence thats obtained.
Haines had testified at approximately 4:30 a.m. he was notified that the search warrant had been signed and to begin processing the crime scene. It could have been counsels trial strategy to hint to the jury that the officers were not following the constitutional playbook.[1] Counsel could have believed that the jury might think if the investigators had ignored Campbells right to counsel, perhaps they also obtained evidence in violation of the Constitution during the search. Counsel also could have sought to challenge the credibility of the officers and investigators through this line of questioning. Absent a record explaining counsels reasoning, we will not second-guess the strategy of Campbells counsel at trial through hindsight.
The second Strickland prejudice prong requires a showing that but for counsels unprofessional error, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 68788. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome, meaning that counsels errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable. Smith, 286 S.W.3d at 340.
With respect to this second prong, Campbell notes that the jury was interested in Campbells statement obtained during interrogation, although it was not entered into evidence. He argues that because his invocation of his right to counsel was brought to the jurys attention, the jury was able to infer guilt and the trial counsel severely diminished Mr. Campbells argument of self-defense. However, Grandfield admitted that the substance of the statement made by Campbell, at a time when he did not have an attorney present, included a version of events that he had been pushed down by James Michael McKinnis. This testimony substantiated the self-defense claim. Thus, the jurys request for the substance of the statement does not establish egregious harm and dispels the theory that counsels mention of Campbells invocation in this case led to an inference of guilt. Additionally, considering Jordans and Stanleys testimony, we find that Campbell has failed to demonstrate that the result of the proceeding would have been different absent counsels alleged error.
We overrule Campbells last point of error.
III. Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Bailey C. Moseley
Justice
Date Submitted: December 19, 2011
Date Decided: January 6, 2012
Do Not Publish
[1]Campbell cites to cases holding that ones invocation of the right to counsel is inadmissible as evidence of guilt. Hardie v. State, 807 S.W.2d 319, 322 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).