In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
______________________________
No. 06-06-00062-CV
______________________________
FRIEDA FISKE, Appellant
V.
CITY OF DALLAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 162nd Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court No. 04-08456-1
Before Carter, Moseley and Cornelius,* JJ.
Opinion by Justice Cornelius
________________________
*William J. Cornelius, Chief Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
O P I N I O N
This is an action by Frieda Fiske, a former Dallas municipal judge, against the City of Dallas seeking reinstatement to her position as a city judge. (1) She alleged that the actions of the City's Judicial Nominating Commission, which failed to recommend her for appointment to a new term, were void because the commission violated provisions of the Texas Open Meetings Act (TOMA). The City filed a motion for summary judgment, which the trial court granted on all but one of the grounds raised in the motion.
Fiske had served as a Dallas municipal judge for approximately thirteen years, either in a full-time or a part-time capacity. On May 30, 2004, the Dallas City Council declared all municipal judge positions vacant. The city council had a citizens advisory commission (the JNC), which recommended to the city council persons for nomination to the vacant judge positions. The JNC met, received applications, and interviewed persons interested in receiving appointments to the vacant positions. The JNC reported to the city council those persons it recommended be appointed to fill the vacant positions. Fiske had applied for reappointment, but was not one of the persons the JNC recommended. The city council approved the JNC's recommendations and filled all vacant positions with the persons recommended. All of those judges have since served the full term to which they were appointed.
Fiske contends that the actions of the JNC, and ultimately the action of the city council in failing to reappoint her are void or voidable at best because the JNC violated the TOMA by (1) failing to give proper specific notice of the meetings at which it considered its recommendations, and (2) failing to make and preserve written minutes or tape recordings of the proceedings at such meetings as required by the Texas Open Meetings Act (TOMA).
The City contended in its motion for summary judgment, and contends here, that (1) the JNC did not fail to give adequate specific notice of its meetings or fail to prepare and preserve written minutes or tape recordings of its meetings; (2) the JNC is not a governmental body within the meaning of the TOMA and therefore is not subject to that Act, and (3) the city council took action to fill the vacant positions within ninety-one days after Fiske's term expired, so Fiske did not become a holdover judge entitled to serve an additional term, and because the term to which Fiske seeks reinstatement has expired, this case is moot.
According to our summary judgment practice, a defendant moving for summary judgment is entitled to judgment if the undisputed summary judgment evidence establishes that one or more of the essential elements of the plaintiff's causes of action are conclusively disproved. Friendswood Dev. Co. v. McDade & Co., 926 S.W.2d 280, 282 (Tex. 1996); Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater Dallas, Inc., 907 S.W.2d 472, 477 (Tex. 1995). The City filed a "no evidence" motion for summary judgment, and by amendment, also a "traditional" motion for summary judgment. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c), (i).
After reviewing the summary judgment evidence, we conclude that the trial court properly granted summary judgment for the City on at least two of the grounds raised in the City's motion.
I. Mootness
We are powerless to grant any relief in this matter that would afford any benefit to Fiske. The two-year term to which the JNC's recommended candidates were appointed has expired. The City has now appointed new judges for all positions, and the term of office to which Fiske seeks reinstatement has expired. Therefore, there is no declaration or judgment we could make that could have the effect of restoring to Fiske what she lost allegedly because of the JNC's improper actions. Fiske did not seek damages in her suit. A declaratory judgment is proper only if it will have a tangible effect on a litigant's rights, status, or legal relations; it is not appropriate if no person has an interest that can be affected by the declaration sought. Nat'l Collegiate Athletic Ass'n v. Jones, 1 S.W.3d 86 (Tex. 1990); Tex. Dep't of Pub. Safety v. LaFleur, 32 S.W.3d 911 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2000, no pet.).
There are two recognized exceptions to the mootness doctrine, but neither of them can avail Fiske here. The "capable of repetition, yet evading review" exception does not apply because Fiske was not prevented from seeking immediate review of the City's actions. See Cornyn v. City of Garland, 994 S.W.2d 258, 266 (Tex. App.--Austin 1999, no pet.). The "public interest" exception is not applicable because it requires that the controversy involve a question of considerable public importance. There is no summary judgment evidence that the status of Fiske as a result of alleged violations of the TOMA by a judicial nominating commission is a question of considerable public importance.
Additionally on the mootness issue, Fiske contends she was a holdover judge under Section 29.005 of the Texas Government Code and would have been entitled to holdover for a new term if the city council did not act on new appointments within ninety-one days from the date the vacancies arose. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 29.005 (Vernon 2004). The applicable statute provides:
The judge of a municipal court serves for a term of office of two years unless the municipality provides for a longer term pursuant to Article XI, Section 11, of the Texas Constitution. A municipal court judge who is not reappointed by the 91st day following the expiration of a term of office shall, absent action by the appointing authority, continue to serve for another term of office beginning on the date the previous term expired.
Id. This point is certainly moot. Fiske judicially admitted that her term expired on May 30, 2004. She also admitted, and the summary judgment evidence shows, that the city council took action on August 25, 2004, to appoint new judges recommended by the JNC to all positions. Thus, the city council took action to appoint the new judges within ninety-one days of the time the preceding terms expired. Fiske, therefore, was not a holdover judge under Section 29.005 of the Texas Government Code and could not be entitled to serve another term. See City of Robstown v. Verastegui, 995 S.W.2d 315 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1999, no pet.).
II. The JNC's Status as a Governmental Body
The trial court's summary judgment in this case was also proper because the conclusive summary judgment evidence shows that the Dallas JNC was not a governmental body subject to the TOMA. The Texas Open Meetings Act provides, among other things, that it applies to a "Governmental Body." The Act defines "Governmental Body" as "a deliberative body that has rulemaking or quasi-judicial power and that is classified as a department, agency, or political subdivision of a county or municipality." Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 551.001(3)(D) (Vernon 2004).
The JNC is a citizens advisory group set up to advise the city council as to persons qualified and suited to serve as municipal judges. It is not a part of the city council; it is not a committee of the city council; its members are not members of the city council; it has sixteen members, all but one of whom are private citizens, each appointed by a single city council member in his private capacity; the remaining member is the currently serving city attorney of Dallas. The JNC members are not appointed by the city council or by the mayor. The JNC has no decision making authority, but can only recommend candidates for judgeships to the city council.
The summary judgment evidence conclusively shows that the JNC is not a governmental body within the meaning and coverage of the TOMA because (1) it has no rulemaking power; (2) it has no quasi-judicial power; (3) the JNC was not classified as a department, agency, or political subdivision of a county or municipality.
Quasi-judicial power is defined in the cases as including (a) the power to exercise judgment and discretion, (b) the power to hear and determine or to ascertain facts and decide, (c) the power to make binding orders, (d) the power to affect personal or property rights of private persons, (e) the power to examine witnesses, compel the attendance of witnesses, and hear the litigation of issues, and (f) the power to enforce decisions or impose penalties. Parker v. Holbrook, 647 S.W.2d 692, 695 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1982, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The JNC has the power to exercise judgment and discretion only in a limited advisory role in making recommendations. It has none of the other functions amounting to quasi-judicial power.
By the clear terms of the statute, the JNC was not a governmental body within the meaning of the TOMA. See City of Austin v. Evans, 794 S.W.2d 78 (Tex. App.--Austin 1990, writ denied); Op. Tex. Att'y Gen. No. H-467 (1974). Fiske relies on the cases of Finlan v. City of Dallas, 888 F. Supp. 779 (N.D. Tex. 1995), and Willman v. City of San Antonio, 123 S.W.3d 469 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2003, pet. denied), for her contention that the JNC is covered by the TOMA, but both of these cases are easily and clearly distinguishable from this case. For example, in Finlan, the sports development committee involved there was a committee of the city council, and its members were appointed by the mayor. And in Willman, the committee involved was a city council committee whose members were appointed by the city council.
Fiske also contends that because the Dallas City Charter requires that "All official meetings of the City Council and of all City Council committees must be open to the public as provided by state law" (Dallas, Tex., Charter ch. III, § 8) (emphasis added), the JNC was required to comply with the TOMA. She cites Shackelford v. City of Abilene, 585 S.W.2d 665 (Tex. 1979), but that case does not support her position. In that case, the court upheld Shackelford's right under the city charter, but did not rule on his claim under the Open Meetings Act. Moreover, in our case, the JNC was not a city council committee and therefore was not subject to the charter provision. Additionally, in this case, Fiske did not sue for relief under the charter provision, only under the TOMA.
There are additional reasons why the summary judgment rendered by the trial court in this case must be upheld, but in view of our disposition of the preceding points, it is unnecessary to discuss the others.
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
William J. Cornelius
Justice*
*Chief Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
Date Submitted: March 13, 2007
Date Decided: April 6, 2007
1. This case has been transferred to this Court as part of the Texas Supreme Court's docket equalization program.
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In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
______________________________
No. 06-10-00160-CR
______________________________
RICKY DURYAN HUGHES, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law #1
Gregg County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2010-0507
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Opinion by Justice Moseley
O P I N I O N
Ricky Duryan Hughes appeals his conviction for driving while intoxicated (DWI), enhanced to a class A misdemeanor by a prior conviction for DWI. Officer Manfred Gilow, a police officer with the Longview Police Department, observed Hughes car in a parking lot of Teague Park legally parked with the headlights on. As Gilow approached, the headlights of Hughes vehicle turned off. Although he had not observed any illegal conduct and cars were often parked in this parking lot late at night, Gilow parked his marked police jeep at an angle to Hughes car and turned on the vehicles bright overhead white lights. Officer Gilow then illuminated the front of Hughes vehicle with his spotlight. Gilow testified he did not observe any illegal activity, but testified the Teague Park area has a high incidence of drug and prostitution activity. During the interaction, Gilow developed a suspicion that Hughes was intoxicated and ultimately arrested Hughes for DWI. The trial court denied Hughes motion to suppress, and Hughes, pursuant to a plea bargain, pled nolo contendere and pled true to the enhancement. The trial court sentenced Hughes, consistent with the plea bargain, to one year of confinement, suspended the sentence, and placed Hughes on fifteen months community supervision. Hughes sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress.
A trial courts decision on a motion to suppress evidence is reviewed by applying a bifurcated standard of review deferring to the trial courts determination of historical facts that depend on credibility, but reviewing the trial courts application of the law de novo. Burke v. State, 27 S.W.3d 651, 654 (Tex. App.Waco 2000, pet. refd). The appellate court affords almost total deference to a trial courts determination of the historical facts supported by the record, especially when the trial courts fact-findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The court also affords such deference to a trial courts ruling on application of law to fact questions, also known as mixed questions of law and fact, if the resolution of those questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89. The appellate court, though, reviews de novo those questions not turning on credibility and demeanor. Id.
The dispute between the parties in this case concerns a single issuewhether the initial interaction between Officer Gilow and Hughes was an encounter or an investigative detention. Not every encounter between police and citizens implicates the Fourth Amendment. Hunter v. State, 955 S.W.2d 102, 104 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). There are three categories of interactions between police officers and citizens: encounters, investigative detentions, and arrests. State v. Perez, 85 S.W.3d 817, 819 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
An encounter is a purely consensual interaction which a citizen may terminate at any time. Saldivar v. State, 209 S.W.3d 275, 281 (Tex. App.Fort Worth 2006, no pet.). Police officers do not violate the Fourth Amendment by merely approaching an individual in public to ask questions. Such an encounter does not require any justification whatsoever on the part of an officer. United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 555 (1980); Hunter, 955 S.W.2d at 104. Encounters are consensual as long as the person would feel free to go about his business. Hunter, 955 S.W.2d at 104; see Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434 (1991); California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621 (1991).
A temporary or investigative detention is a seizure. Josey v. State, 981 S.W.2d 831, 838 (Tex. App.Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. refd). An investigative detention occurs when an individual is encountered by a police officer, yields to the officers display of authority, and is temporarily detained for purposes of an investigation. Johnson v. State, 912 S.W.2d 227, 235 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). A person yields to an officers display of authority when a reasonable person would not feel free to continue walking or otherwise terminate the encounter. Bostick, 501 U.S. at 436; Hodari D., 499 U.S. at 628; State v. Velasquez, 994 S.W.2d 676, 679 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Because an investigative detention is a seizure, reasonable suspicion must be shown by the officer to justify the seizure. State v. Larue, 28 S.W.3d 549, 553 n.8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
In determining whether a seizure of the person has occurred for Fourth Amendment purposes, a court must consider the totality of the circumstances surrounding the encounter. Bostick, 501 U.S. at 439; Hunter, 955 S.W.2d at 104. The crucial test is whether, taking into account all of the circumstances surrounding the encounter, the police conduct would have communicated to a reasonable person he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business. Bostick, 501 U.S. at 439; State v. Velasquez, 994 S.W.2d 676, 679 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Hunter, 955 S.W.2d at 104; Jackson v. State, 77 S.W.3d 921, 927 (Tex. App.Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.).
Hughes argues the initial interaction between Officer Gilow and Hughes was an investigative detention because Gilow parked in front of Hughes vehicle and activated his overhead take-down lights. The State responds that neither of these actions constitute a sufficient show of authority that a reasonable person would not feel free to leave.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has considered the fact that a police officer boxed in Appellees parked truck in determining whether a seizure had occurred. See State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 247 n.44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). This Court has recently held the fact that a police officer boxed in the appellants vehicle between an entry gate and the police officers vehicle may suggest a seizure has occurred. See Sosa v. State, No. 06-10-00161-CR, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 842 (Tex. App.Texarkana Feb. 4, 2011, no pet. h.) (mem op). The position of Gilows vehicle, however, did not prevent Hughes from driving away. The trial court found, in its findings of fact,[1] that Officer Gilow parked his patrol car cater-corner (diagonally). The position of the officers car did not block the pickup truck or prevent the pickup from leaving. Gilow agreed he pulled in front of Hughes vehicle and kind of angled [the police car] towards him where he was backed into a space. We will defer to the trial courts finding of historical fact that Gilow did not box-in Hughes with his patrol vehicle. As such, this Courts recent opinion in Sosa is clearly distinguishable.
Further, we are not convinced that Officer Gilows activation of his overhead take-down lights and use of his spotlight were sufficient to constitute a sufficient show of authority. It is important to note that the lights activated by the police officer in this case were not his overhead emergency lights which flash red and blue,[2] but rather the overhead white safety or take-down lights.[3] We believe this distinction to be extremely important. Overhead emergency lights are synonymous with an instruction to stop. The lights in this case, while the evidence established are blinding, do not carry the same connotations as emergency lights. While under some circumstances, overhead take-down lights could be sufficient along with other circumstances to indicate a sufficient demonstration of authority, we do not believe the facts of this case demonstrate a sufficient show of authority to constitute an investigative detention. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has specifically noted the use of a spotlight, by itself, is not a circumstance that necessarily converts a consensual encounter into a Fourth Amendment detention. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 245 n.43. The overhead white safety or take-down lights at issue in this case are extremely similar to spotlights. While Officer Gilow testified the lights can be blinding, it is clear their primary purpose is for illuminationnot as a signal to stop. The use of the overhead white safety or take-down lights along with the use of a spotlight was not a sufficient show of authority that a reasonable person would conclude he was not free to leave.
Last, we note Officer Gilow testified Hughes was not detained and could have terminated the contact at any time. Gilow, though, admitted he would have activated his red and blue emergency lights and pursued Hughes if he had left.[4] Whether a reasonable person would conclude he was free to leave is determined by the objective circumstances of the case, not by the subjective views of either the police officers or the person being questioned. Id. at 244 n.41. An officers subjective intent is relevant only to the extent such an intent is communicated to the citizen by means of an authoritative voice, commanding demeanor, or other objective indicia of official authority. Id. The record contains no evidence that Officer Gilow informed Hughes he would be detained if he attempted to leave.
In this case, we defer to the trial courts finding that Hughes vehicle was not boxed in by Officer Gilows police car. The combined use of the spotlight and the overhead white security or take-down lights would not have communicated to a reasonable person that he was not at liberty to terminate the encounter. There is no evidence that Gilow otherwise communicated to Hughes that he was not free to leave. We believe the initial interaction between Gilow and Hughes is best classified as an encounter and Gilow was not required to have reasonable suspicion. The trial court did not err in denying Hughes motion to suppress.
For the reasons stated, we affirm.
Bailey C. Moseley
Justice
Date Submitted: February 22, 2011
Date Decided: February 24, 2011
Publish
[1]This Court has noted the better practice is for the trial court to make findings of fact when denying a motion to suppress. Morrow v. State, 139 S.W.3d 736, 741 (Tex. App.Texarkana 2004, no pet.). Although the trial court was not required, under the facts of this case, to make findings of fact, we applaud the trial courts diligence in making such findings.
[2]The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has noted [t]he use of blue flashers or police emergency lights are frequently held sufficient to constitute a detention or seizure of a citizen, either in a parked or moving car. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 245 n.43 (distinguishing use of spotlight from overhead lights); see Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (activation of overhead lights factor in concluding pedestrian was detained). But see Franks v. State, 241 S.W.3d 135, 142 (Tex. App.Austin 2007, pet. refd) (activation of overhead emergency lights to illuminate area, standing alone, not sufficient to constitute detention of motorist already parked at rest park). This Court has recently noted that emergency overhead lights which flash red and blue can be a factor suggesting the interaction was an investigative detention. See Sosa, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 842 (finding interaction an investigative detention when officer activated emergency overhead lights and boxed in appellants vehicle).
[3]In its findings of fact, the trial court found Officer Gilow turned on his overhead white safety lights which illuminated the pickup truck and immediate area. Gilow described the lights he activated as just white lights and agreed they were [l]ike a big security light. Gilow distinguished them from his overhead blue and red lights. We will defer to the trial courts finding of historical fact in concluding the lights were white safety lights, also known as take-down lights.
[4]Officer Gilow testified the fact that Hughes had terminated the encounter would give him reasonable suspicion to detain him. We do not endorse this legal conclusion made by Gilow.