In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
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No. 06-04-00112-CR
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BLACKIE GREEN, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 202nd Judicial District Court
Bowie County, Texas
Trial Court No. 03F0157-202
Before Morriss, C.J., Ross and Carter, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
MEMORANDUM OPINION
During the night of February 14–15, 2003, Blackie Green kicked in the door of Debra Greenwell's apartment in Texarkana, Texas. Greenwell was not present, but her fourteen-year-old daughter and eight-year-old son were asleep in the apartment. Green seized the girl by the shoulders and hair, and wrestled her out the door, telling her they "were going to have fun tonight." The young boy attempted to stop Green, to no avail. As Green dragged the girl down the stairs, she struggled with him, and he "slung [her] head into the rail" in the stairway. Eventually, Green dragged her downstairs and threw her into a waiting car. Green told her to drive, but she threw the keys out of the car's window and fled when Green went to retrieve the keys.
Green was convicted by a Bowie County jury of burglary of a habitation with intent to commit assault. After hearing evidence on punishment and finding two enhancement paragraphs alleging prior felony convictions "true," the jury recommended a sentence of ninety-nine years' incarceration. The trial court sentenced Green accordingly.
Green raises three points of error: (1) Green's due process and due-course-of-law rights were violated by the trial court's refusal to disqualify the district attorney's office from this case, (2) the trial court abused its discretion in denying Green's motion to disqualify the prosecutor's office without allowing Green to present testimony to support the motion, and (3) the trial court erred in overruling Green's objection to the State's improper plea for law enforcement during its closing argument during the punishment phase. We overrule all three points and affirm Green's conviction.
(1) Green's Due Process and Due-Course-of-Law Point of Error Was Not Preserved
Green's first point of error alleges Green suffered a deprivation of his due-process rights under the United States and Texas Constitutions when the trial court denied Green's motion to have the entire prosecutor's office recused. At the hearing on this matter, Green did not object on these constitutional grounds. In his motion to recuse filed with the trial court and at the hearing on the motion, Green argued that Rule 1.06 of the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct compelled the disqualification of the Bowie County District Attorney's Office. Green argued that Rule 1.06, the general rule on attorneys' conflicts of interest, barred the prosecutor's office from trying the case against Green because Adam Fellows, previously court-appointed to represent Green, had since become an assistant district attorney in the Bowie County District Attorney's Office. See Tex. Disciplinary R. Prof'l Conduct 1.06, et seq., reprinted in Tex. Gov't Code Ann., tit. 2, subtit. G app. A (Vernon 2005) (Tex. State Bar R. art. X, § 9). The State pointed out that Rule 1.10(e) is a more specific rule regarding attorneys employed in the public sector whose agencies are involved in litigation against that attorney's former client.
On appeal, Green argues he suffered a deprivation of his due-process rights under the United States and Texas Constitutions. Green's objection to the trial court, that Rule 1.06 barred the Bowie County District Attorney's Office from prosecuting Green's case, made no reference to due-process violations. The motion to recuse cites only Rule 1.06 as authority for recusal. Green's argument on appeal does not comport with that made at trial. As Green has failed to preserve any alleged error, we overrule this point. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Dixon v. State, 2 S.W.3d 263, 265 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Thomas v. State, 723 S.W.2d 696, 700 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).
(2) Green Preserved No Error Regarding the Trial Court's Handling Green's Request To Present Testimony To Support His Motion To Disqualify the District Attorney's Office, and No Error Is Shown
Green's second point of error complains the trial court abused its discretion in not giving Green an opportunity to present testimonial evidence on his recusal motion. Again, Green did not preserve error, and we overrule this point.
Green failed to present to the trial court any offer of proof of any evidence he anticipated providing on this subject. To preserve the record for appeal, the party offering the excluded evidence may make an offer of proof in the form of a concise statement, or in question and answer form. Tex. R. Evid. 103(b). If the party requests permission to make a bill of exceptions, the trial court must allow the offer of proof to be made, in question and answer form. Id.; Kipp v. State, 876 S.W.2d 330, 334 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Callahan v. State, 937 S.W.2d 553, 557 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1996, no pet.); Flores v. State, 920 S.W.2d 347, 352 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, no pet.). When evidence is excluded, "[t]he right to make an offer of proof or perfect a bill of exceptions is absolute." Spence v. State, 758 S.W.2d 597, 599 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988); see Tex. R. App. P. 33.2.
Green made no attempt to present an offer of what proof he would have adduced on his motion. Even when the trial court denied Green's motion, he was obligated to preserve the record by making an offer of proof. In the absence of such information, a claim of error is not preserved for appellate review. Warner v. State, 969 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Greenwood v. State, 948 S.W.2d 542, 549 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, no pet.); see Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(2) ("Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which . . . excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected, and . . . the substance of the evidence was made known to the court by offer or was apparent from the context within which questions were asked.").
Even if Green had preserved error, he has failed to demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the motion. A trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d 608, 615 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). An appellate court will not reverse a trial court's decision unless that ruling falls outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.
The trial court explicitly stated that Rule 1.10 "does allow the district attorney's office to continue," and therefore saw no reason to consider evidence. The State directed the trial court to comment 9 of Rule 1.10, which states,"[p]aragraph (e)(1) does not disqualify other lawyers in the agency with which the lawyer in question has become associated." The comment goes on to note that, while "the rule does not require that the lawyer in question be screened" from the matter, the preferable course would be to screen that attorney from involvement in the particular case "to the extent feasible." Tex. Disciplinary R. Prof'l Conduct 1.10, cmt. 9. Further, the prosecutor handling the case represented to the trial court that steps had been taken to keep Mr. Fellows "out of the file to prevent any breach of the confidentiality of Mr. Green." The trial court clearly made its decision to deny the recusal motion based on Rule 1.10 and its comment. The Rules of Disciplinary Procedure are to be treated as statutes. O'Quinn v. State Bar of Texas, 763 S.W.2d 397, 399 (Tex. 1988); see Rodgers v. Comm'n for Lawyer Discipline, 151 S.W.3d 602, 614 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied). Since the record demonstrates the trial court clearly based its denial of the motion for recusal on a rule having the effect of a statute, that denial will not be considered an abuse of discretion.
Green's second point of error is overruled.
(3) Green Preserved No Error Regarding His Objection to the State's Plea for Law Enforcement During Closing Argument
Green's third point of error claims the trial court erred in overruling Green's objection to a statement by the State in its closing argument. Unfortunately, the point of error Green urges on appeal does not comport with the objection he made to the trial court. As Green has failed to adequately preserve error, we overrule this complaint also.
During the State's closing argument at punishment, the prosecutor made the following statement: "And think about how you will feel if you open the paper and you read about how a person who was convicted of rape, convicted of burglarizing with intent to assault, has hurt someone else because you didn't have the courage today - - - - ." Green then objected on the basis that such argument violated the "golden rule." The trial court overruled Green's objection.
On appeal, Green complains that the above jury argument improperly referred to his prior conviction of rape and called upon the jury to speculate about further violent crimes Green might commit.
Green's argument to the trial court does not comport with the point of error he raises on appeal. By failing to present this argument to the trial court, he has preserved nothing for review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Wilson, 71 S.W.3d at 349; Dixon, 2 S.W.3d at 265; Thomas, 723 S.W.2d at 700. We overrule this point of error.
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Josh R. Morriss, III
Chief Justice
Date Submitted: July 8, 2005
Date Decided: September 27, 2005